First Module- MCP

What is Network?
In one network more than one computer connected with each other through centralized device. They can share
files and resources with each other.

LAN
LAN stands for Local Area Network. The scope of the LAN is within one building, one school or within one lab.
In LAN (Hub), media access method is used CSMA/CD in which each computer sense the carrier before sending
the data over the n/w. if carrier is free then you can transmit otherwise you have to wait or you have to listen. In
multiple accesses each computer has right that they can access each other. If two computers sense the carrier on
same time then the collision occur. Each computer, in the network, aware about the collision. Now this stop
transmitting and they will use back off algorithm. In which random number is generated. This number or
algorithm is used by each computer. Who has short number or small number, he has first priority to transmit the
data over the network and other computers will wait for their turn.

WAN

WAN stands for Wide Area Network, in which two local area networks are connected through public n/w. it may
be through telecommunication infrastructure or dedicated lines. For e.g: - ISDN lines, Leased lines etc.
In which we can use WAN devices and WAN technology. You can also connect with your remote area through
existing Internetwork called Internet.

Devices

Hub
Hub is centralized device, which is used to connect multiple workstations. There are two types of Hub: -
(i) Active Hub (ii) Passive Hub
It has no special kind of memory. It simply receives the frame (data) and forwards it to all its nodes except the
receiving node. It always performs broadcasting. In case of hub, there is one collision domain and one broadcast
domain. In case of hub, the media access method is used CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection).

(i) Active Hub

In Active hub, it receives the frame regenerate and then forward to all its nodes.

(ii) Passive Hub

In Passive hub, it simply receives the frame and forward to all its connected nodes.

You cannot perform LAN segmentation using hub.

Switch

Switch is also used to connect multiple workstations. Switch is more intelligent than hub. It has special kind of
memory called MAC address/filter/lookup table. Switch reads MAC addresses. Switch stores MAC addresses in
its filter address table. Switch when receives frame, it reads the destination MAC address and consult with its filter
table. If he has entry in its filter table then he forwards the frame to that particular MAC address, if not found then
it performs broadcasting to all its connected nodes.
Every port has its own buffer memory. A port has two queues one is input queue and second is output
queue. When switch receives the frame, the frame is received in input queue and forward from output queue. So in
case of switch there is no chance or place for collisions. In case of switch, the media access method is used
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance). Switches provide more efficiency, more speed
and security.
There are two types of switches: -
(i) Manageable switches (can be configured with console cable).
(ii) Non-manageable switches.
We can perform LAN segmentation by using switches.

Bridge

Bridge is a hardware device, which is used to provide LAN segmentation means it is used for break the collision
domain. It has same functionality as performed by switch. We can use bridge between two different topologies. It
has fewer ports. Each port has a own buffer memory. It works on Data Link Layer of OSI model. It also read
MAC address and stores it in its filter table. In case of bridge there is one broadcast domain.

Router

Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router performs routing and
path determination. It does not perform broadcast information. There are two types of routers: -
(i) Hardware Routers are developed by Cisco, HP.
(ii) Software Routers is configured with the help of routing and remote access. This feature is offered by
Microsoft. This feature is by default installed, but you have to enable or configure it.
Hardware routers are dedicated routers. They are more efficient.
But in case of software routers, it has less features, slow performance. They are not very much efficient.

LAN Card

LAN card is media access device. LAN card provide us connectivity in the network. There is a RJ45 (Registered
Jack) connector space on the LAN card. RJ45 is used in UTP cable. There is another led which is also called
heartbeat of LAN card. When any activity occurs it may be receiving or transmitting any kind of data. These led
start blinking and also tell us the status of LAN card.
LAN Topologies

BUS Topology
Cable Type – Coaxial
Connector Type – BNC, T Type

Coaxial – Thick Maximum length – 500 meters

N/w devices 100

Coaxial – Thin Maximum length – 185 meters

N/w devices 30

Star Topology

Cable Type - UTP

Connector type - RJ45
Maximum Length – 100 meters (with proper color coding)

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

In case of hub media access method will be CSMA/CD. Ring Topology, Cable - UTP

There is token ring method used, so there is no collision chance.

Ethernet Family

Speed Base band

10 Base 2 200-Meter Coaxial cable
10 Base 5 500-meter Thick Coaxial cable
10 Base T 100 meter Twisted Pair (UTP)
10/100(present) Base TX 100 meter UTP
100 Base T4 100 meter UTP 4 Pairs used
100 Base FX up to 4 kms Fiber Optic
1000(Server) Base TX 100 meter UTP
1000 Base FX up to 10 kms Fiber Optic
10000 Base FX Fiber Optic

Color
Green – Green white
Orange – Orange white
Blue – Blue white
Brown – Brown white
Green cable has maximum twists.

Pin Configuration
Hub/Switch PC/Router/Online Printer Uplink port (Hub/Switch)
1 Rx+ Tx+ Tx+
2 Rx- Tx- Tx-
3 Tx+ Rx+ Rx+
4 NC NC NC
5 NC NC NC
6 Tx- Rx- Rx-
7 NC NC NC
8 NC NC NC

Cross Straight
1 3 1 1
2 6 2 2
3 1 3 3
6 2 6 6
 Cross Hub Pc
Cable
Switch Router

Straight Cable

Straight Cable
1 Orange white - Orange white
2 Orange - Orange
3 Green white - Green white
4 Blue - Blue
5 Blue white - Blue white
6 Green - Green
7 Brown white - Brown white
8 Brown - Brown

Cross Cable
1 Orange white - Green white
2 Orange - Green
3 Green white - Orange white
4 Blue - Blue
5 Blue white - Blue white
6 Green - Orange
7 Brown white - Brown white

8 Brown - Brown

IP Address v4
IP address is a 32-bit address. It is divided into four octets. Each octet has 8 bits. It has two parts one is network
address and second is host address. in local area network, we can used private IP address, which is provided by
IANA (Internet Assigning Numbering Authority). IP addresses are divided into five classes.

Class Range N/w bits Host bits Subnet mask Total IP Valid IP
A 1 – 126 8 24 255.0.0.0 16777216 16777214
B 128 – 191 16 16 255.255.0.0 65536 65534
C 192 – 223 24 8 255.255.255.0 256 254
D 224 – 239 It is reserved for multicast.
E 240 – 255 it is reserved for research/scientific use.

We can use first three classes. IANA provides private IP addresses from first three classes.

Class Private IP Range

A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

One another range that is called APIPA (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing)
169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255
We can assign IP address to our computer by two methods: -
(1) Statically or Manually
(2) Dynamically (by using DHCP Server – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
But in case of your computer has no IP address then IP address is assigned to the computer from APIPA range.
But communication is not possible when computer has IP address from APIPA range.

Loopback address = 127.0.0.1

Subnet Mask
Subnet mask is also 32-bit address, which tells us how many bits are used for network and how many bits are used
for host address. In Subnet mask Network bits are always 1 and Host bits are always 0.

IP addresses invalid or reserve IP Addresses

When we are going to assign IP addresses to our computers then we have to follow some rules.
Rules: -
(1) All Host bits cannot be 0 (10.0.0.0), because it represent network address which is reserved for router.
(2) All Host bits cannot be 1 (10.255.255.255), because this is broadcast address of that network (10th network).
(3) All bits cannot be 0 (0.0.0.0), because this address is reserved for Default routing. Default routing is used in
case of Stub n/w (means our network has one exit point).
(4) All bits cannot be 1 (255.255.255.255), because this is reserved for Broadcasting.
(5) 127.0.0.1 - This is Loopback address, which is used for self-communication or troubleshooting purpose.

C:\>ipconfig
C:\>ipconfig/all …….. It shows all detail.

PING – Packet Internet Groper

This command is used to check the connectivity with other computer. Ping is performed with in network or
outside of the network. In this process four packets are sending to the destination address and four packets are
received from the destination address. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) protocol is used for this process.
C:\>Ping 10.0.0.5 –t (for continue ping) Press Ctrl+C to stop ping.

Difference Between FAT & NTFS File System.

FAT32 NTFS
(1) Provide Sharing (1) Provide Sharing
(2) X (2) File Level Security
(3) X (3) Fault Tolerance in Dynamic
Disk type (Raid Type).
(4) X (4) Distribution File System.
(5) X (5) Active directory supported
(6) Less speed of accessing files. (6) More speed.
(7) X (7) Disk quota.
(8) Partition supports 16GB to 32GB. (8) Up to 2Tera Bytes.
(9) No capability to handle bad sector. (9) It has capability to handle Bad
sector.
(10) There is need to run Scan Disk on (10) No need.
Regular basis.
Installation types
(i) Attended
(ii) Unattended (with answer file)
(iii) Remote installation

XP operating system Window Server 2003

Processor- P-IV Processor- P-IV
RAM – 64 to 128 MB RAM – 128 to 256
Hard disk space – 2GB Hard disk space - 3GB to 5GB

Editions of Window Server 2003

Web Edition
Web edition supports 2 GB RAM and a Two-way symmetric multiprocessor (SMP). It provides unlimited
anonymous web connections. The server cannot be an Internet gateway, DHCP or fax server. The server can
belong to a domain, but cannot be a domain controller.

Standard Edition
The Standard Edition of Windows Server 2003 supports up to 4 GB of RAM and four-way SMP.
Window Server 2003, Standard Edition, is a robust, multipurpose server capable of providing directory, file, print,
application, multimedia, and Web services for small to medium-sized businesses.

Enterprise Edition
The Enterprise Edition of Windows Server 2003 is designed to be a powerful server platform for medium to large
sized businesses. Its enterprise –class features include support for eight processors, 32 GB of RAM, eight-node
clustering and availability for 64-bit Intel Itanium-based computers, on which scalability increases to 64 GB of
RAM and 8-way SMP.
Other features that distinguish the Enterprise Edition from the Standard Edition include:
-Support for Microsoft Metadirectory Services (MMS), which enables the integration of multiple directories,
databases, and files with Active Directory.

-Hot Add Memory, so that you can add memory to supported hardware systems without downtime or reboot.
-Windows System Resources Manager (WSRM), which supports the allocation of CPU and memory resources on
a per-application basis.

Datacenter Edition
The Datacenter Edition, which is available only as an OEM version as part of a high-end server hardware package,
provides almost unfathomable scalability, with support on 32-bit platforms for 32-way SMP with 64 GB of RAM
and on 64-bit platforms for 64-way SMP with 512 GB of RAM. There is also a 128-way SMP version that
supports two 64-way SMP partitions.