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Commercial Production of Hormones
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I
 
INTRODUCTION
Hormone,
chemical that
transfers
information and
instructions
between cells in
animals andplants.
Often described as
the bodys
chemical messen!
ers, hormones re!
ulate !rowth
andde"elopment,
control the
function of "arious
tissues,
support reproducti
"e functions,
andre!ulate
metabolism #the
process used to
brea$ down food to
create ener!y%.
Unli$einformation
sent by the ner"ous
system, which is
transmitted "ia
electronic
impulses thattra"el
&uic$ly and ha"e
an almost
immediate and
short'term e(ect,
hormones act
moreslowly, and
their e(ects
typically are
maintained o"er a
lon!er period
of time.Hormones
were )rst identi)ed
in *+- by ritish
physiolo!ists
/illiam ayliss and
0rnest1tarlin!.
These researchers
showed that a
substance ta$en
from the linin! of
the intestinecould
be in2ected into a
do! to stimulate the
pancreas to secrete
3uid. They called
thesubstance
secretin and coined
the term hormone
from the 4ree$
word
hormo
, which meansto
set in motion.
Today more than
* hormones
ha"e been
identi)ed.Hormone
s are made by
speciali5ed !lands
or tissues that
manufacture and
secrete
thesechemicals as
the body needs
them. The ma2ority
of hormones are
produced by the !
lands ofthe
endocrine system,
such as
the pituitary,
thyroid, adrenal !
lands, and the
o"aries ortestes.
These endocrine !
lands produce and
secrete hormones
directly into the
bloodstream.Howe
"er, not all
hormones are
produced by
endocrine !lands.
The
mucous membrane
s ofthe small
intestine secrete
hormones
that stimulate
secretion of di!
esti"e 2uices
from thepancreas.
Other hormones
are produced in the
placenta, an or!an
formed durin! pre!
nancy,to re!ulate
some aspects
of fetal
de"elopment.Horm
ones are classi)ed
into two basic
types based on
their chemical
ma$eup. The
ma2orityof
hormones are
peptides, or amino
acid deri"ati"es that
include the
hormones
produced bythe
anterior pituitary,
thyroid,
parathyroid,
placenta, and
pancreas. 6eptide
hormones
aretypically
produced as lar!er
proteins. /hen they
are called into
action, these
peptides arebro$en
down into biolo!
ically acti"e
hormones and
secreted into the
blood to be
circulatedthrou!
hout the body. The
second type of
hormones are
steroid hormones,
which includethose
hormones secreted
by the adrenal !
lands and o"aries or
testes. 1teroid
hormones
aresynthesi5ed
from cholesterol
#a fatty substance
produced by the
body%
and modi)ed by
aseries of chemical
reactions to form a
hormone ready for
immediate action
II
 
HO/
HOR7ON01
/OR87ost
hormones are
released directly
into the
bloodstream,
where they
circulatethrou!
hout the body in
"ery low
concentrations.
1ome hormones
tra"el intact in
thebloodstream.
Others re&uire a
carrier substance,
such as a protein
molecule, to$eep
them dissol"ed in
the blood. These
carriers also ser"e
as a hormone
reser"oir,$eepin!
hormone
concentrations
constant and
protectin! the
bound hormone
fromchemical
brea$down o"er
time.Hormones
tra"el in the
bloodstream until
they reach their
tar!et tissue,
where
theyacti"ate a
series of
chemical chan!es.
To achie"e its
intended result, a
hormonemust be
reco!ni5ed by a
speciali5ed
protein in the
cells of the tar!et
tissue called a
 You're reading a previewUnlock
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receptor.
Typically,
hormones that are
water'soluble use
a receptor located
on thecell
membrane
surface of the
tar!et tissues. 9
series of special
molecules within
thecell, $nown as
second messen!
ers, transport the
hormones
information into
thecell.
:at'soluble
hormones, such
as steroid
hormones, pass
throu!h the
cellmembrane
and bind to
receptors found
in the
cytoplasm. /hen a
receptor and
ahormone bind
to!ether, both the
receptor and
hormone
molecules under!
ostructural chan!
es that acti"ate
mechanisms
within the
cell. These
mechanismsprod
uce the special
e(ects induced by
the hormoneIII
 
HOR7ON9;
0::0CT1Hormon
al e(ects are
comple<, but
their functions
can be di"ided
into three
broadcate!ories.
1ome hormones
chan!e the
permeability of
the cell
membrane.
Otherhormones
can alter en5yme
acti"ity,
and some
hormones
stimulate the
release ofother
hormones. Types
of
hormones=Huma
n
hormoneIn"erteb
rate6lant
HOR7ON01>
 
CO770RCI9;
U10 O:
HOR7ON01Hor
mones are used
for a "ariety of
commercial
purposes. In
the li"estoc$
industry,for
e<ample, !rowth
hormones
increase the
amount of lean
#non'fatty% meat
in bothcattle and
ho!s to produce
bi!!er, less fatty
animals. The
cattle hormone
bo"inesomatotro
pin increases
mil$ production
in dairy cows
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