By : Ashok Pawar gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

MPSC / UPSC / PSI / STI / ASO

n
ta m
r r u
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v e F
o

r i itiv
B`Îmme: tgmVdr
a m
pgmam§e
P _mJ©XC
o
e©H$ : AemoH$ ndma
VrW©ê$n gmogm`Q>r, n{hbm _Obm, noéJoQ> nmobrg Mm¡H$s-hÎmrJUnVr
amoS>, ^mdo hm`ñHy$bÀ`m g_moa, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo.

9143445858
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
1
Contact : 7875329274
 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ By : Ashok Pawar
AgVo.
gOrd g¥ï>

O§JbmV gy`à© H$me {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r d¥j C§M dmT>VmV VgoM
(AZwH$y bZ d dJuH$aU) Ë`m§À`m AmYmamZo dobrhr C§M dmT>VmV.

H$mhr dobtÀ`m Im|S>m§da AgUmao VUmd åhUOo ImoS>m§Mo
AZwHy$bZ (Adaptation) :
AZwHy$bZM hmo`.

àË`oH$ gOrd Á`m n[agamV d dmVmdaUmV amhVmo,
Ë`mÀ`mer Ow i dy Z Ko Ê `mgmR> r Ë`mÀ`m earamÀ`m àmÊ`m§_Yrb AZwH$y bZ (Adaptation in Animals)
Ad`dm§ _ Ü`o Vgo M OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr_Ü`o
O{_Zrdarb àmÊ`mnojm nmÊ`mV amhUmè`m àmÊ`m§Mr ËdMm,
H$mbmZwê$n KSy>Z Amboë`m ~Xbmbm AZwHy$bZ åhUVmV.

n
earamMm AmH$ma `m§_Ü`o ~Xb Pmbobo {XgyZ `oVmV.
dmid§Q>r àXoemVrb dZñnVt_Yrb AZwHy$bZ (Adap-
_mem§À`m ËdModa Idbo VgoM earamda na AgVmV.

earamMm AmH$ma XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§Zm {Z_wiVm AgVmo.

a
tation in desert plants)

ídgZmgmR>r ZmH$mEodOr H$ëbo AgVmV. nmnÊ`m nmaXe©H$

t

dmid§Q>r dZñnVtZm nmZo ZgmV qH$dm Vr Iyn ~marH$
AgVmV. `m àmÊ`m§Zm earamV hdoÀ`m {neì`m AgVmV.
gwBg© maIr AgVmV qH$dm Ë`m§Mo H$mQ>çm§_Ü`o ê$nm§Va Pmbobo
~oSy>H$, ~XH$ `m§À`m nm`m§À`m ~moQ>m§_Ü`o nS>Vo Agë`mZo
m
r r
AgVo. nm`m§Mm Ë`m§Zm dëhçmà_mUo Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

`m aMZo_wio Ë`m§À`m earamVrb AJXr H$_r nmUr dm\o$À`m
ê$nmV ~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVo. u

~XH$, nmUH$m|~S>r Aem nú`m§Mo n§I d {ngo VobH$Q>
Agë`mZo nmUr Ë`mdê$Z AmoKiyZ OmVo.

bmJVo, åhUyZ Vr {hadr AgVmV.

`m dZñnVtMr _wio nmÊ`mÀ`m emoYmV O{_ZrV Iyn Imobda
a

ImoS> ho nmUr d AÞ gmR>dyZ R>odVo Ë`m_wio Vo _m§gb ~ZVo.
nmZmÀ`m A^mdm_wio ImoS>m§Zm àH$me g§íbofU H$amdo

v e F
o

~oS>H$mÀ`m nm`m§Vrb ~moQ>m§darb nS>Xo, ~wi~wirV ËdMm,
{ÌH$moUr S>moHo$ `m_wio Vmo nmÊ`mV ghO nmohmVmo.

nmÊ`mV VgoM O{_ZrImbr AgVm§Zm Vmo ËdMoÛmao ídgZ

i
H$aVmo Va O{_Zrda ZmH$ d \w$â\w$gmÛmao, åhUyZ Vmo nmÊ`mV
OmVmV, Va H$mhtMr O{_ZrV Xyada ngaVmV.

iv
`m dZñnVtÀ`m ImoS>mdaXoIrb _oUMQ> nXmWmªMm OmS> Wa
d O{_Zrda XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr amhÿ eH$Vmo. ~oS>H$mMr

r t d¡{eï>`nyU© nmR> Ë`mbm JdVmV bnÊ`mg _XV H$aVo.

AgVmo.
ti O§Jb d JdVmi àXoe `m {R>H$mUr AmT>iUmè`m
{h_àXoemVrb dZñnVt_Yrb AZwH$y bZ (Adaptation àmÊ`m§_Yrb AZwHy$bZ (Adaptation in Forest and
e
in sowy region plants) :

a p

{h_àXoemVrb dZñnVt_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo XodXma, nmB©Z Aem

m
gy{MnUu d¥jm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m§Mm AmH$ma e§H$y gmaIm
Grassland animals)

dmKmÀ`m nm`m§À`m Viì`m§Zm JmXr AgVo, Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr

P
Mmhÿb ^ú`mg bmJV Zmhr d ghOVoZo ^ú` nH$S>Vm `oVo.
o
AgVmo. \$m§Úm§Mr aMZm CVaVr AgVo.

`m àXoem§_Ü`o Iyn {h_d¥ï>r hmoVo VgoM W§S>rhr Iyn AgVo,

_m§gmhmar àmÊ`m§À`m S>moù`m§Mo ñWmZ S>moŠ`mÀ`m {Z_wiË`m

C ~mOyg g_moa AgVo Ë`m_wio Xyadarb ^ú` ZOaog nS>Vo.

e§Hy$À`m AmH$mam_wio `m dZñnVtda ~\©$gmMyZ amhV
emH$mhmar àmÊ`m§À`m S>moù`m§Mo ñWmZ H$nmimÀ`m Imbr
ZmhrV, VgoM Ë`m§À`m OmS> gmbr_wio Ë`m W§S>rVhr VJ
Yê$ eH$VmV.
O§Jb àXoemVrb dZñnVt_Yrb AZwH$ybZ (Adapta-
tion in forest plants):

`m àXo e mV d¥ j , Pw S y > n , amo n Q> o Ago {d{dY àH$ma
AmT>iVmV.

gy`©àH$me {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r `m gd© dZñnVt_Ü`o ñnYm©
Contact : 7875329274
d ~mOyg AgVo, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Iyn _moR>m n[aga {XgVmo d
eÌynmgyZ ~Mmd H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§Yr {_iVo.

emH$mhmar àmÊ`m§Mo nm` {Z_wiVo d ~marH$ VgoI Iya _O~yV
AgVmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm doJmZo CS>çm _maV YmdVm `oVo.

Aem àmÊ`m§ M o hbUmao bm§ ~ H$mZ Xy a A§ V amdarb
AmdmOmMm doY KoD$ eH$VmV.

harU, H$midr `m§Mm a§J n[agamer {_iVmOwiVm.
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 By : Ashok Pawar
dZñnVtMr ImoS>o MmdyZ ImÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm _O~yV XmV
AgVmV.
dmid§Q>r àmÊ`m§Mo AZwHy$bZ (Adaptation in desert
animals)

dmQ> d § Q > r àXo e mV nmÊ`mMr Vrd« H$_VaVm AgVo ,
earamVrb nmUr {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r `oWo amhUmè`m
àmÊ`m§Mr ËdMm OmS> AgVo. nm` bm§~ d Vido JmXrgmaIo
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
H$mb© {b{Z`gMr {ÛZm_ nÕVr :

àË`oH$ gOrd AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r {ÛZm_ nÕVrMm Adb§~
Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mZwgma àË`oH$ gOrdmbm EH$ d¡km{ZH$
Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

`m ZmdmV XmoZ g§km AmhoV. n{hbr g§km àOmVr Xe©dVo,
Va Xwgar g§km OmVr Xe©dVo.

Am§Vaamï´>r` Zm_H$aU g§{hVoÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma gd©

n
d ngaQ> AgVmV, ZmH$mda ËdMoMr KS>r AgVo. gOrdm§Zm {ÛZm_ nÕVrZo d¡km{ZH$ Zmdo XoÊ`mV Ambr

nmnÊ`m bm§~ d OmS> AgVmV. dmid§Q>r àXoemVrb C§Xra, AmhoV.

a
gmn, H$moir, gaS>o Ago àmUr Imobda {~imV amhVmV. dZñnVr : aMZm d H$m`}
S>m{d©ZMm CËH«$m§Vr {gÕm§V (Darwin’s theory of evo-
lution):

Mmëg© S>m{d©Z `m OrdemÌkmZo AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m àmÊ`m§Mm

Am{U dZñnVtMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ago gwMdbo H$s Oo
gOrd Ë`m doiÀ`m n`m©daUmV OJÊ`mg gdm©V OmñV
_wi (Root) :


t
r r u
m
~rÀ`m AmVyZ O{_ZrÀ`m {XeoZo dmT>Umè`m ^mJmg
Am{X_yi (Radicle), Va O{_ZrÀ`m da dmT>Umè`m
^mJmg A§Hy$a (Plumule) åhUVmV.

gj_ hmoV,o VoM gOrd nwT>rb H$mimV {Q>H$Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm
gdm©V OmñV AgVo. `mbmM gj_ VmoM {Q>Ho$b {gÕm§V
åhUVmV. hm S>m{d©ZMm n{hbm {gÕm§V Amho.
EImXm gOrd Ë`mbm \$m`Xoera R>aUmao EImXo d¡{eï>ç
a
v e

F
o
Am{X_wimnmgyZ ~Zboë`m _wimMr dmT> O{_ZrImbr hmoV.o
_wimMm O{_ZrbJVMm ^mJ OmS>ga AgVmo.
nwT>o Vmo {Z_wiVm hmoV OmD$Z Q>moH$Xma hmoVmo. O{_ZrImbr
AmYmamgmR>r dmT>Umè`m dZñnVtÀ`m `m Ad`dmg _yi

r i
Z¡g{J©H$ {ZdS>rMm {gÕm§V Ago åhUVmV.
titiv
KoD$Z OÝ_mbm Ambm d {Q>Hy$ eH$bm, Va Ë`mM nwT>Mr
{nT>r Ë`mÀ`mgmaIrM ~ZVo. `mbmM S>m{d©ZMm Xwgam

gOrdm§Mo dJuH$aU (Classification of living organ-

åhUVmV.
O{_Zr_Ü`o H$mhr dZñnVtÀ`m _wim§Zm Cn_wio \w$Q>VmV
d Vr {Vanr dmTy>Z O{_ZrV Xyada ngaVmV. _wio PmS>mbm
AmYma XoVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m _wim§Zm gmoQ>_yi (Tap

e
a
root) åhUVmV.
isms):

p
gOrdm§À`m JwUY_m©Vrb R>iH$ Am{U _yb^yV gmå` d

_wim§À`m Q>moH$m§À`m ^mJm§da Ho$gmgmaIo YmJo AgVmV,
Ë`m§Zm _ybamo_ (Root hair) åhUVmV.
m
^oX `m§À`m AmYmao Ë`m§Mo R>iH$ JQ> V`ma hmoVmV, `mbmM
_wimÀ`m Q>moH$mMm ^mJ ZmOyH$ AgVmo, _wimMr dmT> `mM

P
tion) åhUVmV.
nXmZwH«$_ Am§~m
g¥ï>r (kingdom) Plantae
g§K (phylum) Anthophyla
C
o
dJuH$aUmMm nXmZwH«$_ (Hierarchy of Classifica-

_mZd
Animalia
Chordata


^mJmV hmoVo AgVo. Ë`mbm BOm hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ Ë`mda
Q>mno rgmaIo AmdaU AgVo Ë`mbm _ybQ>mno r (Root Cap)
åhUVmV.
ImoS>mnmgyZ \w$Q>Umè`m V§Vygma»`m _wim§Zm V§Vw_` _wio
(Fibrous roots) åhUVmV.
dJ© (class) Dicotyledonae Mammalian
_wim§Mo gmoQ>_yi d V§Vw_` _yi ho XmoZ à_wI àH$ma AgyZ
JU (order) Sapindales Primates {ÛXb dZñnVt_Ü`o gmo Q > _ y i AgVo , Va EH$Xb
Hy$b (family) Anacardiaceae Hominidae dZñnVt_Ü`o V§Vw_` _wio AgVmV.
àOmVr (genus) Mangifera Homo
dS>mÀ`m ImoS>mda \w$Q>bobr _wio O{_ZrÀ`m {XeoZo
OmVr (species) Indica Sapiens dmT>VmV. Ë`m§Zm nma§ã`m åhUVmV.

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 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

dQ>d¥jmbm gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV WmoS>çmM nma§ã`m
AgVmV. H$mbm§VamZo `m nma§ã`mMr g§»`m dmTy>Z Ë`m§Mo
O§JbM V`ma hmoVo.

H$mobH$mVm `oWrb B§{S>`Z ~oQ>°{ZH$b JmS>©Z_Ü`o gw_mao
250 dfm©Mo PmS> Iyn _moR>çm n[agamV ngabobo Amho,
`m PmS>mbm hOmamo nma§ã`m AmhoV.
ImoS> (Stem)
By : Ashok Pawar
_moJam, eod§Vr, Omñd§X, VJa, H$Êhoa.

nw_§J (Androecium) : \w$bmMm hm nwpëb¨Jr ^mJ
AgyZ Vmo nw§Ho$gamMm (Stamen) ~Zbobm AgVmo, Ë`mV
namJH$mof d d¥§V AgVmV.

Om`m§J (Gynoecium) : \w$bmMm hm ñÌrqbJr ^mJ
AgyZ Vmo ñÌrHo$gamMm (Carpel) ~Zbobm AgVmo. Ë`mV
Hw$jrd¥§V d A§S>me` AgVo.

n

éOUmè`m ~rOmVrb O{_ZrÀ`m da dmT> U mè`m Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo JwUY_©
A§Hw$amnmgyZ ImoS>mMr dmT> O{_ZrÀ`m da hmoVo. hdoMo JwUY_© (Properties of air) :

a
A§Hw$a OgmOgm dmT>Vmo VgVer ImoS>mMr bm§~r dmT>Vo.

hdm ho dm`y§Mo {_lU Agë`mZo BVa nXmWm©à_mUoM
ImoS>mda noao (Node) AgVmV.

t
hdobmgwÕm dñVw_mZ Am{U dOZ Amho.

Á`m {R>H$mUr noao AgVmV VoWo nmZo \w$Q>VmV. ImoS>mÀ`m

hdo_Yrb dm`y§Mo aoUy gVV hmbMmb H$aV AgVmV, ho
XmoZ noam§Vrb A§Vambm H$m§S>o (Intenode) åhUVmV.
m
r r
aoUy Ooìhm EImÚm dñVyda AmXiVmV Voìhm Ë`m dñVyda
ImoS>mÀ`m AJ«^mJmbm _wHw$b (Bud) Ago åhUVmV.
nmZ (Leaf) u
Vo Xm~ {Z_m©U H$aVmV. hdoÀ`m `m Xm~mbmM AmnU
dmVmdaUmMm Xm~ Ago åhUVmV.

nmZmÀ`m ngaQ> ^mJmbm nU©nÌ (Leaf blade) åhUVmV.
nU©nÌmÀ`m H$S>obm nU©Ymam (Leaf margin) åhUVmV.
a
v e
nU©Ymam àm_w»`mZo gbJ, I§{S>V qH$dm X§Voar åhUVmV.
nU©nÌmÀ`m nwT>À`m Q>moH$mbm nUm©J« (Leaf apex)

F
o
dmVmdaUmMm Xm~ gd© {Xem§Zr g_mZ AgVmo.
gd©gm_mÝ` pñWVr_Ü`o g_wÐgnmQ>rbm dmVmdaUmMm Xm~
hm gw_mao 101400 Ý`yQ>Z à{VMm¡ag _rQ>a BVH$m AgVmo.
dm`wXm~_mnH$mZo Vmo _moOVm `oVmo, dmVmdaUmMm Xm~

Ago àH$ma AgVmV.

r iitiv
åhUVmV, `mV àm_w»`mZo {Z_wiVo, Q>moH$Xma d JmobmH$ma

H$mhr dZñnVtÀ`m nmZm§Zm XoR> (Petiole) AgVmV, Va

t
H$mhr dZñnVtÀ`m nmZm§Zm XoR> ZgVmV.


g_wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ C§M OmVmZm H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVmo.
S>°{ZAb ~Zm}br `m ñdr{S>e emñÌkmZo 1726 gmbr
_hÎdmMo VËd _m§S>bo, H$s hdoMm doJ dmT>bm Va {VMm
Xm~ H$_r hmoVmo Am{U `mCbQ> Oa hdoMm doJ H$_r Pmbm,

e
a

o m ^mJ åhUOo nU©Vb (Leaf
nU©nÌmMm ImoS>mer OmoS>bb Va Xm~ dmT>Vmo.

p
base) hmo`. H$mhr nmZm§À`m nU©Vbmnmer N>moQ>mgm
nmZmgmIm ^mJ {XgVmo Ë`mbm CnnU} (Stipules)

EImXr dñVy hdo_YyZ J{V_mZ Agë`mg Ë`m dñVyÀ`m
JVrÀ`m b§~ {Xeobm hdoMm Xm~ H$_r hmoVmo Am{U _J
m AmOy~mOyMr hdm OmñV Xm~mH$Sy>Z H$_r Xm~mH$S>o OmoamZo

P
åhUVmV.
\y$b (Flower) o dmhÿ bmJVo.

C
\y$b Á`m {R>H$mUr XoR>mbm `oVo, Vmo ^mJ gm_mÝ`V: ngaQ>
d \w$Jra AgVmo, Ë`mbm nwînmYma (Receptacle) Ago
åhUVmV.

{ZXbnwO § (Calyx) : H$mir AdñWoV nmH$ù`m {haì`m
a§JmÀ`m nmZmgma»`m ^mJmZo PmH$boë`m AgVmV. ho
AmdaU åhUOo {ZXbnw§O hmo`.

XbnwO § (Corolla) : Xbn§wO nmH$ù`m§Zr (Petals)
~Zbobm AgVmo, doJdoJù`m \w$bm§Mo XbnwO § Ogo Jwbm~,
Vmn_mZ {Z`§ÌU (Temperature Control) :

n¥Ïdrbm gy`m©H$Sy>Z D$Om© {_iVo. hr D$Om© n¥Ïdr CîUVoÀ`m
ê$nmV naV \o$H$Vo.

n¥ Ï dr^mo d Vr Agbo ë `m hdo V rb ~mîn H$m~© Z
S>m`Am°ŠgmBS> `m§gmaIo KQ>H$ `m CîUVoMm H$mhr ^mJ
emofyZ KoD$Z Vmo BVa KQ>H$m§Zm XoVmV.

Ë`m_wio n¥ÏdrMm n¥ð>^mJ C~Xma amhVmo d n¥Ïdrdarb
Ordg¥ï>rbm AZwHy$b hmoVmo.

4
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 By : Ashok Pawar gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

n¥Ïdrda hdmM ZgVr Va n¥Ïdrdarb n¥ð>^mJmMo gamgar 3. AmåbarY_u _¥Xm - pH 7.5 nojm OmñV
Vmn_mZ IynM H$_r Pmbo AgVo.
gOrdm§Vrb nmofU
Üd{ZàgmaU (Sound transmission)
ñd`§nmofr dZñnVr (Autotrophic Plants) :

Amnë`mbm EoHy$ `oUmao gd© AmdmO ^modVmbÀ`m hdoVyZ

dZñnVr ñdV:bm bmJUmao AÞ ñdV: V`ma H$aVmV.
AmnUmn`ªV `oD$Z nmohmoMbobo AgVmV.
O{_ZrVrb nmUr, nmo f H$VËdo d hdo V rb H$m~© Z

Vmn_mZmVrb ~Xbm_wio hdoMr KZVmgwÕm ~XbVo.
S> m `Am° Š gmBS> M m Cn`mo J H$ê$Z h[aVÐì`o
W§S>r_Ü`o KZVm dmT>Vo, W§S>rV nhmQ>o XyaÀ`m AmJJmS>rMm

n
(Chlorpphyll) d gy`© àH$memÀ`m ghmæ`mZo dZñnVr
AmdmO ñnï> EoHy$ `oVmo. `mdê$Z g_OVo, H$s ÜdZrMo
nmZm§_Ü`o AÞ V`ma H$aVmV `m {H«$`obm àH$me g§íbofU
àgmaU hmoÊ`mgmR>r hdoMm _mÜ`_ åhUyZ Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
(photosynthesis) åhUVmV.

a
nmÊ`mMr KZVm
H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S>+nmUr àH$me D$Om© AÞ (½bwH$moO) + Am°ŠgrOZ
h[aVÐì`

t

nXmWm©Mo AmH$ma_mZ d dñVw_mZ `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y : 6 Co + 6H O
2 2 C H O + 6O
6 12 6 2

EImÚm dñVyZo ì`mnbobr OmJm åhUOo {VMo AmH$ma_mZ, dZñnVt_Yrb dhZì`dñWm (Transportation in
m
r r
nXmWm©Vrb Ðì`g§M` åhUOo dñVw_mZ. Plants) :

KZVm = dñVy_mZ / AmH$ma_mZ
dñVw_mZ ho J«_° _Ü`o Va AmH$ma_mZ KZgo_r_Ü`o _moOVmV.
u
dZñnVt_Ü`o Obdm{hÝ`m (Xylem) d agdm{hÝ`m (Ph-

a
loem) Aem ñdê$nmV XmoZ dhZ ì`dñWm AgVmV.


KZVm = J«°_ / KZgo_r
åhUyZ KZVoMo EH$H$ J«°_ àVr KZgo_r Amho.
o
Obdm{hÝ`m§_m\©$V _wim§H$Sy>Z nmUr d jma dZñnVrÀ`m
F
v e
darb gd© ^mJmH$S>o nmohmoMbo OmVmV.
nmÊ`mMo Ag§JV dV©Z (Anomalous behaviour of
Va àH$me g§íbofUmVyZ nmZm§_Ü`o V`ma Pmbobo AÞ

i
water)
(eH©$amd AÝ` KQ>H$) agdm{hÝ`m§_m\©$V dZñnVrÀ`m


iv
nmÊ`mÀ`m KZVoMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Amho. Zoh_rÀ`m BVa ^mJm§H$S>o dmnaÊ`mgmR>r d gmR>dU H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmhÿZ

Ðdm§à_mUo Ë`mMr KZVm dmT>Vo.

ret
t
Vmn_mZmMo nmUr W§S> hmoD$ bmJë`mda gd©gmYmaU
i

_mÌ 40C Vmn_mZmÀ`m Imbr Vmn_mZ Joë`mg nmÊ`mMr
Zobo OmVo.
gwú_OrdmMo O¡{dH$ pñWarH$aU :

a p
KZVm H$_r hmoD$ bmJVo. åhUOoM 40C øm Vmn_mZmbm
nmÊ`mMr KZVm gdm©V OmñV AgVo d 40C À`m nmÊ`mMr

m
Vmn_mZ H$_r Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMr KZVm H$_r hmoD$Z

`m nÕVrV Xmo Z àH$meMo gw ú _Ord Zm`Q´ > m o O ZMo
pñWarH$aU KS>dyZ AmUVmV.
am`Pmo{~A_ ho gyú_Ord {ÛXb qe~mdJu` dZñnVtÀ`m

P
A§g§JV dV©Z åhUVmV. C
o
AmH$ma_mZ dmT>Vo. åhUOoM 40C À`m Imbr Vmn_mZ
OmD$ bmJë`mda nmUr àgaU nmdVo. `mbmM nmÊ`mMo

S>oÝ_mH©$Mm emñÌk gmoaoÝgZ `mMo hm`S´>moOZ Am`Zm§À`m

g§hVrda AmYm[aV gm_y (pH) g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. _mVrMm

gm_y R>adÊ`mgmR>r nmUr d _mVr `m§Mo 1:2 `m à_mUmV
{_lU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {d{dY Xe©H$m§À`m ghmæ`mZo narjU
H$aVmV, Ë`mZwgma _¥XoMo VrZ àH$ma AmT>iVmV.
1. Amåb`wŠV _¥Xm - pH 6.5 nojm H$_r
2. CXmgrZ _¥Xm - pH 6.5 Vo 7.5
5
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_wim§darb Agboë`m JmR>r_Ü`o AgVmV.
ho gwú_Ord hdoVrb Zm`Q´>moOZ emofyZ KoVmV d Ë`mMo
Zm`Q´>moOZÀ`m g§`wJmV ê$nm§Va H$aVmV.
_mVr_Yrb A{PQ> m o ~ ° Š Q> a ho gy ú _Ord hdo V rb
Zm`Q´>moOZMo Ë`m§À`m g§`wJmV ê$nm§Va H$aVmV.
Zm`Q´>moOZMo dmVmdaUr` pñWarH$aU :

nmdgmù`mV AmH$mem_Ü`o Ooìhm drO M_H$Vo Voìhm
hdoVrb Zm`Q´>moOZ Am{U Am°pŠgOZMm g§`moJ hmoD$Z
Zm`{Q´ > H $ Am° Š gmBS> V`ma hmo V o d Ë`mMo nw Ý hm
Am°pŠgS>rH$aU hmoD$Z Zm`Q´>moOZ Am°ŠgmBS> ~ZVo.
Contact : 7875329274
 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mV ho Zm`Q´>moOZ S>m`Am°ŠgmBS> {daKiVo
d Ë`mMo Zm`{Q´>\.H$ AmåbmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

ho Amåb nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`m~amo~a O{_Zrda `oV.o ho Amåb
O{_ZrVrb {d{dY I{ZOm§~amo~a A{^{H«$`m hmoD$Z
jmam§_Ü`o ê$nm§VarV hmoVo.

dZñnVr `m Zm`Q´>moOZÀ`m jmamMm Cn`moJ ñdV:À`m
dmT>rgmR>r H$aVmV.
By : Ashok Pawar
{MH$Q ÐdmMo q~Xy AgVmV.

B.g. 1737 _Ü`o lrb§Ho$V OmohmÝg ~_©Z `m emgÌkmZo
`m dZñnVrMm emoY bmdbm Ë`m§À`m gÝ_mZmW© `m
dZñnVrMo Zmd ~_m©Zr Ago Amho.
_¥VmonOrdr dZñnVr (Saprophytic Plants) :

gOrdm§ À `m Hw $ Obo ë `m _¥ V Adeo f m§ d a Adb§ ~ y Z
AgUmè`m dZñnVtZm _¥VmonOrdr dZñnVr Ago åhUVmV.

n
ghOrdr nmoeU (Symbiotic nutrition) : H$dH$ JQ>mVrb H$mhr ~waer d ^yN>Ìo `m _¥V Adeofm§da

XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ gOrdm§À`m {ZH$Q> ghg§~Y§ mVyZ nmofU, OJUmè`m dZñnVr AmhoV, `m _¥V Adeofm§da nmMH$ag

a
g§ajU AmYma BË`mXr ~m~r gmÜ` hmoVmV. `mbmM gmoS>VmV Am{U Ë`mVrb H$m~©Zr nXmWmªMo {dKQ>Z H$ê$Z
ghOrdr nmofU åhUVmV. Ë`mnmgyZ V`ma hmoUmao ÐmdU emofyZ KoD$Z nmofH$Ðì`o

H$mhr PmS>m§À`m _wim§Odi ~waer dmQ>Vo. PmS> ~waerbm
nmofH$VËdo nwadVo. `m ~Xë`mV ~waer PmS>mÀ`m _wim§Zm
jma d nmUr nwadVo.
VgoM e¡dmb d ~waer EH$Ì amhVmV. Ë`m doir ~waer
e¡dmbmbm {Zdmam, nmUr d jma nwadVo. Ë`m ~Xë`mV
n[aUm_ t
{_idVmV.

r r
Zm`Q´>moOZ : u
m
dZñnVt_Yrb nmofH$Ðì`m§Mr H$m`} d A^mdmMo

e¡dmb ~waerbm AÞ nwadVo, `m àH$mamVyZ V`ma hmoUmar

ghOrdr dZñnVr åhUOoM XJS>\y$b hmo`.
nanmofr dZñnVr (Heterotrophic plants) :
a
v e F
o

H$m`} : à{WZo, h[aVÐì`o d noerÐd `m§À`mVrb _hÎdmMm
KQ>H$.

n[aUm_ : dmT> Iw§Q>Uo, nmZo {ndir hmoUo.

i
\$m°ñ\$ag :




nanmofr dZñnVt_Ü`o h[aVÐì` ZgVo.
iv
Á`m dZñnVr BVa gOrdm§À`m earamV qH$dm earamda

H$m`} : àH$me D$O}Mo amgm`{ZH$ D$O}V ê$nm§Va.

r t
n[aUm_ : AH$mbr nmZo JiUo,C{eam \w$bo `oUo, _wim§Mr

ti
dmT>VmV d Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Amnbo AÞ {_idVmV Ë`m§Zm
naOrdr (Parasitic) dZñnVr åhUVmV. (CXm. ~m§S>Ji
y ,
dmT> Iw§Q>Uo.

e nmoQ>°{eA_ :

a
A_adob B.)

H$m`} : M`mnM`mÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r Amdí`H$.


p
h[aVÐì`o Zgë`mZo A_ado b g§ n y U © n Uo AmlUr
dZñßVtdaM Adb§~Zy AgVo, åhUyZ {Vbm g§nUy © naOrdr
n[aUm_ : ImoS> ~marH$ hmoUo, nmZo H$mo_OUo, {nï>_`

m nXmW© V`ma Z hmoUo.

P
dZñnVr åhUVmV.
o
{H$Q>H$^jr dZñnVr (Insectivorous Plants) : _°½Zo{eA_ :

H$m`} : h[aVÐì` {Z_m©U H$aUo.


C
H$mhr dZñnVr H$sQ>H$^jU H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m earamnmgyZ
AÞKQ>H$ {_idVmV.

n[aUm_ : g§W dmT> hmoUo, nmZo {ndir hmoUo.

`m dZñnVr àm_w»`mZo Zm`Q´>moOZ g§`wJmMm A^md bmoh :

H$m`} : h[aVÐÌ` {Z_m©U H$aUo.
AgUmè`m O{_ZrV qH$dm nmÊ`mV dmT>VmV.

n[aUm_ : nmZo {ndir nS>Uo.

S´>m°goam ~_m©Zr `m H$sQ>H$^jr dZñnVrMr aMZm EImÚm
\w$bmgmaIr AgVo. Vr O{_ZrbJV dmT>Vo, {VMr nmZo _°JZrO :
AmH$f©H$, Jwbm~r, bmb a§JmMr AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m
H$m`} : à_wI g§àoaH$ KQ>H$ {Z_m©U H$aUo.
H$S>mZ§ m ~marH$ Ho$gV§Vy AgyZ Ë`mda H$sQ>H$m§Zm AmH$f©Umao
n[aUm_ : dmT> Iw§Q>Uo, nmZm§da S>mJ nS>Uo.

6
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 By : Ashok Pawar
qPH$ :

H$m`} : g§àoaH$ d Ë`mVrb KQ>H$ {Z_m©U H$aUo.

n[aUm_ : dmT> Iw§Q>Uo, nmZo {ndirhmoUo.
nmofUmMo Q>ßno :
1. AÞJ«hU (Ingestion) : AÞ earamV Ko`o
2. nMZ (Digestion) : AÞmMo ê$nm§Va {dÐmì` KQ>H$m§V
hmoUo `mg AÞnMZ Ago åhUVmV.
3. emofU (Absorption) : nMZmVyZ V`ma Pmbobo
{dÐmì` aŠVmV emofbo OmUo
4. gm§Ë_rH$aU (Assimilation) : emofboë`m ÐmdUr`
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
AÞ g§ajU nÕVr :

JmoR>UrH$aU : H$_r Vmn_mZmbm AÞnXmWm©Vrb O¡{dH$
d amg`{ZH$ à{H«$`m§Mm doJ _§XmdVmo Ë`m_wio AÞnXmW©
Iw n H$mi {Q> H y $ eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR> r M KamVrb
erVH$nmQ>mMm (ao{\«$OaoQ>a) Cn`moJ H$aVmV.

YwarH$aU : `m_Ü`o Yya XoD$Z AÞ g§a{jV Ho$bo OmVo.
`mgmR>r A°ë`w{_{ZA_ \$m°ñ\$mBS> dmnaVmV.

n
dm`yMm dmna : do\$g© d BVa ImÚnXmW© hdm~§X
{neì`m§_Ü`o ~§X H$aVm§Zm Zm`Q´>moOZ dm`yMm dmna H$ê$Z

a
Ë`mVrb H$sQ>H$ d ~waerÀ`m dmT>bm Amim KmVbm OmVmo.
AÞmMo earamVrb noer d D$Vt_Ü`o dhZ d D$Om©{Z{_©Vr

t

H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m§Mm dmna : nmoË`m§V YmÝ` ^aë`mda
Ho$br OmUo.
5. CËgO©OZ (Egestion) : nMZ d emofU Z Pmbbo _ob°{WAm°ZMm \$dmam nmoË`m§da _maVmV.
m
r r

{H$aUr`Z : `m nÕVrV AÞ nXmWmªda Am`Zr^dZ
Cd©[aV AÞKQ>H$ earam~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVmV.
_¥VmonOrdr nmofU (Saprozoic nutrition) : u
H$aUmè`m {H$aUm§Mm _mam H$aVmV. CXm. CÀM D$Om©`wŠV
BboŠQ´>m°Z, ËdaH$m§Ûmam (A°pŠgbaoQ>a) {Z{_©V j-{H$aU

emofU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm AÞ åhUyZ dmna H$mVmV. `mbmM

_¥VmonOrdr nmofU Ago åhUVmV.
a
H$mhr H$sQ>H$, EH$noer` gú_Ord ho _¥V earamVrb qH$dm
AmOy~mOyÀ`m dmVmdaUmVrb Ðdê$n g|Ðr` nXmWmªMo

v e
o
dm {H$amUoËgmar g_ñW{ZH$m§Ûmao CËg{O©V J°_m{H$aU. `m
à{H«$`o_wio gyú_Ord, ~waer d H$sQ>H$m§Mm Zme hmoVmo.
F
\$im§À`m {nH$Ê`mMm H$mbmdYr dmT>ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr hmZr
H$_r hmoVo, VgoM A§Hw$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m ~§X Pmë`m_wio
naOrdr nmoeU (Parasitic nutrition) :

r itiv

BVa àmÊ`m§À`m earamÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmda amhÿZ Ë`m§Mo aŠV

ti
emo f y Z Ë`mÛmao AÞ àmßV H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm
~mønaOrdr nmofU (Ectoparastic nutrition) Ago


~Q>mQ>,o H$m§Xo BË`mXr AÞnXmW© OmñV H$mbmdYrgmR>r {Q>H$y
eH$VmV.
nmíMarH$aU : `m nÕVrZo XyY qH$dm VËg_ nXmW©
{d{eï> Vmn_mZmn`ªV CXm. XyY 800 gopëgAgbm 15
e
a
åhUVmV. (CXm. JmoMrS>, T>oHy$U)
p

nÅ>H$¥ _r, JmobH¥$_r Ago O§V Amnë`m earamÀ`m AmV_Ü`o
amhÿZ aŠVmÛmao AÞmMo AWdm àË`j AÞmMo emofU
m
{_{ZQ>o Vmndbo OmVo d Z§Va Vm~S>Vmo~ Vo W§S> Ho$bo OmVo.
`m_wio XwYmVrb gyú_Ordm§Mm Zme hmoD$Z Vo XrK©H$mi
{Q>H$Vo.

P
H$aVmV `m nÕVrbm A§V:naOrdr nmofU (Endopara-
sitic nutrition) Ago åhUVmV. o n[ajH$m§Mm dmna :

AÞ Am{U Am¡fU àemgZ (FDA)

C

OmJ{VH$ AÞgwajm {XZ : 16 Am°ŠQ>mo~a

AÞ Am{U Am¡fY `m§Mo à_mUrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m
{Z{_©Vrda d dmQ>nmda {Z`§ÌU R>odUmar hr emgH$s`
`§ÌUm Amho.

AÞgwa{jVVm Am{U _mZm§H$Zo H$m`Xm 2006 Zwgma
^maVr` AÞgwa{jVVm Am{U _mZm§H$Zo àm{YH$aU
(GSSAI) `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
7
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Z¡g{J©H$ n[ajH$ : {ZgJ©V: CnbãY AgUmao nXmW©
`mV àm_w»`mZo _rR>, gmIa, Vob dmnê$Z ~Zdbobr
bmoUMr, Om_, _wam§~o, noR>m BË`mXr nXmW© V`ma H$aVmV.

amgm`{ZH$ n[ajH$ : `mV àm_w»`mZo A°go{Q>H$ Amåb
(pìhZoJa), gm`{Q´>H$ Amåb, gmo{S>A_ ~oÝPmoEQ> VgoM
H$mhr Zm`Q´>oQ> d Zm`Q´>mBQ> jmam§Mm dmna H$ê$Z gm°g,
Oobr, Om_, {eOdÊ`mg V`ma ^mÁ`m d AÞmMr V`ma
n{H$Q>o BË`mXr Iyn H$mbmdYrgmR>r {Q>H$dyZ R>odVm `oVmV.

_hmamï´>mV bmgbJmd `oWo H$m§Xo d ~Q>mQ>o `m§da d Zdr
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 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
_w~§ B© `oWo _gmë`mÀ`m nXmWmªda {H$aUr`Z H$aUmar g§`̧ `o
Agbobr H|$Ðo C^mabobr AmhoV.

dmT>boë`m Vmn_mZmMm dmna H$ê$Z AÞnXmWmª_Ü`o
gyú_Ordm§Mr dmT> amoIyZ Ë`m§Mr JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dyZ
R>odÊ`mMr nÕVr OrdmUy emñÌk bwB© nmíMa `m§Zr
{dH${gV Ho$br.

1954 _Ü`o bmoH$g^oZo AÞ^ogi à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm g§_V
Ho$bm. `m_Ü`o doimodir gwYmaUm H$ê$Z 1976 _Ü`o
H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXtZwgma Anm`H$maH$ nXmWmªMr ^ogi
H$aUmè`mg OÝ_R>onoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
By : Ashok Pawar
A{Xe amer (Scalar Quantity)

Ho$di n[aUm_mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nyUn© Uo ì`ŠV H$aVm `oUmar
amer åhUOo A{Xe amer hmo`. CXm. bm§~r, é§Xr, joÌ\$i,
dñVw_mZ, Vn_mZ, KZVm, H$mbmdYr, H$m`} BË`mXr amer
ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di n[a_mUmMm åhUOo _yë` d
EH$H$mMm dmna hmoVmo. CXm. añË`mMr bm§~r XmoZ
{H$bmo_rQ>a, 1010 \°$aZhmBQ> Vmn BË`mXr.


n
g{Xe amer (Vector Quantity)
... n[a_mU d {Xem `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo nyUn© Uo ì`ŠV H$aVm

a
AÞmMr gmR>dU `mo½` {R>H$mUr d `mo½` ìhmdr, AÞ `oUmar amer åUOo gXre amer hmo`. {dñWmnZ, doJ `m
nXmWmªdarb doï>Z AÞmbm d Am¡fYmbm KmVH$ Zgmdo, g{Xe amhr AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, 20 {H$bmo_rQ>a {dñWmnZ
Ë`mda {Z{_©VrMm {XZm§H$, H$mbmdYr d gmR>dÊ`mg§~§Yr
gyMZm ñnï>nUo {b{hboë`m Agmì`mV Aem AZoH$ VaVwXr
Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
^m¡{VH$ ametMo _mnZ
t
{Xeog, _§w~B©À`m {XeoZo AmH$mmV 500 {H$_r à{VVmg

r r u
àM{bV _mnZ nÕVr
m
doJmZo Mmbbobo {d_mZ.

1. E_Ho$Eg (MKS) nÕVr - `m _mnZ nÕVrV bm§~r

^m¡{VH$ amer (Physical Quantities)
dñVw_mZ (Mass)


a
v e
_moOVmV.
o
_rQ>a_Ü`o dñVw_mZ {H$bmoJ_°« _Ü`o d H$mi (doi) goH$§ XmV

F
2. grOrEg (CGS) nÕVr - `m _mnZ nÕVrV bm§~r

i
nXmWm©Vrb Ðì`g§M`mbm dñVw_mZ åhUVmV, nXmWm©V g|{Q>_rQ>a_Ü`o, dñVw_mZ J«_° _Ü`o d H$mi (doi) goH$§ XmV

iv
Z¡g{J©H$nUo pñWVr~nXybkmg {damoYr H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr _moOVmV.

r
AgVo åhUOoM OS>Ëd AgVo,


it
dñVw_mZ ho dñVyÀ`m OS>ËdmMo JwUmËåH$ _mnAmho, {OVHo$

E_Ho$Eg `m nÕVr_Ü`o bm§~r, dñVw_mZ d H$mi `m amer
AmYma^yV _mZÊ`mV `oVmV. Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z BVa

et
dñVw_mZ OmñV {VVHo$ OS>Ëdhr OmñV AgVo. ametMo _mZ hmoVo.

a

dñVw_mZ hr A{Xe amer Amho. OJmV H$moR>ohr Jobo Var Vo
p
~XbV Zmhr _mÌ dñVw_mZ Am{U dOZ `m XmoZ {^Þ
amer AmhoV. dñVw_mZ J«°_ qH$dm {H$bmoJ«m_ `m EH$H$mV
nm`m^yV ametMo à_mU :

dñVw_mZ à_mU åhUyZ ßb°{Q>Z_B[a{S>`_ g§{_lmMm EH$
m
P
_moOVmV. ^ard X§S>Jmob n°[ag `oWrb Am§Vaamï´>r` dOZ_mn g§ñWo_Ü`o
dOZ (Weight) o R>do bm Amho. Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amamZwgma Ë`mÀ`m dñVw_mZmbm

C
Á`m dñVy AmnU J«°_, {H$bmoJ«°__Ü`o _moOVmo Vo Ë`m§Mo
dOZ ZgyZ dñVw_mZ Amho.

`m dñVw_mZmda OodT>o JwéËdr` ~b H$m`© H$aVo Ë`mbm
dOZ Ago åhUVmV.

EImÚm dñVwbm n¥Ïdr Á`m JwéËdr` ~bmZo Amnë`m
H|$ÐmÀ`m {XeoZo AmH${f©V H$aVo, Ë`mbm dñVyMo dOZ
åhUVmV. åhUyZ dOZ hr g{Xe amer Amho. Vr
n¥Ïdrdarb doJù`m {R>H$mUr doJdoJir ^aVo.
8
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EH$ {H$bmoJ_°« åhUVmV. øm Am{Xê$nmÀ`m A{YH¥$V AMyH$
Aem àVr à_mUrH$aU H$aUmè`m OJ^amVrb à`moJemim/
g§ñWm§_Ü`o R>do Ê`mV Amboë`m AmhoV.

n°[ag `oWrb Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWo_Ü`o R>odboë`m ßb°{Q>Z_-
B[a{S>`_ g§{_lmÀ`m `m Am{Xê$n nÅ>rda XmoZ gyú_ aofm
H$moaboë`m AmhoV, `m XmoZ aofm§_Yrb A§Va _rQ>a åhUyZ
à_mU _mZbo Amho. `m Am{Xê$n nÅ>rÀ`m AMyH$ àVr
V`ma H$ê$Z OJ^amV à_mUrH$aU H$aUmè`m à`moJemim
/ g§ñWm§_Ü`o {Xboë`m AmhoV.
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
 By : Ashok Pawar gm_mÝ` {dkmZ

n¥ÏdrÀ`m EH$m n[adbZmg Omo doi bmJVmo, Vmo AMyH$ doJmVrb ~Xb
gmYZmZo _moOyZ Ë`mg 24 Vmg Yê$Z EH$ {Xdg à_m{UV ËdaU =
~Xbmg bmJbobm H$mbmdYr
Ho$bm OmV Ago. VmgmMr 60 {_{ZQ>o d EH$ {_{ZQ>mMo
60 goH§$X `mà_mUo EH$ goH§$X à_m{UV Ho$bm OmVmo. ~b Am{U ËdaU (Force and Acceleration) :
EH$H$mMr Am§Vaamï´>r` nÕVr :
~b Am{U Ë`m_wio KS>Umè`m ËdaUmg§~§YrMm Aä`mg
àW_ ga Am`P°H$ Ý`yQ>Z `m emñÌkmZo Ho$bm.

gmV nm`m^y V ametda AmYm[aV Aer EH$H$m§ M r
Am§Vaamï´>r` nÕVr System International (SI) gÜ`m Ý`yQ>ZMm J{V{df`H$ n{hbm {Z`_ :

OJ^amV dmnabr OmVo. `m nÕVrbmM _o{Q´>H$ nÕVr
Agohr åhUVmV.
1 TMC nmUr åhUOo one thousand million cubic

n
EImÚm dñVyda ~b H$m`© H$aV Zgob, Va Ë`m dñVyMm
doJ ~XbV Zmhr, AWm©V Ë`m dñVyMo ËdaU KS>V Zmhr.

a
doJù`m eãXm§V gm§Jm`Mo Pmbo Va ~b bmdbo ZgVm§Zm
feet åhUOo EH$ AãO KZ\y$Q> nmUr hmo`. dñVy Oa {gWa Agob Va Vr pñWa amhrb. {Vbm JVr




1 KZ\y$Q> åhUOo 28.317 brQ>a.
1 TMC = 28316846592 brQ>a åhUOoM gw_mao
28.317 AãO brQ>a.
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Agob, Va Vr EH$mM doJmZo d {XeoZo gVV nwT>o OmV
amhrb. ËdaU hr g{Xe amhr Amho.

r r u
m
~b, {dñWmnZ d H$m`© (Force, Displacement and

A§Va : EImÚm J{V_mZ dñVyZo {XeoMm {dMma Z H$aVm,
àË`j nyU© Ho$boë`m _mJm©Mr bm§~r åhUOo A§Va hmo`.
A§Va hr A{Xe amer hmo`. a
v e

W=Fxs F
o
~bmZo Ho$bobo H$m`© (W) = dñVybm bmdbobo ~b (F)
x ~bmÀ`m {XeoV Pmbobo dñVyMo {dñWmnZ (s)

i
{dñWmnZ : EImÚm J{V_mZ dñVy Z o Ama§ ^ rÀ`m SI `m nÕVrV H$m`m©Mo EH$H$ Á`yb (J) Va ~bmMo EH$H$

v
{R>H$mUmnmgyZ A§{V_ {R>H$mUmn`ªV nmohmoMÊ`mgmR>r EH$m
i
Ý`yQ>Z (N) Am{U {dñWmnZmMo EH$H$ _rQ>a (m) Amho.
CGS nÕVrV H$m`m©Mo EH$H$ AJ© (erg) Amho.

r
{XeoZo nma Ho$bobo H$_rV H$_r A§Va åhUOo {dñWmnZ
hmo`.
it


t
{dñWmnZm_Ü`o A§Va d {Xem `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>tMm {dMma
e
pñW{VH$ {dÚwV

a
hmoVmo åhUyZ {dñWmnZ hr g{Xe amer Amho.
gd© dñVy A{Vgyú_ H$Um§À`m ~Zboë`m AgVmV.


p
A§Va d {dñWmnZ `m XmoÝhr ametMo SI d MKS _mnZ
nÕVrVrb EH$H$ _rQ>a (m) hoM Amho.
{dÚwVà^ma hm Ë`m H$Um§Mm EH$ Am§V[aH$ JwUY_© Amho.
Aem àH$mao Oar ^anya {dÚwVà^ma Agbm Var Vmo Zoh_r
m
P

doJ : doJ åhUOo {d{eï> {XeoZo EH$H$ H$mbmdYrV dñVyZo bnboë`m pñWVrV AgVmo.
o
H$mnbobo A§Va hmo`. dñVyMm doJ Imbrb gyÌmÀ`m
H$maU Ë`m dñVy§V XmoZ {déÕ àH$maMo à^ma gma»`mM
g§»`oZo AgVmV. YZà^ma (+) d F$Uà^ma (-) ho XmoÝhr
ghmæ`mZo H$mT>Vm `oVmo.

doJ =
C
{dñWmnZ
Ooìhm g_Vmob AgVmV Voìhm Vr dñVy CXmgrZ AgVo,
åhUOoM Ë`m dñVyda H$moUVmhr {Zìdi à^ma amhV Zmhr,
{dñWmnZmbm bmJbobm doi (H$mbmdYr) Oa ho XmoÝhr à^ma g_Vmob Zgrb Va dñVy à^m[aV Amho

ËdaU : doJmVrb ~Xb {H$Vr goH$§ Xm_Ü`o hmoVmo, `mdê$Z Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
à{VgoH$§ XmV hmoUmam doJmVrb ~Xb H$mT>Vm `oVmo, Ë`mbmM
{dÚwV à^mambm YZà^ma (+) Am{U F$Uà^ma (-)
ËdaU Ago åhUVmV. Aer Zmdo ~|Om{_Z \«±$H${bZ `m emñÌkmZo {Xbr.
doJmVrb ~Xb
àË`oH$ AUy hm {dÚwVÑï>çm CXmgrZ AgVmo, Ë`mVrb
ËdaU = YZ d F$U à^mam§Mo à_mU g_mZ AgVo. F$U à^ma
~Xbmg bmJbobm H$mbmdYr
9
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar Contact : 7875329274
 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
H$mhr H$maUmZo H$_r Pmë`mg AUy YZà^marV hmoVmo.

gw_mao 2500 dfmªnydu Woëg `m J«rH$ emñÌkmZmÀ`m
bjmV Ambo H$s, {ndù`m a§JmMm amioMm Xm§S>m (A§~a)
bmoH$ar H$mnS>mZo Kmgbm AgVm `m Xm§S>çmH$S>o {ngo
AmH${f©V hmoVmV.

A±~abm J«rH$ ^mfoV BboŠQ´>m°Z åhUVmV, åhUyZ A±~aÀ`m
`m AmH$f©U JwUY_m©bm Wm°_g ~«mCZZo 1646 gmbr
BbopŠQ´>{gQ>r ho Zmd {Xbo.

{dÚwVà^m[aV dñVy à^ma ZgUmè`m dñVy§Zm AmH${f©V
H$aVmV. g_mZ {dÚwVà^mam§_Ü`o à{VH$f©U hmoVo. {déÕ
By : Ashok Pawar
A{^gaUmbm _mÜ`_mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

ga Ooåg S>çA
y ma ho ñH$m°{Q>e d¡km{ZH$ hmoV.o Ë`m§Zr 1892
_Ü`o n{hbm W_m©g âbmñH$ V`ma Ho$bm åhUyZ Ë`mbm
S>çyAma âbmñH$ Ago åhUVmV. nXmW© W§S> AWdm Ja_
amhÊ`mgmR>r S>çyAma âbmñH$ AmOhr dmnaVmV Amho.
T>J\y$Q>r (Cloudburst)

H$mhr doim nmD$g XoUmè`m T>Jm§VyZ Imbr Ambobo nmUr
n
nmdgmÀ`m ñdê$nmV O{_Zrda Z nS>Vm O{_ZrH$S>rb
CîU Vmn_mZm_wio Ë`mMr naV dm\$ hmoD$Z Vr Ë`m T>Jm§VM

a
{dÚwVà^mam§_Ü`o AmH$f©U hmoVo, {dÚwVà^m[aV dñVy gm_mdbr OmVo.

n[aUm_r Ë`m T>Jm§V dm\o$Mm A{YH$ gmR>m hmoVmo. erK«
AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$f©U hr H$gmoQ>r dmnabr OmVo.

à^ma ZgUmè`m qH$dm CXmgrZ dñVyda KZ d F$U
à^mam§Mr g§»`m gmaIr AgVo.

àdV©ZmZo (Odi AgVm§Zm) {Z_m©U Pmbobm {dÚwVà^ma
\$ŠV {dÚwVà^m[aV dñVy Odi Agon`ªV {Q>H$Vmo.


t
g§KZZ {H«$`o_wio AMmZH$nUo EImÚm {d{eï> d bhmZ
Aem ^y^mJmda gw_mao 100 {_{b_rQ>a à{VVmg qH$dm

r r m
Ë`mnojm A{YH$ à_mUmV nmD$g nS>Vmo `mbm T>J\y$Q>r
åhUVmV.
u
6 Am°JñQ> 2010 amoOr Aer T>J\y$Q>r bS>mI_Yrb boh

a

gZ 1752 _Ü`o ~|Om{_Z \«±$H${bZZo Amnbm _wbJm
{dë`_ `mÀ`mgmo~V nV§J CS>dÊ`mMm à`moJ Ho$bm. hm o
`oWo Pmbr hmoVr. 26 Owb¡ 2005 amoOr _w~§ B©_Ü`o Pmbobr

F
T>J\y$Q>rMr KQ>Zm hr gdmªÀ`m bjmV amhrV Aer {dbjU

v e
nV§J aoe_r H$mnS>, XodXma PmS>mMo bmHy$S> d YmVyMr Vma
dmnê$Z V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. hmoVr Ë`m {Xder 8 Vo 10 Vmgm§_Ü`o gw_mao 950 {_{b_rQ>a

i

YmVyMr Vma Aem àH$mao OmoS>br, H$s {VMo EH$ Q>moH$
åhUOoM 37 B§M BVH$m nmD$g nS>bm hmoVm Am{U g§nyU©

iv
nV§JmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm Va Xwgao Q>moH$ nV§JmÀ`m Xmoamer _w§~B© Ob_` Pmbr hmoVr.

r t
^maV gaH$maZo amï´>r` nya Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm 1976 gmbr

OmoS>b.o Á`m {Xder nV§J CS>dbm Ë`m {Xder AmH$memV

ti
{dOm M_H$V hmoË`m. nV§JmMr Vma T>Jm§Zm ñne© H$aVmM Ho $ bo b r Amho . ny a {Z`§ Ì UmgmR> r {deo f à`ËZ `m
Am`moJm_m\©$V Ho$bobo AmhoV. amï´>r` ñVamnmgyZ Vo
e
{dÚwVà^ma T>Jm§VyZ nV§Jmda ñWmZm§V[aV Pmbm.

a

Voìhm nV§JmMr g¡b Xmoar VmR>bobr hmoVr. hm {dÚwVà^ma
p
XmoarVyZ O{_Zrn`ªV nmohmoMbm d O{_Zrbm XmoarMm ñne©

m
hmoVmM {R>UJr CS>mbr. drO åhUOo {dÚwVà^mamMo ê$n
JmdnmVirn`ªV nya{Z`§ÌUmg§X^m©V AmamIS>m V`ma
Ho$bobm AgVmo. `m AmamIS>çm_wio _moR>çm à_mUmda {dÎm
d Or{dVhmZr Q>miVm `oVo.

P
Amho ho Ë`mZo ñnï> Ho$bo.
o
1. {dOo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar àM§S> CîUVm d àH$mem_wio
C
hdoVrb Zm`Q´>mOo Z d Am°pŠgOZ `m§À`mV amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m
hmoD$Z Zm`Q´>moOZ Am°ŠgmBS> dm`y V`ma hmoVmo. hm dm`y
nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mV {_giyZ O{_Zrda `oVmo d O{_ZrMr
{dOoMo Vmn_mZ gy`m©nojm àIa :

gd©M {dOm O{_Zrda nS>V ZmhrV, 95% {dOm
AmH$emVM AgVmV. \$ŠV 5% {dOm O{_Zrn`ªV
nmohMVmV. {dOm EH$mM T>Jm_Ü`o, XmoZ T>Jm§V qH$dm T>J
Am{U O{_ZrXaå`mZ {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV.
gwnrH$Vm dmT>dUmao ZÌ nwadVmo.

dmVmdaUmV Xa goH$§ Xmbm Odinmg 40 {dOm M_H$VmV.
2. {dOoÀ`m D$O}_i w o hdoVrb Am°pŠgOZMo AmoPmoZMo ê$nm§Va
{dOo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao Vmn_mZ ho gy`m©À`m Vmn_mZmnojm
hmoVo. hm AmoPmoZ dm`y gy`m©nmgyZ `oUmè`m hm{ZH$maH$
OmñV AgVo. EdT>çm _moR>çm Vmn_mZm_wio àM§S>
A{VZrb {H$aUm§nmgyZ Amnbo ajU H$aVmo.
Xm~mImbr Ambobr hdm AMmZH$ àgaU nmdVo Am{U

A{^gaU Ðd d dm`wê$n nXmWmª_Ü`oM hmoD$ eH$Vo.
_moR>m H$S>mS>Ê`mMm AmdmO hmoVmo.
10
Contact : 7875329274 Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
 By : Ashok Pawar

g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoZo EH$ ñWm`r ñdê$nmMr Am§Vaamï´>r`
g§ñWm (UNDP) 1965 gmbr ñWmnZ Ho$br Amho.
OJ^amVrb gw_mao 177 Xoe `m g§KQ>ZoMo gXñ` AmhoV.

`m g§KQ>ZoMo EH$ à_wI H$m`© åhUOo AmnÎmr H$mimV
gmYZgm_J«r, Am{W©H$ _XV VgoM ñd`§gdo H$ AmnÎmrÀ`m
{R>H$mUr nmR>dUo. `mgmo~VM _XVrgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r`
d¡ÚH$s` nWHo$ d BVa VÁkm§Mo JQ>hr nmR>dbo OmVmV.
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
~. noernQ>b : noernQ>b ho EH$ àH$maMo nmVi AmdaU
AgyZ Vo A{Ve` ZmOyH$, bdMrH$ AgVo d Vo àmUr
noerMo gdm©V ~mhoaMo AmdaU AgVo.
H$.noerÐd : noer_Ü`o noerH|$ÐH$mì`{V[aŠV Ðdê$n ^mJ
AgVmo Ë`mbm noerÐd åhUVmV. noerÐd ho noernQ>b
Am{U H|$ÐH$ `m§Xaå`mZ AgVo. noetMr {d{dY A§JHo$
`m_Ü`o {dIwabobr AgVmV.

n

13 Am°ŠQ>m~o a : Am§Vaamï´>r` Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr à{V~§Y S>. no e r A§ J Ho $ : `m§ _ Ü`o àm_w » `mZo H| $ ÐH$,
{XZ Am§VaЩì`Om{bH$m, Jm°ëOrqnS>, b`H$m[aH$m, [apŠVH$m,

a
noeraMZm Am{U gyú_Ord V§VwH${UH$m, bdHo$ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. dZñnVt
noer_Ü`o h[aVbdH$ AgVo.

t

am°~Q>© hwH$ `m emñÌkmZo B.g. 1665 _Ü`o ~wMmÀ`m

H|$ÐH$ ho noerMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo A§JH$ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m
PmS>mMm nmVi H$mn KoD$Z Vmo gyú_Xe©H$mÀ`m Imbr
m
^modVr Xwhoar, gpÀN>Ð nQ>b AgVo. noetMo gd© H$m`©

r r
nm{hbm, Voìhm Ë`mbm H$mnm_Ü`o _Y_merÀ`m nmoù`mVrb
H|$ÐH$M {Z`§{ÌV H$aVo.
H$ßß`m§à_mUo aMZm {XgyZ Ambr. `m H$ßß`m§Zm Ë`mZo noer
ho Zmd {Xbo Cell åhUOo H$ßno. b°{Q>Z ^mfoV gobm u

Am§VaЩì`Om{bH$m ho EH$ {dñV¥V, OmirXma A§JH$ Amho.

a
ho am`~moPmo_Zo V`ma Ho$boë`m à{WZm§_Ü`o Amdí`H$ Ago


(Cella) åhUOo bhmZ Imobr hmo`.
o
~Xb H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Jm°pëOqnS>mH$S>o nmR>dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo.
E_.Oo. íbm`S>oZ d {WAmoS>moa ídmZ `m XmoZ emñÌkm§Zr
F
v e

Jm°pëOqnS> ho AZoH$ MnQ>çm {neì`m§Zr V`ma Pmbobo
1838 gmbr noetÀ`m aMZo{df`r {gÕm§V _m§S>bm, H$s
Agy Z à{WZm§ M o `mo ½ ` {dVaU H$aÊ`mMo H$m_

i
gd© gOrd noetnmgyZ ~Zbobo AgVmV Am{U noer hm
Jm°pëOqnS>m_m\©$V hmoVo.

iv
gOrdm§Mm nm`m^yV KQ>H$ Amho. 1885 _Ü`o Ama.{daem°

V§VwH${UH$m d bdHo$ hr Xwhoar AmdaU Agbobr A§JHo$

r
`m§Zr gd© noetMm OÝ_ hm `mnydu ApñVËdmV Agboë`m
noet_YyZM hmoVmo Ago ñnï> Ho$bo.
it AmhoV. V§VwH${UH$m D$Om© V`ma H$aVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr

et
noetMo _mO_mn d {ZarjU (Measurement and ob-
noerMo D$Om©H|$Ð Ago åhUVmV.

a

dZñnVr noet_Yrb h[aVbdHo$ àH$meg§íbofUmMo H$m`©
servation of Cell)
p

A°ÝQ>moZ ë`wdoÝhm°H$ `m§Zr 1673 _Ü`o {d{dY q^Jo EH$Ì
H$aVmV. [apŠVH$m øm noerVrb Q>mH$mD$ nXmW© ~mhoa
Q>mH$Ê`mMo H$m_ H$aVo. àmUrnoer_Yrb [apŠËH$m AmH$mamZo
m
H$ê$Z gyú_Xe©H$ ho CnH$aU V`ma Ho$bo d OrdmUy,

P
N>moQ>çm AgVmV Va dZñnVrnoet_Ü`o EH$M _moR>r
o
Am{XOrd `m§À`m {Od§V noetMo gd©àW_ {ZarjU Ho$bo.

noetÀ`m AmH$ma_mZmMo _moO_mn _m`H«$mo_rQ>a Am{U
[apŠVH$m AgVo.

C
Z° Z mo _ rQ> a `m EH$H$m§ M m dmna H$ê$Z Ho $ bo OmVo .
noar{ZarjUmgmR>r g§`Šw V gyú_Xe©H$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
H$mhr gyúOrdm§Mo AmH$ma :

n°am_o{eA_ - gw_mao 100 _m`H«$mo_rQ>a

1 g|{Q>_rQ>a = .... {_{b_rQ>a
Q>m`\$m°B©S>Mm amoJO§Vy - 1 Vo 3 _m`H«$mo_rQ>a

1 {_{b_rQ>a = 1000 _m`H«$mo_rQ>a

nmo{bAmoMm {dfmUy - 28 Z°Zmo_rQ>a

1 _m`H«$mo_rQ>a = 1000 Z°Zmo_rQ>a

gyú_Ordm§Mm AmH$ma hm 100 _m`H«$mo_rQ>anojm bhmZ
A.noer{^ÎmrH$m : noer{^{ÎmH$m ho noerMo gdm©V ~mhoa AgVmo. EdT>m bhmZ AmH$ma AgyZXoIrb gyú_Ordm§À`m
AgUmao AmdaU Amho. noer{^{ÎmH$m \$ŠV dZñnVt_Ü`oM noerVrb A§JHo$ gd© OrdZà{H«$`m KS>dyZ AmUVmV.
AmT>iVo.
11
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 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
amï´>r` noer {dkmZ g§ñWm nwUo :

National Centre for Cell Science hr g§ñWm noer
{dkmZ, O¡d V§ÌkmZ `m g§X^m©V g§emoYZmMo H$m`© H$aVo.
gwú_Ordm§Mr dmT> H$moR>o hmoVo :

_mÜ`_ : _mVr, nmUr, Hw$OUmao nXmW© BË`mXr.
0 0

Vmn_mZ : 25 Vo 37 gopëgAg Xaå`mZ

nmofU : {d{eï> nmofH$Ðì`o CXm. e¡dmb-h[aVÐÌ`,
By : Ashok Pawar
`m§À`m^modVr N>moQ>çm ñZm`y§Mr dVw©io AgVmV. `m N>moQ>çm
ñZm`w§_wioM Amnë`m Mohè`mda {d{dY ^md {XgVmV.
1. EopÀN>H$ ñZm`y (Voluntary Muscle) : hmVm§Zr H$m_
H$aUo, MmbUo, AÞnXmW© ImUo Aer H$m_o Amnë`m
BÀN>oda Adb§~yZ AgVm. Aem H$m_m§gmR>r dmnamV
`oUmè`m ñZm`y§Zm EopÀN>H$ ñZm`y åhUVmV. CXm. hmV,
Am{U nm` `m Ad`dm§V EopÀN>H$ ñZm`y AgVmV.

n
2. AZ¡pÀN>H$ ñZm`y (Involuntary Muscle) : ídgZ,
Am°pŠgOZ. nMZ, aŠVm{^gaU H$aUmè`m Amnë`m earamVrb H$mhr

dmVmdaU : Amobga, X_Q> VgoM C~Xma. B§{Ð`m§Mr H$m_o OrdZmdí`H$ AgVmV, nU Vr Amnë`m
{H$ÊdZ (Fermentation) :

gwú_Ordm§À`m {H«$`o_wio H$mhr H$m~©Zr nXmWm©Mo Xwgè`m
H$m~©Zr nXmWm©V ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`obm
ta
BÀN>oda Adb§~yZ ZgVmV. Aem B§{Ð`m§V AgUmè`m
ñZm`y§Zm AZ¡pÀN>H$ ñZm`y åhUVmV. OR>a, AmVS>o, öX`
Aem Ad`dm§Mr H$m_o R>am{dH$ nÕVrZo AZ¡pÀN>H$
m
r r
ñZm`y§À`m _XVrZo hmoV AgVmV.
{H$ÊdZ qH$dm Am§~Uo qH$dm Hw$OUo Ago åhUVmV.

`m {H«$`oV CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z, H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmBS> u
1. AñWr ñZm`y (Skeletal muscles) :

a
d BVa dm`y V`ma hmoVmV. ho dm`y nXmWmªMo AmH$ma_mZ
`m ñZm`yM§ r XmoÝhr Q>mHo $o XmoZ doJdoJù`m hmS>mZ§ m OmoS>bb
o r
dmT>dVmV. (CXm. nmd, B§S>br `m§Mr {nR>o \w$JUo) o
AgVmV. CXm. hmVm§Mo, nm`m§Mo ñZm`y, Ë`m§Mr hmbMmb
EopÀN>H$ AgVo.
F
v e

ho dm`y ~mhoa nS>Vm§Zm nXmW© \$g\$gVmV. XwYmMo Xhr

ho ñZm`y hmS>m§Mm gm§JmS>m EH$Ì R>odÊ`mMo Am{U earambm
~ZdUo, \$io d YmÝ` `m§nmgyZ AëH$mohmo V`ma H$aUo,

i
{nR>mnmgyZ nmd ~ZdUo VgoM A°go{Q>H$ Amåb, gm`{Q´>H$ AmH$ma XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV.

iv
Amåb, b°pŠQ>H$ Amåb, OrdZgËdo d à{VO¡{dHo$ `m§À`m 2. öX`mMo ñZm`y (Cardiac muscles)

r it
{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o {H$ÊdZ à{H«$`oMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
AZwZ{df~mYm (Food Poisoning) :
et

ho ñZm`y öX`Mo AmHw § $ MZ d {e{WbrH$aU KS> d y Z
AmUVmV Ë`m§Mr hr hmbMmb AZ¡pÀN>H$ AgVo.

a

öX`mÀ`m ñZm`w§_wio Xa {_{ZQ>mbm öX`mMo A{daVnUo


p
ñdV:Mo nmofU H$aVm§Zm H$mhr gyú_Ord {dfmar nXmW©
(EÝQ>oamoQ>m°pŠPÝg) AÞmV {_giVmV. øm nXmWmªZr AÞ
Odinmg 70 doim AmHw$§ MZ d {e{WbrH$aU hmoV AgVo.
3. _¥Xy ñZm`y (Smooth Muscles)
m
Xy{fV hmoVo. Xy{fV AÞmMo godZ Ho$ë`mg Amnë`mbm

P
CbQ>çm d Owbm~ hmoVmV.

C
o
_mZdr ñZm`y d nMZg§ñWm
ñZm`y (Muscle) : åhUOo JaOoZwgma AmHw§$MZ-
{e{WbrH$aU hmoD$ eH$Umè`m Ag§»` V§Vy§Mm JQ>.

_mZdr earamV 600 nojm A{YH$ ñZm`y AgVmV. àm¡T>,
{ZamoOr ì`ŠVrÀ`m earamÀ`m gw_mao40% dOZ ñZm`y§Mo
AgVo. _mZdr Mohè`m_Ü`o Odinmg 30 ñZm`y AgyZ
AmZ§X, Xw:I, {^Vr Ago AZoH$ ^md Ë`m ñZm`y§À`m
hmbMmbt_wio {XgVmV. Amnbo S>moHo$, Vm|S>, ZmH$
12
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earamVrb BVa Am§Va|{Ð`m§_Ü`o ho ñZm`y AmT>iVmV.
CXmhamW© OR>a, AmVS>,o aŠVdm{hÝ`m, J^m©e`, BË`mXtMo
ñZm`y, `m§Mr hmbMmb AZ¡pÀN>H$ AgVo.

hmbMmb gmdH$me Am{U AmnmoAmn hmoUmar AgVo. `m
{deof ñZm`y§H$Sy>Z earamMr AZoH$ OrdZmdí`H$ H$m`o}
Amnë`m ZH$iV hmoV AgVmV.

ñZm`yÀ § `m Aä`mgemñÌmbm Myology Ago åhUVmV.
ñZm`yM§ m _yb^yV JwUY_© AmHw$§ MZ nmdUo hm Amho. earamVrb
gdm©V _moR>m ñZm`y _m§S>r_Ü`o AgmVmo, Va gdm©V bhmZ ñZm`y
H$mZmVrb ñQ>no g² `m hmS>mbm OmoS>bb o m AgVmo.
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 By : Ashok Pawar
nMZ g§ñWm

VmoS> : Vm|S>mV AÞmMm Kmg KoVë`mnmgyZ Ë`mÀ`m
nMZ{H«$`obm gwédmV hmoVo. Vm|S>mVrb AÞ XmVm§Zr Mmdbo
OmVo. Ë`mMo ~marH$ ~marH$ VwH$S>o hmoVmV.

J«gZr/Kgm : AÞZ{bHo$Mo d ídgZZ{bHo$Mo Vm|S>

OR>a : AÞZ{bHo$À`m _moR>çm {nedrgma»`m ^mJmbm
KemV åhUOoM J«gZr_Ü`o CKS>Vo.

`H¥$V : `H¥$V hr earamVrb gdm©V _moR>r J«§Wr Amho.
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
AmVS>çmÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m ^mJmbm A°n|{S>Šg hm N>moQ>m
^mJ OmoS>bobm AgVmo. bhmZ AmVS>çmV AÞmMo nMZ
Pmë`mZ§Va Z nMbobo AÞ Am{U nMboë`m AÞmVrb
Cd©[aV KZ ^mJ _moR>çm AmVS>çmV `oVmo. nMZ{H«$`oZ§Va
Cabobo nXmW© JwXX²>dmam_m\©$V earam~mhoa Q>mH$bo OmVmV.
OR>a åhUVmV. OR>amVrb OR>aJ«§Wr_YyZ OR>aag òdVmo.
OR>amV Ambobo ho AÞ Kwgibo OmVo. hm`S´>moŠbmo[aH$

n
`H¥$Vmbm ^anya aŠVnyadR>m hmoV AgVmo. `H¥$VmMo _w»`
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ImbÀ`m ~mOyg {nÎmme` AgVo. `m_Ü`o `H¥$VmZo {_giy Z AÞ AmåbY_u hmo V o . OR> a mV _w » `V:

a
òdbobm {nÎmag gmR>dbm OmVmo. hm {nÎmag bhmZ à{WZkma§pMo f[{dKQ>Z hmoV.o Imëboë`m AÞmV OR>amVrb
nmMH$ag {_giyZ V`ma Pmbobo nmVi {_lU bhmZ

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AmVS>çmV nmohmoMbm, H$s VoWrb AÞmV {_giVmo d nMZ
gwb^ hmoVo. pñZ½YnXmWmªÀ`m nMZmg {nÎmagm_wio _XV AmVS>çmV hiyhiy nwT>o T>H$bbo OmVo.


m
ñdmXwqnS> : ñdmXwqnS>mVyZ ñdmXyag òmdVmo. Ë`mV AZoH$

r r
hmoVo {nÎmagmV jma AgVmV.
{dH$ao AgVmV.

bhmZ AmVS>o : bhmZ AmVS>o gw_mao ghm _rQ>a bm§~
AgyZ `oWo àm_w»`mZo AÞmMo nMZ d emofU hmoVo. bhmZ
u
J«m{gH$m : hr Zir KemVyZ OR>amn`ªV AgyZ AÞ nwT>o

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AmVS> ç mV AÞm_Ü`o VrZ nmMH$ag {_giVmV.
AÞnMZmVyZ {_imbobo nmofH$ nXmW© aŠVmV emofÊ`mMo
v e
H$m_ bhmZ AmVS>çm_Ü`o hmoVo.

_moR>o AmVS>o : _moR>çm AmVS>çmMr bm§~r gw_mao 1.5 _rQ>a
T>H$bÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.

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bmiJ« § W r : H$mZ{ebm§ O di Am{U KemOdi
F
{O^oImbr Agboë`m doJdoJù`m J«§Wr_Ü`o bmi V`ma
hmoVo. VoWyZ Vr Z{bHo$VyZ Vm|S>mV `oVo. AÞ MmdÊ`mMr

Ad`d JǤWr
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tiv
{H«$`m gwé AgVmZmM Ë`mV bmi {_gibr OmVo.

nMZ g§ñWoVrb _hÎdmÀ`m J«§Wr, Ë`m§Mo ñÌmd d H$m`©

ti
nmMH$ag/òmd H$m`©

e
a
Vm|S> bmiJ«§Wr bmi-Q>m`brZ {nï>_` nXmWm©Mo ê$nm§Va _mëQ>moO_Ü`o H$aUo.
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hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb AÞ Amåb`wŠV H$aUo.

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ñdmXwqnS>
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bhmZ AmVS>o
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ñdmXwag
OR>amÀ`m AmVrb AñVamMo hm`S´>moŠbmo[aH$
AmåbmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aUo.
AÞ Amåbmar`wŠV H$aUo.
_moR>çkm _oXH$UmMo bhmZ H$Um§V ê$nm§Va
(nm`grH$aU) H$aUo.
à{WZm§Mo ê$nm§Va A{_Zmo AmåbmV H$aUo
{Q´>pßgZ _oXmMo ê$nm§Va _oXmåb d p½bogoam°b_Ü`o H$aUo.
bm`noO {nï>_` nXmWm©Mo ê$nm§Va eH©$aoV H$aUo
A_m`boO
Am§Ìag à{WZm§Mo A{_Zmo AmåbmV ê$nm§Va H$aUo. {nï>_`
nXmWm©Mo ½bwH$moO_Ü`o ê$nm§Va H$aUo. _oXmMo _oXmåbmV
d p½bgoam°b_Ü`o ê$nm§Va H$aUo.
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 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
jaU (Corrosion) :

bmoI§S>mMr dñVy J§OVo åhUOo Ë`mda {dQ>H$ar a§JmMm Wa
gmMVmo, Va Vm§ã`mÀ`m dñVyda {hadQ> a§JmMm Wa V`ma
hmoVmo. `m {H«$`og YmVyMo jaU åhUVmV. jaUm_wio dñVy
H$_Hy $ dV hmo V mV. hdo V rb Am° p ŠgOZ, AmЩ V m,
agm`Zm§Mr dm\$ `m_wio jaU hmoVo.

jaU amoIÊ`mgmR>r bmoI§S>r dñVy§da OñVmMm nmVi bon
By : Ashok Pawar

Amnë`m Kam_Ü`o AUmè`m {dÚwV {Xì`m_Ü`o Or Vma
{XgVo Vr Q>§JñQ>Z `m _ybÐì`mMr AgVo. Wolfram `m
emñÌkmÀ`m Zmdmdê$Z Ë`mbm W g§km XoÊ`mV Ambr
Amho. VgoM Mm§Xr (Ag), gmoZo (Au) `m§À`m g§km Ar-
gentum, Aurum `m b°{Q>Z Zmdmdê$Z {Xë`m AmhoV,
_ybÐì`o hr ñWm`y, Ðd qH$dm dm`y AdñWoV AmT>iVmV.

H$mhr YmVy ewÕ ñdê$nmV dmnaVmZm AS>MUr `oVmV. CXm.

n
bmdVmV. Ë`mbm J° ë ìhZm`Po e Z åhUVmV. ewÕ bmoI§S> hdoV J§OVo. ewÕ gmoZo A{e` _D$ AgVo Vo
Vm§ã`m{nVioÀ`m ^m§S>çm§Zm H${WbmMm bon XoVmV. `mbm bJM dmH$Vo. Aem YmVy§_Ü`o EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ _ybÐì`o
AmnU H$ëhB© H$aUo Ago åhUVmo. {_giyZ _yi YmVy§Mo JyUY_© ~XbVm `oVmV. YmVy§À`m `m

V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV nmdS>a H$moqQ>JgmaIr ZdrZ nÕVr
{dH${gV Pmbr Amho. nmdS>a H$moqQ>J_Ü`o {d{dY a§JN>Q>m
AgUmao bon bmoIS§ >, A°ë`w{_{ZA_ Aem {d{dY YmVyd§ a
ta
{_lUmg g§{_l (Alloy) Ago åhUVmV. {nVi, nmobmX,
~mdrg H°$aoQ> gmoZo hr H$mhr g§{_lo AmhoV.
XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ _ybÐì`m§À`m amgm`{ZH$ g§emoJmVyZ V`ma
m
r r
{Xbo OmVmV. `m_wio jaU hmoV Zmhr. hmoUmam nXmW© åhUOo g§`wJ hmo`.

AmVmn`ªV emñÌkm§Zr 118 _ybÐì`m§Mm emoY bmdbm u
15. nXmW© : Amnë`m dmnamVrb

a
Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s 92 _ybÐì`o {ZgJm©V AmT>iVmV, Va
Cd©[aV _ybÐì`o hr _mZd{Z{_©V AmhoV. hm`S´>moOZ, o
Qy>WnoñQ> (Toothpaste) :
Zm`Q´>moOZ, H$m~©Z, bmoh, nmam, Vm§~o hr H$mhr _hÎdmMr
F

H°$pëeA_ H$m~m}ZoQ>, H°$pëeA_, hm`S´>moOZ, \$m°ñ\o$Q> ho

emoY bmdbm OmV Amho.

iv v e
Z¡g{J©H$ _ybÐì`o AmhoV. g§emoYZmÛmao ZdrZ _wbÐì`m§Mm

i
S>o_moH«$sQ>gZo _ybÐì`mÀ`m bhmZ H$Um§Zm AUy Ago Zmd
Qy>WnoñQ>_Yrb à_wI KQ>H$ XmVm§darb KmU Xya H$aVmV.

XmVm§Zm nm°{be H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m KQ>H$m§_wioM hmoVo.
X§Vj` amoIÊ`mgmR>r Qy>WnoñQ>_Ü`o AgUmè`m R>am{dH$

r t
{Xbo, H$maU J«rH$ ^mfoV atomos åhUOo A{d^mÁ` hmo`. à_mUmVrb âbmoamBS>Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
Ë`mdê$Z Atom Ago Zmd AUybm nS>bo.
ti
ho âbmoamBS> XmVm§darb AmdaU (Enamel) Am{U

e hmS>m§À`m ~iH$Q>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo.

a

Om°Z S>mëQ>Z `m§Zr 1803 _Ü`o AUy {Z_m©U H$aVm `oV

p
ZmhrV, Ë`m§Mo bhmZ H$Um§_Ü`o {d^mOZ H$aVm `oV Zmhr
Vo Zï>hr H$aVm `oV ZmhrV, Agm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm, VgoM

B.g. nyd© 500 nydu MrZ, J«rg, amo_ `m Xoem§_Ü`o hmS>o,
qenbo `m§Mm Mwam {_giyZ Qy>WnoñQ> V`ma H$aV AgV.
m
H$mhr {d{eï> {MÝhm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _ybÐì`o Xe©{dbr EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Qy>WnoñQ> dmnam`bm gwédmV

P
_wbX«ì`o
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
H
He
Li
g§km
C
o
CXmhaUmW© © Vm§~o, ⊕ gë\$a, hm`S´>moOZ.
_wbÐì`o
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Na
Mg
Al
g§km
Pmbr. Ë`mV gm~UmamMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Z§Va
ISy>gÑe dñVy dmnê$Z Q>oWnoñQ> V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
OJmVrb n{hbr ì`mdgm{`H$ Qy>WnoñQ> hr H$mobJoQ> H§$nZrZo
Ý`y`m°H©$ ehamV 1873 gmbr V`ma Ho$br.
An_mO©H$o (Detergents) :
Beryllium Be Silicon Si
Boron B Phosphorus P
An_mO©Z `m eãXmMm AW© ñdÀN> H$aUo Agm Amho.
Carbon C Sulphur S Ë`mdê$Z ñdÀN> H$aUmam, _i H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Umam nXmW©
Nitrogen N Chlorine Cl
Oxygen O Argon Ar
åhUOo An_mO©H$, [aR>m, {eHo$H$mB©, gm~U, H$nS>o
Fluorine F Potassium K YwÊ`mMm gmoS>m, H$nS>o YwÊ`mMr nmdS>a, {bpŠdS> gmon
Neon Ne Calcium Ca e°åny hr gd© An_mO©Ho$M AmhoV.
14
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 By : Ashok Pawar
{g_|Q> CËnmXZ (Cement Production) :

{g_|Q> ho {g{bH$m (dmiy), A°ë`w{_Zm (A°ë`w{_{ZA_
Am°ŠgmBS>) MwZm, Am`Z© Am°ŠgmBS> d _°½Zo{e`m
(_°½Zo{eA_ Am°ŠgmBS>) `m§À`mnmgyZ V`ma H$aVmV.

nmoQ>©b§S> {g_|Q> hm ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r dmnabm OmUmam à_wI
àH$ma Amho. 60% MwZm (H°$pëeA_ Am°ŠgmBS>), 25%
{g{bH$m ({g{bH$m°Z S>m`Am°ŠgmBS>), 5% Aë`w{_Zm,
Cabobm ^mJ Am`Z© Am°ŠgmBS> d {Oßg_ (H°$pëeA_
gë\o$Q>) `m H$ÀÀ`m _mbmnmgyZ nmoQ>b © S§ > {g_|Q> ~ZdVmV.

Ë`mMm nmoV B§½b§S>_Yrb nmoQ>©b§S> ~oQ>mda H$mT>Ê`mV
`oUmè`m XJS>mgmaIm AgVmo åhUyZ Ë`mbm ho Zmd {_imbo
Amho.

1756 _Ü`o {~«{Q>e A{^`§Vo Om°Z ñ_rQ>Z `m§Zr Obr`
{g_|Q> ~ZdÊ`mMr nÕV emoYyZ H$mT>br.
Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr
{ZgJm©VyZ Amnë`mbm AZoH$ nXmW© {_iVmV, Ë`mVyZ
Amnë`mbm do J do J ù`m X¡ Z § { XZ JaOm ^mJVmV,
n¥Ïdrdarb _mVr, XJS>, I{ZOo, hdm, nmUr, dZñnVr
i
àmUr ho gd© åhUOo EH$ àH$maMr Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr
Amho.
iv
JwUY_m©Zwgma I{ZOm§Mo dJuH$aU :

AYmVy I{ZOo : A^«H$, J§YH$, {Oßg_, nmoQ>e
r
etit
a
{ham, Ho$ëS>ñnma.


p
YmVy I{ZOo : bmoh, gmoZo, Mm§Xr, H$Wrb, ~m°ŠgmB©Q>,
_°JZrO, ßb°{Q>Z_, Q>§JñQ>Z.
m



P o
D$Om©ê$nr I{ZOo : XJS>r H$moigm, I{ZO Vob, Z¡g{J©H$
dm`y.
C
Indian School of Mine YZ~mX hr 1926 gmbr
ImUH$m_ {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V ñWmnZ Pmbobr g§ñWm
AmVm B§{S>`Z BpÝñQ>Q>çQy > Am°\$ Q>Šo Zm°bm°Or åhUyZ H$m`©aV
Amho.
H$mhr à_wI I{ZOo d YmVwHo$ :
1. bmohI{ZO : AewÕ ñdê$nmV gmnS>Umè`m bmoI§S>mg
bmohI{ZO åhUVmV. Q>mMUrnmgyZ Vo AdOS> CÚmoJ
Telegram : @sciencebyashokpawar
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
Y§Úm§n`ªV {d{dY gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o bmoI§S> dmnabo
OmVo. CXmhaUmW© eoVrMr AdOmao, aoëdo ê$i BË`mXr.

_°½ZoQ>mB©Q>, ho_°Q>mB©Q>, {b_moZmB©Q>, {
gS> o a mB© Q >
hr Mma à_wI bmohI{ZOo AmhoV.
2. _°JZrO : _°JZrOMr I{ZOo H$m~m}ZoQ>, {g{bHo$Q>,
Am°ŠgmBS> `m ñdê$nmV AmT>iVmV. _°JZrOÀ`m g§`Jw mMm
dmna Am¡fYo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM H$mMobm Jwbm~r
n
a§JN>Q>m XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.

{dÚwV CnH$aUm§_Ü`o _°JZrO dmnabo OmVo.
ta
3. ~m°ŠgmB©Q> : ~m°ŠgmB©Q> ho A°ë`w{_{ZA_Mo à_wI YmVwH$
Amho. `m_Ü`o A°ë`w{_{ZA_Mo à_mU 55% AgVo.
~m°ŠgmB©Q> ho àm_w»`mZo A°ë`w{_{ZA_ Am°ŠgmB©S>nmgyZ
m
r r
~Zbobo AgVo. A°ë`w{_{ZA_ hm CÎm_ {dOdmhH$ d
u
CîUVmdmhH$ Amho. Ë`mMr KZVm H$_r Amho.

Ë`m_wio {d_mZo, dmhVwH$sMr gmY
Zo , {dÚw V Vmam
a
v e


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`m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
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4. Vm§~o : Vm§~o ho bmoh d BVa I{ZOm§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV
AewÕ ñdê$nmV gmnS>V.o Vm§~o ho etK« {dÚwVdmhH$ Amho,
Ë`m_wio {dOoÀ`m Vmam, ao{S>Amo, Q>o{b\$moZ, dmhZo VgoM
^m§S>r d _yVu {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o Vm§ã`mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
° , J«\° $mB©Q>,

5. A^«H$ : A^«H$ ho {dÚwVamoYH$ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m
Wam§À`m OmS>rda Ë`mMr qH$_V R>aVo. Am¡fYo, a§J,
{dÚwV`§Ì`o d CnH$aU, {~ZVmar g§Xe o `§ÌUm Aem AZoH$


{R>H$mUr A^«H$mMm dmna H$aÊ`mV `oVmo.
Vob Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y _hm_§S>imMr (ONGC)


ñWmnZm 14 Am°JñQ> 1956 amoOr Pmbr. Vo ^maV
gaH$maÀ`m noQ>´m{o bA_ Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y _§Ìmb`m§VJ©V
H$m`© H$aVo.
ONGC hr ^maVmVrb gdm©V _moR>r Vob Am{U dm`y
g§emoYZ Am{U CËnmXZ H§$nZr AgyZ {VMo _w»`mb`
S>ohamSy>Z, CÎmamI§S> `oWo Amho.

ONGC Ûmao ^maVmVrb gw_mao 77% H$ÀÀ`m VobmMo
Am{U gw_mao 62% Z¡g{J©H$ dm`yMo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo.

ì`mdgm{`H$ Ñï> ç m ^maVm_Yrb ^y J ^m© V rb 7
VobgmR>çm§n¡H$s 6 VobgmR>çm§Mm emoY ONGC Zo
15
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 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ By : Ashok Pawar
`eñdr[aË`m KoVbm Amho. `m {R>H$mUr dmhÿZ AmUbm OmVmo.
Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y (Natural Gas) : gmJar I{ZO g§nÎmr :

Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y ho _hÎdmMo Ordmí_ B§YZ AgyZ Vo ^yJ^m©V

Wmo[aA_ : AUw D$Om©{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o dmna.
noQ´>mo{bA_À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV VgoM H$mhr {R>H$mUr \$ŠV

_°½Zo{eA_ : H°$_oè`mÀ`m âb°e ~ë~_Ü`o.
Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y åhUyZ gmnS>Vo.

nmoQ>°{eA_ : gm~U, H$mM, IV{Z{_©Vr _Yrb à_wI

Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y§_Ü`o {_WoZ (CH4) hm _w»` KQ>H$ AgVmo,
BWoZ (C2H4), àmonoZ (C3H8) ã`yQ>oZ (C4H10) ho KQ>H$ KQ>H$

n
Aën à_mUmV AgVmV.
gmo{S>A_ : H$mnS>, H$mJX{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o dmna.

Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y hm ^yJ^m©V gOrdm§À`m Adeofm§nmgyZ CÀM gë\o$Q> : H¥${9_ aoer_ V`ma H$aUo.

a
Xm~mImbr V`ma hmoVmo. ho B§YZ dm`wdm{hZrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gmJar O¡{dH$ gmYZg§nÎmr :
Xyada dmhÿZ Zobo OmD$ eH$Vo.

t

H$moi§~r, gwa_B©, nmnboQ> BË`mXr _mgo - à{WZo d

_mÌ dm`wdm{hÝ`m§À`m Omù`mA^mdr Ë`mMo ê$nm§VaU CÀM
OrdZgÎdo `m§Mo ñÌmoV Agë`mZo AÞ åhUyZ à_wI
Xm~mImbr H§$àog²S> Z°Mab J°g (Compressed Natu-
m
r r
Cn`moJ.
ral Gas-CNG) d {bpŠdS> Z°Mab J°g (Liquified
Natural gas-LNG) _Ü`o Ho$bo OmVo Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr

u
gwH$Q>, ~m|~rb `m§Mr ^wH$Q>r - H$m§~S>çm§Mo ImÚm, CÎm_
IV åhUyZ eoVrgmR>r dmna.

a
dmhVyH$ hmoUo gwb^ hmoVo.
CNG Mr d¡{eîQ>ço


o
qenbo - Am¡fY{Z{_©Vr, Ab§H$ma, emo^oÀ`m dñVy
{Z{_©VrgmR>r.
F
1. ghO noQ> KoVmo.

i
2. ÁdbZmZ§Va KZH$Mam {eëbH$ amhV Zmhr.

i
3. H$_r à_mUmV CO2 Am{U nmUr V`ma hmoVo.v v e

~waer - à{VO¡{dH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr
emH©$, H$m°S> _mgo - A, S>, B OrdZgÎd`yŠV Vob{Z{_©Vr.
g_wÐH$mH$S>r - H°$Ýga VgoM Q>çw_a amoIÊ`mgmR>r Am¡fY
4. BVa àXyfHo$ V`ma hmoV ZmhrV.
5. ghOVoZo dmhÿZ ZoVm `oVmo.
r
etit
ÜdZr : ÜdZrMr {Z{_©Vr
åhUyZ dmna.

Am¡fYr dZñnVr :
a
6. ÁdbZmda ghO {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oVo.

m
p XmobH$mMm XmobZH$mi d dma§dm[aVm
n=
1

P
1. ASwigm : ImoH$bm, H$\$ Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r T
2. ~ob : A{Vgmamda BbmO. o dma§dm[aVm (n), XmobH$mMm XmobZH$mi (T)

C
3. H$Sw>qZ~ : Vmn, gXu `m§da BbmO.
4. gXm\w$br : AH$m©Mm H°$Ýgada CnMma

EH$m goH§$XmV {H$Vr XmobZo Pmbr `mbm dma§dm[aVm
© (Hz) `m EH$H$m_Ü`o ì`ŠV
åhUVmV. dma§dm[aVmhr hQ²>P
H$aVmV. 1 Hz åhUOo EH$m goH§$XmV EH$ XmobZ. 100
5. Xmb{MZr : A{Vgma, _i_i, `mda BbmO.
Hz åhUOo EH$m goH§$XmV 100 XmobZo hmo`.
6. qgH$moZm : _bo[a`mda Am¡fY.
ÜdZrMr Vrd«Vm - ÜdZrMr nmVir (Intensity of

^maVmV gmJaVimVyZ I{ZO Vob d Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y Sound-Sound level) :
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r 1974 gmbr _w§~B© hm` `m {R>H$mUr

ÜdZrMr nmVir åhUOo Amnë`m H$mZm§Zm OmUdUmar
gmJag_«mQ> hr n{hbr I{ZO Vob{d{ha IUbr Jobr.
`m {d{harVyZ {_iUmam Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y nmBn bmB©ZÛmao CaU ÜdZrMr Vrd«Vm. hr ÜdZrÀ`m H§$nZm§À`m Am`m_mÀ`m
16
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 By : Ashok Pawar
dJm©À`m à_mUmV AgVo. CXm. Am`m_ XwßnQ> Ho$bm Va
ÜdZrMr Vrd«Vm Mm¡nQ> hmoVo.

Üd{ZnmVir hr S>o{g~ob `m EH$H$mV _moOVmV. ÜdZrÀ`m
Vrd«VM o m dmna H$ê$Z J{UVr gyÌmZo S>{o g~b øm ÜdZrÀ`m
nmVirMo n[a_mU H$mT>Vm `oVo.

S>o{g~b ho Zmd AboŠPm§S>a J«°h°_ ~ob `m emñÌkmÀ`m
H$m`m©À`m gÝ_mZmW© {Xbo Jobo Amho. ÜdZrMr Vrd«Vm Xhm
gm_mÝ` {dkmZ
lmì`mVrb ÜdZrMo Cn`moJ :
1. KS>çmù`mMo gyú_ ^mJ VgoM ZmOyH$ Xm{JÝ`m§Mr ñdÀN>Vm
H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
2. earamVrb ^mJ nmhÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
3. _|XyVrb JmR>r AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
4. YmVy§_Yrb Xmof AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
5. aS>ma `§ÌUo_Ü`o `mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

n
nQ>tZr dmT>Vo Voìhm Üd{ZnmVir 10 S>o{g~bZo dmT>Vo.
6. H$mhr gyú_Ord d H$sQ>H$ _maÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.
_hÎdmMo :
8. g_wÐmMo Vi qH$dm OhmOmMr pñWVr AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r
1. EoHy$ `oÊ`mMr gwédmV - 0 dB
2. gd©gm_mÝ` ídmgmoÀN>dmg - 10 dB
3. 5 _rQ>a A§Vamdê$Z Hw$O~wOUo - 30 dB

ta
SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) hr
nÕV dmnaVmV.
Mw§~H$s` joÌmMo JwUY_©
m
r r
4. gd©gm_mÝ` XmoKm§Vrb g§dmX - 60 dB
5. ì`ñV AgUmar dmhVyH$ - 70 dB
6. gd©gm_mÝ` H$maImZo - 80 dB


u
bmoh, H$mo~mëQ> d {ZHo$b `m§À`m g§{_lmnmgyZ Mw§~H$
~ZVmV. {Zna_°J `m bmoh, {ZHo$b, A°ë`w{_{ZA_d
7. OoQ> B§{OZ - 130 dB
8. H$mZR>ù`m ~gÊ`mMr gwédmV - 120 dB

100 Hz dma§ d m[aVo À `m d 100 dB no j m A{YH$
a
v e

o
Q>m`Q>°{ZA_ `m§À`m g§{_lmnmgyZ Mw§~H$ ~ZdVmV.
VgoM ApëZH$mo hm A°ë`y{_{ZA_, {ZHo$b d H$mo~mëQ>
F
`m§À`mnmgyZ ~Zdbobm, Mw§~H$s` g§{_l Amho.

i
nmVirÀ`m ÜdZr_wio EoH$Ê`mÀ`m j_VoV VmËnwaVm \$aH$ Mw~§ H$s` ~baofm§Mo JwUY_© (Properties of Magnetic

iv
nS>Vmo. `m_wio H$mhr H$mi ~{haonUm `oD$ eH$Vmo. {d_mZ Lines of Force) :

rt
t
B§{OZmOdi H$m_ H$aUmè`m§Zm hm AZw^d `oVmo.
i
Adlmì` ÜdZr (Infrasonic Sound) : Á`m ÜdZrMr
e
1. Mw§~H$s` ~baofm `m H$mën{ZH$ OmoS>Ê`m AgyZ \°$aoS>oZo
Mw~§ H$s` AmH$f©U d à{VH$f©U `m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ`mgmR>r

a
dma§dm[aVm 20 Hz nojm H$_r AgVo Aem ÜdZrbm Ë`m§Mr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br.

p
Adlmì` ÜdZr (Infrasonic Sound) Ago åhUVmV.
20 Hz nojm H$_r dma§dm[aVoMo ÜdZr ìhob _mgo, hÎmr,
2. Mw§~H$s` ~baofm Zoh_r CÎma Y«wdmH$Sy>Z X{jU Y«wdmn`ªV
OmVmV.
m
P
J|S>m `m àmÊ`m§Ûmao H$mT>bo OmVmV. 3. Mw§~H$s` ~baofm EImÚm pñà¨Jgma»`m VmUboë`m

o
lmì`mVrb/ñdZmVrb ÜdZr (Ultrasonic/Super- AdñWoV AgVmV.

C
sonic sound ) : 20,000 Hz no j m A{YH$
dma§dm[aVoÀ`m ÜdZrbm lmì`mVrb ÜdZr åhUVmV.
4. Mw§~H$s` ~baofm EH$_oH$m§Zm Xya T>H$bVmV.
5. Mw§~H$s` ~baofm EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXV ZmhrV.
AemàH$maMo ÜdZr _Zwî` EoHy$ eH$V Zmhr, na§Vw àmUr 6. Mw§~H$s` ~baofm§Mr EImÚm q~Xynmer AgUmar g§»`m
CXm. Hw$Ìm Aem àH$maÀ`m ÜdZr EoHy$ eH$Vmo. hr Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m Mw§~H$s` joÌmMr Vrd«Vm R>adVo.

17
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 gm_mÝ` {dkmZ By : Ashok Pawar

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