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I.

Introduction

One of the most advance method used in the old era to measure energy transfer due to
heat evolution during chemical reaction is also known as Calorimetry. ​Calorimetry is the
process of measuring the amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
By knowing the change in heat, it can be determined whether or not a reaction is
exothermic (releases heat) or endothermic (absorbs heat). Calorimetry also plays a large
part of everyday life, controlling the metabolic rates in humans and consequently
maintaining such functions like body temperature.

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain. The IUPAC name is
octadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C17H35CO2H. Its name
comes from the Greek word στέαρ "stéar", which means tallow. The salts and esters of
stearic acid are called stearates. As its ester, stearic acid is one of the most common
saturated fatty acids found in nature following palmitic acid. The triglyceride derived
from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin.

Figure 1: Chemical Structure of Stearic Acid


Environmental Fate of Stearic Acid:

Stearic acid's production and use in the manufacture of chemicals, especially for stearates
and stearate driers, lubricants and soaps, in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, as an
accelerator activator, as a dispersing agent and softener in rubber compounds, in shoe and
metal polishes, coatings, food packaging, suppositories and ointments, may result in its
release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as an inert ingredient in
pesticides may result in its direct release to the environment. Stearic acid is a fully
saturated fatty acid and occurs as a glyceride in tallow and other animal fats and oils, as
well as in some vegetable oils. Fatty acids are an important part of the normal daily diet
of mammals, birds and invertebrates. Stearic acid is found in low percentages in cotton,
coconut, palm kernel, corn, palm, castor, rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, herring, and
tallow oils, and in several varieties of rice. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure
of 7.2X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates stearic acid will exist in both the vapor and
particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase stearic acid will be degraded in the
atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life
for this reaction in air is estimated to be 17 hours. Particulate-phase stearic acid will be
removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Stearic acid does not contain
chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be
susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, stearic acid is expected to
have no mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 5.1X10+4. The estimated pKa of
stearic acid is 4.75, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion
form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils
containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from
moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the compound
exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Stearic acid is not expected to volatilize
from dry soil surfaces based upon its estimated vapor pressure. Utilizing a modified
OECD screening test stearic acid reached 79% of its theoretical BOD in 28 days,
suggesting that biodegradation is an important fate process in soil. If released into water,
the neutral species of stearic acid is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment
based upon the estimated Koc. The stearate, the anion of stearic acid, is expected to
adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based on experimental studies averaging 99%
adsorption.
II. Methodology

Calibration and Virtual Experiment for Benzoic Acid:

Steps Description

1 Click this link:


https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compou
nd/Stearic-acid#section=Ecological-Infor
mation

2 After loading of the website, Click


“Choose Sample”

3 Choose “Benzoic Acid” then click “Take


it to balance”

4 Click “Ignite sample” and “Extrapolate”

5 The blue line and arrow going to the left


and right (Indicates time in minute) will
appear, you can vary it. It depends on you
where you will vary it.

6 Click “View data”. It will show the data


and computation.

7 Screen capture or Print Screen the datas


you collected and save it.

8 Click “Choose sample” again and repeat


the steps 1-7 for Benzoic Acid (Do three
runs)

Calibration and Virtual Experiment of Stearic Acid


Steps Description

1 Click this link:


https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compou
nd/Stearic-acid#section=Ecological-Infor
mation

2 After loading of the website, Click


“Choose Sample”

3 Choose “Stearic Acid” then click “Take it


to balance”

4 Click “Ignite sample” and “Extrapolate”

5 The blue line and arrow going to the left


and right (Indicates time in minute) will
appear, you can vary it. It depends on you
where you will vary it.

6 Click “View data”. It will show the data


and computation.

7 Screen capture or Print Screen the datas


you collected and save it.

8 Click “Choose sample” again and repeat


the steps 1-7 for Stearic Acid (Do three
runs)

III. Data and Discussion

Getting the Calorimeter Constant of Three Runs of Benzoic Acid

First Run:
Moles of Benzoic Acid:
1.0708 g
122.19 g/mol =​ ​0.00876 mol

​ 8.22 kJ
Heat Release to Calorimeter: (0.00875 mol)(3226 kJ/mol ) ​= 2

28.22 kJ
Calorimeter Constant:
2.563 C = 10.25 kJ/C

Second Run:
Moles of Benzoic Acid:
1.0154 g
122.19 g/mol =​ ​0.00831 mol

​ 6.81 kJ
Heat Release to Calorimeter: (0.00831 mol)(3226 kJ/mol ) ​= 2

26.81 kJ
Calorimeter Constant:
2.422 C = 11.07 kJ/C

Third Run:

Moles of Benzoic Acid:


0.9283 g
122.19 g/mol =​ ​0.00760 mol

​ 4.52 kJ
Heat Release to Calorimeter: (0.00760 mol)(3226 kJ/mol ) ​= 2

24.52 kJ
Calorimeter Constant:
2.215 C = 11.07 kJ/C
Getting the Average Calorimeter Constant of Benzoic Acid:
10.25 + 11.07 + 11.07
3 =10.80 kJ/C

Getting the Calorimeter Constant of Three Runs of Stearic Acid

First Run:

Moles of Stearic Acid:


0.9646 g
284.9 g/mol =​ ​0.00332 mol

​ 7.49 kJ
Heat Release to Calorimeter: (0.00332 mol)(11290.79 kJ/mol ) ​= 3

37.49 kJ
Calorimeter Constant:
3.458 C = 10.84 kJ/C
Second Run:

Moles of Stearic Acid:


0.9679 g
284.9 g/mol =​ ​0.00340 mol

​ 8.39 kJ
Heat Release to Calorimeter: (0.00340 mol)(11290.79 kJ/mol ) ​= 3

38.39 kJ
Calorimeter Constant:
3.463 C = 11.09 kJ/C
Third Run:

Moles of Stearic Acid:


1.0857 g
284.9 g/mol =​ ​0.00381 mol
​ 3.02 kJ
Heat Release to Calorimeter: (0.00381 mol)(11290.79 kJ/mol ) ​= 4

43.02 kJ
Calorimeter Constant:
3.875 C = 11.10 kJ/C

10.84 + 11.09 + 11.10


Average Calorimeter Constant of Stearic Acid: 3 = ​11.01
kJ/C

Determination of the Enthalpy of Combustion of Stearic Acid:


First Run of Stearic Acid:

1. Moles of Stearic Acid:


1.0857 g
Ceq= 284.9 g/mol =​ ​0.00381 mol
Using formula:

2. Calculate the total energy released in the combustion (DU), correcting for burning
the wire
DU(J) = - Ceq[t(final) - t(init)] + 5858(wire before - wire after)

DU(J)= 10.80 kJ/C [ (27.544-24.086) ] + 5858 (0.0238-0.0156)= 85.38 kJ

3. Calculate the energy released per mole of compound burned (DUm):

Using formula:

DUm(kJ/mole) = DU(kJ)/n(moles)
85.38 kJ
DUm (kJ/mole) = 0.00381 mol = 22409.45 kJ/mol

4. Balance the combustion reaction for one mole of compound, and calculate the
change in the number of moles of gas (DN​G​):
Balance Equation of Stearic Acid
C18H36O2(s) + 26O2(g) → 18CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)
Moles of Products: 18+18= 36
Moles of Reactants: 1+26=27

Using formula:
DN​G =
​ moles of CO​2​ formed - moles of O​2​ consumed
DN​G =​ 36-27 = 9

5. Calculating the molar enthalpy of combustion (DH​m​)


DH​m​(J/mole) = DU​m​(kJ/mole) + DN​G​RT
DH​m​(J/mole) = 22409.45 kJ/mol + 9
DH​m​(kJ/mole) = 22418.45 kJ/mol

Second Run:
1. Moles of Stearic Acid: Ceq=
1.0857 g
284.9 g/mol =​ ​0.00381 mol
Using formula:

2. Calculate the total energy released in the combustion (DU), correcting for burning
the wire
DU(J) = - Ceq[t(final) - t(init)] + 5858(wire before - wire after)

DU(J)= 10.80 kJ/C [ (27.650-24.187) ] + 5858 (0.0231-0.0180)= 67.28 kJ

3. Calculate the energy released per mole of compound burned (DUm):

Using formula:

DUm(kJ/mole) = DU(kJ)/n(moles)
67.28 kJ
DUm (kJ/mole) = 0.00381 mol = 17658.79 kJ/mol

4. Balance the combustion reaction for one mole of compound, and calculate the
change in the number of moles of gas (DN​G​):
Balance Equation of Stearic Acid
C18H36O2(s) + 26O2(g) → 18CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)

Moles of Products: 18+18= 36


Moles of Reactants: 1+26=27

Using formula:
DN​G =
​ moles of CO​2​ formed - moles of O​2​ consumed
DN​G =​ 36-27 = 9

5. Calculating the molar enthalpy of combustion (DH​m​)


DH​m​(J/mole) = DU​m​(kJ/mole) + DN​G​RT
DH​m​(J/mole) = 17658.79kJ/mol + 9
DH​m​(kJ/mole) = 17667.79 kJ/mol
Third Run:

1. Moles of Stearic Acid: Ceq=


1.0857 g
284.9 g/mol =​ ​0.00381 mol
Using formula:

2. Calculate the total energy released in the combustion (DU), correcting for burning
the wire
DU(J) = - Ceq[t(final) - t(init)] + 5858(wire before - wire after)

DU(J)= 10.80 kJ/C [ (28.062-24.187) ] + 5858 (0.0217-0.0171)= 68.80 kJ

3. Calculate the energy released per mole of compound burned (DUm):

Using formula:

DUm(kJ/mole) = DU(kJ)/n(moles)
68.80 kJ
DUm (kJ/mole) = 0.00381 mol = 18057.74 kJ/mol

4. Balance the combustion reaction for one mole of compound, and calculate the
change in the number of moles of gas (DN​G​):
Balance Equation of Stearic Acid
C18H36O2(s) + 26O2(g) → 18CO2(g) + 18H2O(l)

Moles of Products: 18+18= 36


Moles of Reactants: 1+26=27
Using formula:
DN​G ​= moles of CO​2​ formed - moles of O​2​ consumed
DN​G ​= 36-27 = 9

5. Calculating the molar enthalpy of combustion (DH​m​)


DH​m​(J/mole) = DU​m​(kJ/mole) + DN​G​RT
DH​m​(J/mole) = 18057.74 kJ/mol + 9
DH​m​(kJ/mole) = 18066.74 kJ/mol

Average Enthalpy of Combustion of Stearic Acid:

22418.45 + 17667.79 + 18066.74


3 =​19384.33 kJ/mol

IV. Conclusion

The Benzoic Acid was utilized as a standard to determine the the calorimeter constant.
Calorimeter constant of three runs was average which is equal to 10.80 kJ/C. It is used to
determine the enthalpy of combustion of three runs and average it which is equal to 19384.33
kJ/mol.

References:

● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearic_acid
● https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Stearic-acid#section=Ecological-Inf
ormation
● https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Te
xtbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Th
ermodynamics/Calorimetry/Constant_Volume_Calorimetry
● https://scilearn.sydney.edu.au/firstyear/exams/chem1405/2010answers/2010-J-3.p
df

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