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Instrumentasi Intelijen
Adhi Harmoko Saputro
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Silabus
• Smart & Cogent sensors
• Soft or Virtual Sensors: ARMAX and ANN Model
• Self-Adaptive & Self-Validating Sensors
• VLSI: Image Processing & Signal Processing
• Smart Calibration
• Indirect Sensing: Fuzzy logic and ANN based
• ANN-Based Image & Signal Processing
• Multidimensional Intelligent Sensors
• AI for Prognostic Instrumentation
• ANN-Based & Fuzzy Logic-Based Intelligent Sensors
• Microcontroller-Based & ANN–Based Linearization
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Instrumen Evaluasi
• Tugas Presentasi
• Tugas Penulisan “A review paper”
• Ujian Tengah Semester
• Ujian Akhir Semester
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Komponen Nilai

Ujian Tugas

UTS: 25% Presentasi: 25%

UAS: 25% Paper: 25%

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Format Presentasi
• Presentasi 25 menit
• Diskusi 25 menit

• Isi
• Pendahuluan
• Dasar teori penunjang
• Rancangan Instrumentasi Inteligen
• Fungsi dan Cara Kerja (disertai grafik)
• Aplikasi
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Format “A review paper”

• Menggunakan template IEEE untuk prosiding dengan jumlah halaman 4-6.
• Berisi lebih dari satu jenis peralatan (perbandingan)

• Isi
• Pendahuluan
• Prinsip-prinsip dasar
• Aplikasi terkini
• Keuntungan dan keterbatasan
• Kesimpulan
• Referensi
Kisaran Nilai

Nilai Grade Nilai Grade

≥ 85 A 60 – 64.9 C+
80 – 84.9 A- 55 – 59.9 C
75 – 79.9 B+ 50 – 54.9 C-
70 – 74.9 B 40 – 49.9 D
65 – 69.9 B- 0 – 40 E

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Buku Referensi
• Bhuyan, Manabendra. Intelligent Instrumentation: Principles and Applications. CRC
Press, 11/2010.
• Alan S. Morris, Reza Langari. Measurement and Instrumentation: Theory and
Application, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012
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Intelligent Devices
Adhi Harmoko Saputro
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Intelligent Devices
• The term intelligent is used to denote any measurement device that uses
computational power to enhance its measurement performance

Intelligent instruments

Smart sensors

Smart transmitters
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Intelligent Instruments
Preprogrammed signal processing and data manipulation
algorithms

Embedded software

Compensation for environmental disturbances to

measurements

Reduce systematic errors

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Sensor in Intelligent Instruments

Primary Sensor One or more secondary sensors

• to measure the variable of interest • to monitor the value of environmental
disturbances

the output reading to be corrected for the effects of environmentally induced errors
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Smart Sensors
• Commonly to describe any sensor that has local processing power that enables it
to react to local conditions without having to refer back to a central controller
• at least twice as accurate as non-smart devices
• reduced maintenance costs
• require less wiring
• long-term stability
• reducing the required calibration frequency
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Functions possessed
• Remote calibration capability
• Self-diagnosis of faults
• Automatic calculation of measurement accuracy and compensation for random
errors
• Adjustment for measurement nonlinearities to produce a linear output
• Compensation for the loading effect of the measuring process on the measured
system
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Calibration capability
• Two methods of self-calibration are possible
• use of a look-up table  requires a large memory capacity to store correction
points
• an interpolation technique  requires a small matrix of calibration points

• Sensors with an electrical output can use a known reference voltage level to carry
out self-calibration
• Load cell types of sensors, which are used in weighing systems, can adjust the
output reading to zero when there is no applied mass
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Self-diagnosis of faults
• Perform self-diagnosis by monitoring internal signals for evidence of faults
• Problem in self-diagnosis is in differentiating between normal measurement
deviations and sensor faults  storing multiple measured values
Automatic calculation of measurement accuracy and 17

compensation for random errors

• Computing the mean over a number of measurements and analyzing all factors
affecting accuracy
• Averaging process also serves to reduce the magnitude of random measurement
errors greatly
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Adjustment for measurement nonlinearities

• Digital processing can convert the output to a linear form
• The nature of the nonlinearity is known so that an equation describing it can be
programmed into the sensor.
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Smart Transmitters
• Include a microprocessor and have bidirectional communication
• Include secondary sensors that can measure, and so compensate, for
environmental disturbances
• Usually incorporate signal conditioning and analogue to digital conversion
• Often incorporate multiple sensors covering different measurement ranges and
allow automatic selection of required range
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Smart Transmitters
• Have a self-calibration capability that allows removal of zero drift and sensitivity
drift errors.
• Have a self-diagnostic capability that allows them to report problems or
requirements for maintenance.
• Can adjust for nonlinearities to produce a linear output
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Classification
• Based on functions
• Smart sensors
• Cogent sensors
• Self-adaptive sensors
• Self-validating sensors
• Based on techniques
• Soft or virtual
• Mathematical
• Symbolic
• Computational
• ANN based/fuzzy based
• Intelligent integration
• Very large-scale integration (VLSI)
• MEMS/microsensors
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Adhi Harmoko Saputro
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• The study and design of intelligent systems components, which perceives its
environmental conditions and accordingly can take action to maximize its chances
of success.

• The basic characteristics of AI:

• Reasoning
• Knowledge
• Planning
• Learning
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AI: Reasoning
• to imitate the step-by-step reasoning methods used by humans while solving
puzzles, playing board games, or making logical decisions
• Humans solve most of their problems using fast intuitive judgments rather than the
conscious step-by-step deductions
• Step-by-step reasoning is possible to be modeled in AI but intuitive judgments are
difficult to be modeled and implemented
• Mimicking of human reasoning is step by step in local but intuitive in global.
• Needs an initial point, a goal, a set of feasible actions, and a set of constraints.
• To find the best sequence of permissible actions that can transform the initial
point to a goal.
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AI: Knowledge
• Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are two important aspects
of AI
• Most AI-based systems need to explore and use extensive knowledge about the
world
• The knowledge representation mainly deals with objects, properties, categories,
relation between objects, situations, events, states, time, causes, effects, etc.
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AI: Planning
• Intelligent systems always set goals and try to achieve them by planning.
• In classical planning problems, the system can assume that it is the only thing
acting on the world and the consequence of its actions are known.
• However, this is not always true and the system must check if the world matches
its predictions.
• Planning is a role of AI, which increases its autonomy and flexibility through the
construction of sequences of actions to achieve its goals.
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AI: Learning
• An intelligent system should be able to learn from its environment or the user
• Machine learning is the key learning in the AI systems
• Machine learning allows the AI system to change behavior based on the data from
sensors or databases
• The major focus on machine learning is providing the ability to the AI system to
learn to recognize the complex patterns and draw inference from it intelligently
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AI-based Intelligent Instrumentation

• Multidimensional intelligent Sensors
• AI for Prognostic Instrumentation
• ANN-Based Intelligent Sensors
• Fuzzy Logic–Based Intelligent Sensors
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Linearization, Calibration, and Compensation

• Sensors possess undesirable characteristics due to which the outputs deviate
from the ideal or true values.  nonlinearity
• Linearity describes how closely the sensor output relates to a specified suitable
straight line, which is considered as the true or ideal input–output characteristics.
• Most sensors are typically either nonlinear or linear over a limited range of interest
only.
• Unrealistic to feed nonlinear sensor signals to linear devices like meters, plotters,
actuators, etc., without linearization.
• A sensor does not mean the sensing device alone, but includes the complete signal
conditioning system comprising the amplifier, filter, analog-to-digital converter
(ADC), etc.
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Hardware linearization
• Analog processing
• Associated with circuit complexity and dependent on environmental conditions
such as temperature.
• Digital processing
• Requires complex mathematical operations, switching, and large lookup table
(LUT).
• Nonlinear ADC
• more flexible to perform linearization of low-cost sensors.
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Computer-based linearization techniques

• Interpolation
• Piece-wise linearization
• LUT (lookup table)
• Artificial neural network
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Intelligent Sensor Standards and Protocols

• Interfacing of the intelligent sensors to the processor and the users
• Interfacing protocols:
• Wireless
• Internet platforms
• IEEE 1451 : a standard that specifies interfacing of intelligent sensors with
fieldbuses or direct coupling to Ethernet-based intranet
• Smart sensor interfacing to network has become an economical solution in
distributed instrumentation environment
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Intelligent Sensor Standards and Protocols

• IEEE 1451 Standard
• LonTalk
• CEBUS
• J1850 Bus
• MI Bus
• Plug-n-Play Smart Sensor Protocol
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Terima Kasih
Adhi Harmoko Saputro