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Small scale pig farming for rural household

Conference Paper · July 2004

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Ram P Ghimire
Nepal Agricultural Research Council
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 di

1-2 July 2004

NepalAgriculturalResearchCouncil

umaltar, L ahtpur,Nepal
August 2AA6
13 A smallscalepig farmingfor ruralhousehold
TS Dhuabhadeland 72-75
RPGhimire

14 Evaluationof cost benefit ratio on 91 line of German Angora rabbit in 76-78

KhumaltarLalitpur D Neupaneand TS Dhaubhadel
15 Reviewof livestockand fisheriesresearchsystemin Nepal SK Joshi 79-92

Animal H_ealth

16 Sustaining migratory sheep and goat management system through 93-101

technological on healthand productionmanagement:possibilities
interventions
and options BR Joshi, BS Shresthaand HD Joshi
1T Surveyon infertilityof pigs in easternhillsof Nepal RP Thakur 102-107

1B Occurrenceof mycoplasmainfectionin crossbredchickenat Pakhribasfarm 108-1 0

' DR Khanal, S Shrestha,P KC and P Pokhrel

Animal Nutrition

1g Use of whole cottonseedand cottonseedmeal as a proteinsource in the diet 111-118

of ruminantanimals:reviewon prevailingsituationand opportunity
NP Osti and SB Panday

20 Use of freshor ensiledsugarcanetops in lactatingbuffaloes 119-121

P Mandal and RD Pandit

21 Effectof replacingmaize with dried brewer'sgrain on productionperformances 122-126

of Angorarabbit
MR Tiwari,D Neopaneand SK Khanal

22 Comparativeperformanceof turkey poults on broiler ration versus formulated 127-132

rationM Karki
29 Responseto different level of concentrateon meat productionof local male 133-139
buffalocalvesPK Jha, BS Shrestha and RS Rana
24 Fatteningbuffalocalvesfor economicmeat production 140-145
BR Banstola,HS Shrestha,MS Thapaand NP Osti

25 Economicsof supplementation of concentratefeed on milkingbuffaloes 146-149

fed on roughagebaseddiet in the westernhillsof Nepal
KR Joshi, PK Jha and BR Acharya

26 Existirp feedingsystems,feeds availabilityand chemicalcompositionof the 150-152

feed stuffs of Makwanpurdistrict.SK Khanal, BK Shrestha, RK Jha and
NP Osti
 LivestockProductionand Management TS Dhaubhadeland RP Ghimire

A SMALLSCALEPIGFARMING
FORRURALHOUSEHOLD

.l?."olfo"ll:ffi'"il1,fi
"
Assrnacr
"3ilHf
Pig farmingcontributesto generateincometo improvethetivelihoodof thepoor farmers
in rural
area,where unemployment and povefty.is targely existed.The pig popitario, and pig meat
productionis increasing
wasmadeat the outreach ln ll" cgtyttry by aoout sro and a.s"t iiei yeait iiijectivety. A stuiy
sitesof Palanseand Kirtipur.Farmers'were giveniigtets and a1owed
to rear themin theirlocalmanagementpractices.bue b theretigious-detainhiit t;;;^i"i;
meat of this animal, the higher-ctassgroups of peoile are doing pig farmingi
.s.ogially
commercialscale to earn higher teveto.fincome.Thepiglet-mottatity of arou"nd34% is one of
the important causes, which has reduced the inco'mleof the pig ,"iiiig farmers
c-ommunity.The exlstilo_pig production systemin the vittageis tirgii a."small in the
farmersearna profit of Rs. 9360fromthe saleof pigtetsand meatfromone scate. The
sow in 60 weeks.
Theprese.ntpiggerymanagementsystems the'c6untryneedto oe strenglnen
Q and, farmers
2hoyldadgntsimpleand cheapavailabletechnotogyin fig farmingiiti or farmsize
to drawa largerincome. "ip'"r,iion

Irutnooucnoru

Scavenging system9f pig farminghas been a traditional

occupation
in agriculture. Socio-
economicallydeprivedgroupl of peoplein communities
havebeenreepingifiir animalto fulfil
socio-religious
ceremony andsurplusof theme
insuranceto themagainstnaturalcalamities
(Dhaubhadel and Ghimire;2OO2l. Owingto
improvedpig farminghas been acceptebby
incomegenerationprofessionally.

ub-metropolisesand manyothermunicipalities
>ftendency
of pigfarmingin sucharea.
Accordingto CBScensus(2092)the pig population of the countryis 912 S30heads;20%ot
them are estimatedto be of improvedbreeds.Fromthis population152ggMT of meatwas
yearsfrom 1998(F.y.2054/0SS) to 2001(F.y
porkmeatproduction in the countryhas been
i considered to be a positivesymptom forthepig
to the dietof Nepalesefamilyand
housewivesareacceptingit graduaily
intoth.i, ffi.f,"l:licacy
Thisstudyaimedat exploring the possibility
of pigsas an enterprise
to generate
incometo the
farmer,andprofitability
of pigletandporkmeatseflingto earnthe livelihood.

72
Proceedingsof the 6rhNational Workshop on Livestockand FisheriesResearch

Marunrats ANDMETHoDS

Foursmallholderpigfarmerswereselected, twoof themfromPalanse,Bhaktapurandtwofrom

Kirtpur,Kathmandu. Altogether 45 daysold weaned,26 piglets(Yorkshire
and Landrace)were
distributedon subsidizedrate in two sitesfrom Swineand AvianResearchProgram(SARP)
Khumaltar in Bhadra,2056.In palanse,16femaleandtwomalepigletsandin Kirtipur 6 female
and2 malepigletsweredistributed. Thefarmersin eachsiteweretrainedon pig management
technologiesbeforethe pigletsweredistributed.

Thesepigletsin Palanse wererearedin cemented floor4 or 5 in onecemented

Cubicles,roofed
zincsheetwithlow height.Later,whentheyhavegrownto gilts,theywerepennedindividually
in the cubicle.Wateris providedregularlyand the shedis cleanedas theirnecessity.The
locallyproducedhousingmaterialsare mosllyused for economicreason. The farmersin
Palanseprepared thepigfeedby mixingmaize,ricebran,bonemeal,available cakesandsalt.
Theproportion andprice.Suchmealis considered
of mixingis basedon availability betterlhan
traditionalfeedingmethodsof rice bran and other kitchenwaste. Besidesthe prepared
forinulatedconcentratemeal,the farmersgiveseasonalgrasslikegandeweed,vegetableleaf.
Thepigswerealsogiveneggsoncea weekto improvetheirhealth.Theanimalsweretreated
for externalparasitic
diseaseas pertheirneedby usedmobilandotherchemical insecticide
like
malathion. The farmersalso preparedmedicinal pasteagainstmangeby mixingsulphurin
sesameoil.

The pigletsin Kirtipurwererearedin the locallymadewoodenshedraisedabovethe groundso

the.faecesand otherwastematerialsare droppedin the ground.Afterbecominggilt,thef were
keptin individualpen. The farmersprovidedthemwith ricebranmostlyand if cheaper,and if
maizeis available, thenit is mixedwithbran.The pig mealconsistsof seasonalvegetableleaf,
rangedfromradishleafto cauliflower leaf,rottedtomatoand otherkitchenwaste.The farmers
fedmeatoffal......to pigsoncea week.Mangeandinternalparasites werethemajorproblems,
whichweretreatedas in Palanse.

In bothsites,pigswereattended6 hoursa day;2 hoursin the morningfrom7 to 9 AM, 1 to 3

PM and 4-6 PM everyday regularly.The memberof the familyincludingmen,womenand
children,
carriedoutthiswork.

Resulrs ANDDrscusstoN

The resultsare givenin Table1 to Table4, lmprovedbreedof pigscan producelargequantity

of meatfroma smallspacein shortperiodof time,if they are managedproperly.Pig farming
has been elevatedin an enterpriselevel in meat eatingcountries.In Nepal,the pig is
undertakenin small scale and scatteredacrossthe countryin largerarea underlow input
systemof management.

Pigs consumelarge quantityof feed resources. Although,piggerycontributes to poverty

alleviationand generates income,the poorfarmerscouldnot startthis undertaking due to its
large-scale investmentin Nepal.The data analysisshowedthat the farmersofferedpigswith
varietiesof foodthatare locallyfoundin villages.
Theyhadgiventhemmostlythe popularrice
bran,maize,seasonal vegetable leavesandgrassgrownin thesurroundings. Thefeedcost is
aroundRs.23l day/sow.Feedingredients andtheirtypesare sitespecific.Froma surveystudy
in Sunsari'and MorangDhulabhadel and Ghimire(23,04indicated that pigsare givensimilar
feed like rice bran, wheat bran, kitchenwastesand vegetablewaste which was given to

73
 LivestockProductionand Management
TS Dhaubhadeland Rp Ghimire

Pundipigs;however,farmersusedto cook vegetableherbs

foundin nearbyjungleto feed pigs
beforefeading.

Table 1 : Average weekty and total (60 weeks) feed consumed

by single sow and its cost
Feedsource Quantity(ln kg),Meant S-E. Cost(in Rs)t S.E.
Weekly Total Weekly
Ricehusk .|69.59*4.61 Total
17.42t0.05 /43.5 *4't.O9 7414 AA+1,^R oz
Maize 3 . 6 O+ O - 1 2 155.25*13.67 38.89+6.37 16411249.32
Grasses v.u9*z.uz 31375*71.27 1O.2912.11
Eggs (no) 5.36t3.11 198.751116.05
Total Feed Cost 800
10045.00
Table2 : cost investedby farmersfor one sow in traditionarfeeding
system

The improvedbreedsof pigsrequirestandardmanagement practicesin orderto increasetheir

survivaland growth rate to attain good lev.elor
iroouctionperformance. To achievethis
)st-natalmortalityis a penalty,and farmershave not obtained
y (Dhaubhader and pokhret,1gg7). The mortatityraterecorded
), whichi:,y"w
l!q.nin piggeryand is a big econbmicpenatryto
loss couldbe attributed to manymanagement factors,u.h
poor plane of nutritionto the
luate milk suppty ",
to the infant
rsible.Dhaubhadel andpokhrel
stageof theirlife.Similarrate
a studyconducted in Koshihills
Y highand one of the bigriskto
thepigfarmersto investon pigt
Table3 : Incomefrom one sow in traditionar
feedingsystem
Parameters MeantS.E. Range
4gg of Slaughter(monftrs) 21.231074 18-24
Livewt (ks) 108.0r12.39 60-200
Rate per kg live wt (Rs) 80
lncomefrom meat (Rs) 8638.461992.7 4800-14400
_Nqef pigletssotd 9.33*2.91 2-16
Rateof pigletsotd(Rs) 1300.00
Age of pigletwean (davs) 35
Pigletmortality
(7i) 33.75
lncometrompiglet(Rs) 12129
Totalincome(Rs) 20767 6000-57100
P i g s a r e f a r h e d t o e a t a n d i t s p r i c e s t r u c t u r e s a r e t h e
ffl{,i:1""t:,,P.'Tl"^?^tt^t[ftoJil taisins.besides
itscosiorproouction.
tre cost t producrion
e r vor
and profitability
(Table3 and 4) is estimatedto be Rs 9360in 60 weekstime period PtLruuutrull
fromthe

_ - -
Proceedingsof the 6thNational Workshop on Livestockand FisheriesResearch

to generateincomein ruralarea
sale of piglets,and the sow.This earninglooksimpressive
wherethJpoverty remains a big to
challenge This
development. incomewas foundin a study
conducted by Dhiubhadeland Ghimire(2o12lin and
Morang Sunsariwherea farmercan earn
Rs.7273lsow/annumfrom pigletsandmeat sale.

from one sow

Table4 : ProfitabilitY
Particular Rs
Totalcost(Rs) 11407
Totalincome(Rs) 20767
Profitabilitv(Rs) 9360

The lowerincome(Hs9360Ys 7273)of Pundiis dueto lowerproductivity, low liveweightgain

and pricestructureof meat in the market. ln a study on profitability
of pig keepingby Nepali'
Ranaand Amatya (1999) indicatedthatpig keeping is a profitable
enterprise drawinga profitof
Rs.2500fromoheilig in'S-tOmonths period. The farmers care theirpigs to draw higherlevelof
incomb.In orderto'bringgood return
econornic some of the farmers are occasionally providing
food.
nutritious

Cottcl-usloH
business.Thisenterprise
Pigfarmingis a profitable cancontribute in rural
to povertyalleviation
cgimmunities, wherepovertyand unemployed problemslargelyexists. Because, the religious
sentiment groupsof peopleareattracted
on thisanimalis ielaxed,the higher-class to undertake
pig farmingfor businesspurpose.Pig population has been increasingby about5% in the
boirntryfor-lastthreeyears.A smallscalefarmerscan earna profitof Rs.9360fromimproved
sow in 60 weekstime. For largerprofit,farmersshouldexpandthe piggeryand applythe
availablesimpleandcheaper technology.

References

Book,CentralBereauof Statistics.
CBS(2002).StatisticalYear
Ohaubhadel,T.S.andGhimire,R.P.(2002)Chwanche of pigfarmers.
and Hunahfor livelihood
paperpresentedat the conference on Animal
Mountain Diversityof Nepalorganizedby
NARC.
Dhaubhadel, a big economicpenaltyto the pig
T.S.and PokharelP. (1997).Pigletmortality:
farmers.Proceedings of 2ndnationalworkshopon livestockand fisheriesresearch.
National AnimalscienceResearch (NASRI).
Institute Pp 175-178.
Gatenby R.M.,ChemJong P., C B.
Pakhrin; and ChinaryS.K. (1990).Reproductionof pigsin
KoshiHills.PAC Technical paperNo.125.
M.8., Rana
Nepali,
' 'raising R.S.and Amatya,N (2000).A socio-economic analysison improvepig
under farmerslow input management systemin the westernhills of Nepal.
proceldingsof the fourthnaiionalworkshopon livestockand fisheriesresearch in
Nepal.NationalanimalscienceresearchinstitutePp 270-276.

75
Published by
Nepal Agricultural Researeh Council (NARC)
Singhadurbar Plaza
P.O. Box No. 5459,Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: (977-7)4256837,4262GEO,Fax:4262800,
Email : ednarc@rtc.net.np

Printud b7 ; Ihe Rising Sun Printers, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal. Phone : 424BEE7
 pRocEEDTNGS
oF THE6'n NATIoNAL
woRKsHopoN
LIVESTOCK
ANDFISHERIES RESEARCH
1-2Julv, 2OO4

EDITORS

Dr BRJoshi
Mr D Pariyar
Dr SP Neopane
Dr TB Gurung
Dr KP Poudel
Mr BS Shrestha

NepmAcntcul-TURAL
ReseancH
CouNctL
NATIONALANIMALSCIENCERESEARCHINSTITUTE
PO BOX 1950, KHUMALTAR,LALTTPUR

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