Hello and welcome dear friends to the second lecture of Grammar 3

taught by Mr. Firas.

Last lecture, we started chapter two in our book. This chapter deals with
the structure of sentences in English. We said that in order to understand
the sentence, it is important to analyze it and examine its smaller parts.
Last week we examined the structure of the English sentence and said
that it consists of two parts:
 The subject
 The predicate
The subject of the sentence can defined as 'what is being discussed', the
'theme' of the sentence. It is what we are talking about in the sentence.
The predicate can be defined as 'what is being said' about a 'subject'.
In other words, the predicate is what we say about the subject.
Also, we talked about some properties of subjects in English. The first
property is that the subject determines concord. "Concord" means
"agreement" (‫ القواعدي‬0‫ )التوافق‬between the subject and the verb.
The second property of the subject is that the subject is the part of the
sentence that changes its position as we move from declarative sentences
to questions, as we can see in the following example:
 He had given the girl an apple
 Had he given the girl an apple?
The subject (he) is the first element in the sentence and it moves to the
second position after the auxiliary (had) in the second example in order to
change the sentence into a question.
In this lecture, we will talk about two main things:
1. Categories of verb
2. Categories of adverbial
Let us move to the teacher's speech…

Good morning everyone. We talked about sentence structure and the

different types of complement and object. We have two types of
complement:
1. Subject complement (Cs)
2. Object complement (Co)
Moreover, we have two types of object:
1. Direct object (Od)
2. Indirect object (Oi)
In this lecture, we will learn more about the classifications of verb. Please
open you book on page 14…
Categories of verb
There are different types of verb depending on the different types of
object and complement which are used with them. Consider
sentences such as [2] and [3] (mentioned earlier):
1. The girl (S) is (V) now (A) a student (C) at a large
university (A)
2. His brother (S) grew (V) happier (C) gradually (A)
These sentences have subject complements, therefore we can say that
they have INTENSIVE verbs (is) and (grew).
Here we have a definition of the (intensive verb).
- INTENSIVE Verb: is a verb which is followed by a subject
complement. For example,
 John is a teacher
The verb "is" is an intensive verb because it is followed by the subject
complement "a teacher".
All the other sentences that we have examined such as [1], [4] and [5],
and which do not have subject complements have EXTENSIVE verbs.
o 1. John (S) carefully (A) searched (V) the room (O)
o 4. It (S) rained (V) steadily (A) all day (A)
o 5. He (S) had given (V) the girl (0) an apple (O)
o 6.They (S) make (V) him (O) the chairman (C) every year (A)
EXTENSIVE verb: is a verb that is not followed by subject complement.
"John ate the apple". In this simple example, the verb "ate" is an
extensive verb because it is followed by the object (apple) and not by a
subject complement.
EXTENSIVE verbs can be followed by objects if they are transitive or
they are not followed by objects if they are intransitive. In other words,
extensive verbs can be either transitive{ followed by an object} or
intransitive{not followed by any objects}
 Transitive verb: is a verb which is followed by an object.
Ex: John ate an apple
The verb "ate" is a transitive extensive verb
a) It is transitive because it is followed by the object "apple"
b) It is extensive because it is followed by the object "apple" and Not
by a subject complement.
 Intransitive verb: a verb which is not followed by an object
Ex: John died
The verb "died" is an intransitive extensive verb
a) It is intransitive because it is Not followed by any objects
b) It is extensive because it is Not followed by a subject complement.
Transitive verbs in English take objects. If they take one object, we call
them mono-transitive verbs. If they take two objects, we call them
ditransitive verbs. Consider the following sentences:
  John ate an apple
Here, the verb 'ate' is a mono-transitive extensive verb:
a) It is extensive because it is Not followed by a subject complement.
b) It is mono-transitive because it is followed by ONE object only
'apple'.
Move to the second example:
 He gave the girl an apple.
Here, the verb 'gave' is a ditransitive extensive verb:
a) It is extensive because it is Not followed by a subject complement.
b) It is ditransitive because it is followed by TWO objects only 'the
girl' + ' an apple'.
Finally, as we have seen earlier, some verbs are followed by object
complements like the verb 'make', as in:
 They made him the chairman.
Here in this example 'the manager' is an object complement. It refers to
the object 'John". This type of verb in English is usually called a
'complex transitive' verb.
Thus,
 If the verb is followed by one object, it is called a mono-transitive
verb.
 Ex: John ate an apple
 If the verb is followed by two objects, it is called a ditransitive
verb.
 Ex: He gave the girl an apple.
 If the verb is followed by an object complement, it is called a
complex-transitive verb.
 Ex: They made him the chairman.

What about intensive verbs?

These verbs are followed by a subject complement
 Ex: John is the president
The verb 'is' here is an intensive verb because it is followed by the subject
complement 'the president'.
Also, intensive verbs describe the subject. In the above example, the
intensive verb 'is' describes the subject 'John'.
Moreover, an intensive verb may be followed by prepositional phrase
functioning as an adverbial of place. Consider the following example:
 John is in the house
In this sentence, we have the intensive verb 'is', but it is not followed by a
subject complement; rather, it is followed by a prepositional phrase (in
the house) that functions as an adverbial of place.
In addition, extensive verbs tell us what the subject is doing.
  Ex: John played football yesterday.
In the above example, the extensive verb 'played' tells us what the subject
'John' did yesterday (he was playing football).
Let's read point 2.8
But distinctions between verbs need to be drawn not only in relation
to object- and complement-types but also in relation to whether they
them-selves admit the aspectual contrast of 'progressive' and 'non-
progressive'.
Another kind of classification or distinction between verbs can also be
given in relation to whether they themselves admit the contrast of
'progressive' and 'non-progressive' aspect. In other words, we can classify
them according to whether they can be used in the continuous or not.
Thus, it is possible to say:
John carefully searched the room [1]
or John was carefully searching the room
It rained steadily all day [4]
or It was raining steadily all day
But it is not possible to use the progressive in:
The girl is now a student at a large university [2]
*The girl is now being a student ...
John knew the answer [10]
*John was knowing the answer
When verbs (either habitually or in certain uses) will not admit the
progressive, as in [2] and [101. they are called STATIVE. When they
will admit it, as in [1] and [4], they are called DYNAMIC. It is
normal for verbs to be dynamic and even the minority that are
almost always stative can usually be given a dynamic use on occasion.
Last year, you studied verbs that are not normally used in the progressive
or continuous, like hate, love, consist, believe, contain, want, like, etc.
Therefore, it is possible to classify verbs according to whether they can or
can't be used in the progressive (or continuous). According to this kind of
analysis, verbs can be classified as stative verbs (verbs which are not
normally used in the progressive) or dynamic/action verbs (= verbs
that can be used in the continuous). Thus,
Dynamic verbs: take /ing/ and can be used in the progressive (play-
drink-eat-swim etc…).
Stative verbs: do not take /ing/ and cannot be used in the progressive
(love-adore, hate-mind etc…)
Furthermore, you can notice that intensive verbs are stative.
Ok, let us move to categories of adverbial...
Section 2.9 / page 15:
Categories of adverbial
The following lines are from page 15:
Next we may take a preliminary look at adverbials, concerning
ourselves only with such distinctions as are necessary to explain some
of the chief restrictions in constructing the simplest sentences.
Here, we will discuss the properties of adverbials in the English language.
Sentences can have one or more adverbials inside the same sentence, as
we can see in the following examples:
1. The girl is now a student at a large university
2. The girl is a student at a large university
3. The girt is now a student,
4. The girl is at a large university.
As you can see, in 1, we used two adverbials (now) and (at a large
university). In the rest of sentences, we have one adverbial only.
However, it is not possible as far as grammar is concerned to say:
*The girl is now.
This clearly shows that the two adverbials "now" and "at a large uni-
versity" belong to two different types or classes. The first is an adverbial
of time, whereas the second is an adverbial of place.
Note also that instead of the adverbial "carefully" in the following
example, we can use (or replace it with) many other adverbials as we can
see in the following examples:
John searched the room noisily /carefully/slowly/sternly/ without
delay.
This means that these adverbs belong to the same class. The same
adverbs (of manner) cannot be used with stative verbs, as in the
following example:
The girl is now a student ...*slowly / * carefully / *steadily
In the above sentence, it is incorrect to use adverbs of manner with the
stative verbs (is).
The sample applies to the following sentence:
John knew the answer ...*slowly / * carefully / *steadily
Anew, we cannot use adverbials of manner (slowly / * carefully / *steadily)
with the stative verb 'knew'.
These adverbs (carefully/slowly/sternly) can occur only with verbs that
can be used in the progressive aspect (dynamic verbs) because they
indicate some kind of process or activity (a certain action). Therefore, we
can call these adverbs, adverbs of manner or process.
Page 16
It is clear that we again have a subclass of adverbials. Because the
verbs with which they can occur allow the progressive, the aspect of
on-going activity, it is appropriate to refer to these adverbials as
'process'.
This is just a summary of what we have said in the above lines. We
understand that adverbs are not the same. In other words, we have
different types or subclasses of adverbials. As we have seen (The girl is
now) is ungrammatical whereas (The girl is at a large university) is
grammatical. The first adverb (now) is an adverb of time whereas the
adverbial (at a large university) is an adverb of place. Also (carefully)
belongs to another subclass; it is an adverb of process (or it is sometimes
called "adverb of manner"). We should note that adverbs of manner (or
process) are normally used with dynamic or action verbs. They can't
be used with stative verbs.
Ok, that is enough for today. See you next week…

MCQs
1. ------1------ verb takes one object.
A. A mono-intransitive extensive
B. A ditransitive extensive
C. A mono-transitive extensive
D. A mono-transitive intensive
2. They made John the president. The verb in this sentence
is-------2----------
A. A complex-transitive intensive verb
B. A complex-intransitive extensive verb
C. A complex-transitive extensive verb
D. None of the above
3. The complex-transitive verb is followed by--3----
A. A direct object + subject complement
B. An indirect object + object complement
C. An indirect object + subject complement
D. A direct object + object complement
4. John dislikes Mary. In this sentence, the verb is--4---
A. extensive
B. Mono-transitive
C. Stative
D. All of the above
C1
C2
D3
D4
5. All of the following sentences have an intransitive verb
except--5---:
A. John was eating in the kitchen
B. John ran quickly
C. John is jobless
D. John died yesterday
6. She called him James. The underlined element is-6--
A. Cs
B. Co
C. Both A and B
D. Oi

7. He resembles his father. The underlined element is-7---

A. Cs
B. Co
C. Od
D. Both C and B

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Scanned by: Ahmad Jawad

C5
B6
C7