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As agreed please find attached the Final Term Exam, you should:
1. Answer ALL questions, Part1 & Part2
2. Use your text book, extra text book, the internet, and other references.
3. DON'T discuss or share, by any means of communication, with any other class students (even for those who are
Otherwise will be counted as 'Plagiarism'
4. It is NOT ACCEPTED to just copy and paste from any source, your interpretation and write-up is a MUST to g
5. Reply with your file .xls, of your answer to ME ONLY, to ashraf@ashrafelsafty.com .
6. MUST include your first name and family name WITHIN the file name (ex.: DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-61P-Fin
7. Use BLUE color for your text answers, or just fill in the shaded blocks.
8. Email directly to ME ONLY no later than agreed deadline day and time 15th May 2020, 10:00 pm, other
9. Please give every single question the needed high care, as grades are NOT equally distributed among que
As I mentioned before for the mid-term and during our classes, we are studying to learn, and we are now leveragin
So please focus on your time and answers to learn while filling the exam.
I hope I did met your expectations, and now you as a researcher, you will be responsible for what you have learne
what you already gained for the welfare of the country and your people.
Hope you gained the ultimate scientific benefit from the course and me as well.
May Allah bless you all.
Kind Regards,
Just
answer
on grey
cells
only
1 Which of the following is most suitable when there is little to no insight in a
certain problem or when there is no information available on how similar
problems or research issues have been solved in the past? A
A. Exploratory research.
B. Descriptive research.
C. Causal research.
D. Experimental research.
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
5 The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a multinational corporation wants to
know the profits made during the past 5 years by each of the subsidiaries
in England, Germany, France, and Spain. It is possible that there are many
regional offices of these subsidiaries in each of these countries. The profits
of the various regional centers for each country have to be aggregated and
the profits for each country for the past 5 years provided to the CFO. A
Hence, the ‘unit of analysis’ is the country.
A. true
B. false
6 Studies, when data on the dependent variable are gathered at two or more
points in time to answer the research question, are called: B
a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.
A. true
B. false
a. A field study.
b. A field experiment.
c. A lab experiment.
d. None of the above.
10 The goal of a _____________ study, hence, is to offer to the researcher a profile
of the phenomena of interest from an individual, organizational, industry-
oriented, or other perspective.
a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.
11 ____________ studies are also necessary when some facts are known, but
more information is needed for developing a viable theoretical framework. A
a. Exploratory.
b. Descriptive.
c. Causal.
d. Experimental.
A. true
B. false
13 The extent of interference by the researcher with the normal flow of work
at the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is A
causal or correlational.
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
17 The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected
during the subsequent data analysis stage. A
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
19 A study can be done in which data are gathered just once, perhaps over a
period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question. A
Such studies are called:
a. Cross-sectional studies.
b. Longitudinal studies.
c. Exploratory studies.
d. Case studies.
A. true
B. false
22 Methodological rigor increases as we move progressively from an
exploratory study to a hypothesis-testing study, and with this, the costs of
research also increase. A
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
24 Objects include:
A
a. Persons, strategic business units, and companies.
b. Countries, cars, and arousal seeking tendency.
c. Elephants, kitchen appliances, and shopping enjoyment.
d. Restaurants, shampoo, and service quality.
A. true
B. false
28 Operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or
properties denoted by the concept. These are then translated into
observable and measurable elements so as to develop an index of A
measurement of the concept.
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
32 Operationalizing is: C
a. Designing questionnaires.
b. Translating a problem definition into a research question.
c. Making an abstract concept measurable.
d. Defining difficult concepts in the research proposal.
A. true
B. false
a. A nominal scale.
b. An ordinal scale.
c. An interval scale.
d. A ratio scale.
39 The difference between an ordinal and a ratio scale is that a ratio scale has
an arbitrary zero point. B
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
42 A lady stands on a pair of scales three times in a row. The first time she
weighs 69 kilo, the second time 69 kilo, and the third time 69 kilo. Her real B
weight is 51 kilo. What is the matter with the scales?
a. The pair of scales is not reliable and not valid.
b. The pair of scales is reliable but is not valid.
c. The pair of scales is not reliable but is valid.
d. The pair of scales is reliable and valid.
a. A likert-scale.
b. A semantic differential scale.
c. A numerical scale.
d. An itemized rating scale.
45 Whereas panels meet for a one-time group session, focus groups meet
more than once. B
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
52 The way questions are sequenced could also introduce certain biases,
frequently referred to as the ordering effects.
A
A. true
B. false
53 Instead of phrasing all questions positively, it is advisable to include some
negatively worded questions as well, so the tendency in respondents to
mechanically circle the points toward one end of the scale is minimized.
A
A. true
B. false
54 “Do you think there is a good market for the product and that it will sell
well?” C
55 “Don’t you think that in these days of escalating costs of living, employees
should be given good pay raises?” A
a. Leading.
b. Loaded.
c. Double-barreled.
d. Ambiguous.
A. true
B. false
59 The biggest disadvantage of secondary data is:
a. That they are not meeting the specific needs of the particular situation or
setting.
b. That it is generally more expensive to collect secondary data than
primary data.
c. That they are generally qualitative in nature.
d. That they cannot be used for forecasting purposes.
A. true
B. false
a. Convenience sampling.
b. Simple random sampling.
c. Stratified sampling.
d. Quota sampling.
A. true
B. false
64 From a statistical perspective, probability sampling is preferred over non-
probability sampling.
A
A. true
B. false
65 The results of probability sampling are less generalizable than the results
of non-probability sampling.
B
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
A. true
B. false
70 As a sampling technique, qualitative research generally uses non-
probability sampling as it does not aim to draw statistical inference. A
A. true
B. false
Thanks
Dr Ashraf Elsafty
Answer ONLY using A or B or C or D or E
DON'T DELETE OR HIDE ANY OF THE ROWS or COLUMNS
Within the question description the data collected and the data
collected from the source have to be addressed and appropriate
in the analysis to address the problem.
The study query must perform the required data collection in the
problem description, and we can decide the unit of analysis.
Ratio scales give us the ultimate – order, interval values, plus the
opportunity to measure ratios since it is possible to define a "true
zero." And Age has certainly a nil value in years
Ratio scales give us the ultimate – order, interval values, plus the
opportunity to measure ratios since it is possible to define a "true
zero."
Though the ordinal scale helps list the divided objects in order.
But it does not display the degree of difference but there is a
difference between ranks in this case.
The temperature spectrum has zero.
While the sampling frame is helpful for listing each item in the
population, it may not always be an up-to-date current text.
All the elements listed are key points in the collection of the
sample and hence this should essentially follow the form of
chance sampling
Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Moderating variable
9 Exercise 4.7
Situation 1
Situation 2
Situation 3
10 Exercise 4.8
Variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Intervening variable
Moderating variable
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
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Item (as much as you can of items learned)
#VALUE!
Answer
Unlike service company president, I fully believe that swapping costs balance the relationships between pr
efficiency of the partnership, and customer transfer. The explanation behind this is that there is very strong
competition especially in the service sector in today's market scenario. The consumers are actively finding
provider with higher quality of services and partnership. The experiments done in the past indicate that sw
balance the relationships between three other variables. These are consistency of the relationship (indepen
consistency of the commodity and consumer switching (dependent variable).
Switching costs would be unique to customers. If switching costs are high, the customer can be discouraged
the service provider if replacing costs are low, however, the consumers can choose to switch their provider
into account this complexity of switching costs and their effects on other contingent and independent varia
established that switching costs have a moderating effect on consumer switching, quality of partnerships an
The efficiency of field experiments is higher than the experiments in the lab. We may list the following poin
that statement:
1) The field experiments are more realistic than those of the lab experiments.
2) The field experiments are carried out in real-time real-world conditions.
3) The effects of the field experiments are more true than those of the laboratory experiments.
4) Experimental studies are carried out in labs, but the end findings are evaluated in real-world environme
experiments may also be carried out.
5) If a study can be done using only one method of experimentation the field experiments would be used.
6) The field experiments include data, measurements, findings and simultaneous forecasting.
7) If real data or opinions are needed then best field experiments.
8) Laboratory experiments compared with field experiments are expensive to perform.
Let's take an example to check the performance of a newly introduced mobile device; by doing field tests, a
get more reliable data than sitting in a room and predicting the success results.
If we speak of experimental experiments, they are mainly conducted in labs, but studies are often done at th
reliably test the findings.
Experiments are done in the field particularly for marketing purposes, since actual findings are more usefu
marketing.
Feedback from a laboratory experiment can be collected by performing a field experiment.
Lab experiments can produce more reliable results but by conducting only field experiments, more practica
results can be obtained.
That's why it is easier to perform field experiments than the laboratory experiments, it also depends on the
need to perform an experiment.
Exploratory experiments investigate a trend of the future, based on data gathered. Those are used to desc
research structure. In this data collection is done until the target of analysis and hypothesis is set.
For example: Qualitative analysis is primarily investigative. It allows people to consider the facts, beliefs, vi
motives that underlie them. It can be obtained using different approaches, such as polls, reviews, interview
Descriptive research involves explaining an already-occurring occurrence. This research was often used t
factors behind the events and the phenomena of real life.
Example: A marketer conducted a series of telephone surveys to find out which voter is intending to vote fo
respondent, and why?
Explanatory research seeks to describe whether and why there has been a event or an experience. This de
and purpose of a trend in order to consider the others better.
Example: In order to negotiate successfully for prospective tenants, a marketer needs to gain more insight i
facilities a new apartment building may choose to provide. The marketer has organized some focus groups
topic
Test problems of a project, study environment, interaction with the researcher, research approach and ana
are all interrelated. That is because all of these are research aspects and a good research report can only be
of these things are adequately guarded. Study research questions whether descriptive or causal help in det
nature of the research and help in obtaining more details that are also used for setting up the study and car
detailed analysis. The research strategy employed sets out further processes for the detailed research and t
techniques to be used. Time horizon of study is also important in determining the overall length of the rese
helpful in collaborating on all aspects of the research.
The analytical unit refers to the extent of integration of the data obtained during the following stage of the d
Even when we formulate the study query, it is important to agree on the unit of analysis, because the metho
collection, sample size, and the variables used in the process that often be defined or driven by the degree a
aggregated for review.
Example: If we were to analyze the standard of education in schooling in the gulf countries, the field of inter
researcher is not individual schools in each country as a whole, the sampling accordingly. When evaluating
obtained from each educational school within each gulf country would somehow need to be aggregated me
only those countries that will form the samples need to be considered. The unit of study is thus a function o
problem raised, and is an integral part of the nature of the research. Test design decisions involving the sam
depend on the analytical unit.
Before determining whether or not to use what you have learned in your analysis of literature, you need to
and ensure that they provide useful and appropriate information.
This is particularly true when an academic library does not collect the resources you have retrieved, but is
accessible through Internet search. Web resources need to be thought out more carefully to guarantee thei
Evaluation Criteria
Accuracy, authority, objectivity, currency and coverage are the five basic criteria for evaluating information
sources.
Accuracy
Authority
Objectivity
The study's aim: difference, as the study's objective is to explain how different Ms. Joyce is to small busines
related companies.
Form of investigation: correlational analysis of how she varies from other businesses and how she uses new
revenue, profit margin and recruitment of workers
The extent of researcher interference: the researcher minimally interferes with the normal workflow
Setting of the study: Field study as research done in a natural environment where work normally takes plac
The time horizon for the study: Cross-sectional
The unit of analysis: Small Businesses
The purpose of the study: Hypothesis testing, the independence in a situation of two or more factors
The type of investigation: Casual study as the cause and effect of incentive plans and increased efficiency le
restaurants lagging behind must be proven
The extent of researcher interference: Strong interference as the manager interferes with preserving the re
between reward programs (increase or decrease) to track their effect on restaurant performance
The study setting: Field Experiment in real field, but with variable adjustments
The time horizon for the study: Longitudenal as manager might want to study phenomena to answer the re
at more than one point in time.
The unit of analysis: Restaurants
Study purpose: Exploratory study, since the manager must explore various variables affecting this phenom
Form of research: Correlational as the analysis seeks to define the variables associated with happiness and
work
The extent of research interference: minimal interference with few employees available for study in a natur
Study setting: Non-contributing field study setting the employees work in a normal environment
Study time horizon: Cross sectional (one-shot)
Unit of analysis: People are based on people as the issue we have
E-Business Sales
adoption Performance
Sales Performance
E-Business adoption
Market Uncertainty
Market
Uncertainty
Operations Manager found that the degree of motivation of employees significantly affects efficiency, the gr
of employees the better the efficiency of employees
Human resources team of an company found that work rotation improves the productivity of workers by w
rotation enhances the incentives of workers
Company unit manager studies with the department of human resources to boost employees 'wages to imp
productivity because they believe that increasing employees' wages would enable them to reach higher pro
certain workers who have additional pay would not be turned on by higher salaries
Problems for Organization
Follow accounting system
Confusion
Experience in Book Keeping
Cluster sampling
Cluster samples are samples collected in groups or in pieces of elements which are ideally natural
Population aggregates of the components. The target population is first broken in cluster sampling
On clusters. A random sample of clusters is then drawn and either any of them for each cluster chosen
The sample shall contain elements or a set of elements. Cluster samples give more group heterogeneity and
homogeneity – the opposite of what we see in stratified random sampling, where there is homogeneity with
and community heterogeneity.
1. We divided the population into lots of subgroups.
• Every subgroup is composed of few elements.
• Subgroups are selected on some ease criteria or
Accessibility of data collection.
2. Within subgroups we seek to maintain heterogeneity.
3. We are attempting to maintain homogeneity between the subgroups.
4. We choose several subgroups at random, which we typically then choose
Study deeper.
Unrestricted nonprobability samples are called convenience samples. These are the least accurate method
the simplest and fastest to achieve. Researchers or fi eld staff are free to pick whoever they fi nd: the word "
therefore. Examples include informal pools of friends and colleagues, people responding to a newspaper's r
readers to state their opinions on a public topic, intercepting interviews with a "person-on-the-street" TV r
staff to determine the flavor of a new snack food.
Although a convenient study does not have controls to guarantee precision, it can also be a useful technique
You will also take such a sample to check hypotheses or even to gather information about a matter of intere
using this approach in the early stages of exploratory research when you are seeking guidance. The finding
such compelling evidence that a more complex sampling method is unnecessary. You could speak to 25 seq
students in an interview with students about any topic of campus concern. You may find that the answers a
disproportionately unilateral that there is no reason to further interview
Shopping dissatisfaction is an outcome of a bad service or experince for the customer, and measuring the cu
satisfaction score, or CSAT, is a time-tested metric. It is a customer satisfaction survey that targets the custo
variations of a very basic question: “how would you rate your experience interacting with our sales/custom
service/support department?”
The scale typically ranges from: very unsatisfactory / unsatisfactory / neutral / satisfactory / very satisfac
The higher the score the more respondents give a positive answer. It. Easy.
The CSAT is versatile as it can be associated with any client interaction with your business. It's also instant,
going to get reliable reviews on any experience. The CSAT is most useful for tracking short-term customer a
prior to and after a change or new initiative. When the score changes dramatically, you'll get an inkling of w
didn't go down well.
The query, however, does not answer the company's overall understanding of a client. Likewise, the finding
skewed, as consumers who are slightly pleased or disappointed appear to ignore the problem altogether. L
it will not be a indicator of consumer behaviour nor does it compensate for the growth potential of your pro
this CSAT is an essential metric, it is by no means a complete metric.
MAKE SURE TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION FULLY.
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
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Answer (as much as you can of items learned)
Must add reference(s) used
"1.Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods
for business: A skill-building approach. New York: John
Wiley & Sons.