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INTRODUCTION

It is evident that electricity in this modern day has become very important that people can no do
without it. Due to the large demand of power from household consumers all the way to industrial
consumer like mines, power systems have become complex. With this demand of power by consumers
utility company strive by all means to ensure that the losses in the power system are as minimal as
possible.

Power losses can occur during transmission of power over long distances. Other consumers use
inductive loads which draw more power than is required. This is because these loads or systems have a
poor power factor. It is in both interest the firm supplying power and the consumer to maintain the
power factor close to a unit, as consumer may be charged an appreciable amount if they do not meet
the power factor as per agreement with the utility company.

Konkola Copper Mines(KCM) is one of the major mining companies is Zambia and one of the largest
consumers of power in Zambia. It is its priority to keep its power factor near a unit. It has taken up
projects to improve its power factor. These projects includes improving power factor at Nchanga
underground.

AIM
This project is developed to improve the power factor in the Nchanga Underground (NUG) pump
chamber at 2800 level. This is to be done by installation of static capacitor banks in the pump chamber.

Compare the energy consumed by the motors without capacitor banks and those without capacitor
banks and ensure that an appreciable amount of energy is saved.

RELEVANCE TO THE SOCIETY


Power factor improvement is beneficial to both the consumers and utility company.

KCM IS charged for both reactive and active power. If KCM draws a lot of reactive power from the
supplier, they increase the total amount of power they pay for. It is paramount that KCM power
consumption is minimized by reducing the reactive power consumed thus increasing the power factor.
[1]

The useful output of a utility company depends on the KW out. The amount of KW supplied depends on
the power factor, the closer the power factor to a unit the less the losses encountered by the utility
companies.[1]

When the mines do not consume more than is required, the utility company can manage to supply
power to important institutions like schools, clinics, hospitals and production companies. [1]
THEORY
There are three main components in AC circuits which can affect the relationship between the voltage
and current wave forms, and therefore their phase difference, by defining the total impedance of the
circuit are the resistor, inductor, and capacitor.

The impedance of an ac circuit is equivalent to the resistance calculated in dc circuit, with impedance
given in ohms. For ac circuit impedance is generally defined as the ratio of the voltage and current the
phasor’s produced by the circuit components.

Ac circuits contain both resistance and reactance that are combined to give a ttotal impedance that
limits the current flow around the circuit. But an ,ac circuit impedance is not equal to the algebraic sum
of the resistive ohms and the reactive ohms values as a pure resistance and pure reactance are 90
degrees out of phase. The graphical relationship between resistance, reactance and impedance is
illustrated below.

Power factor can be define as the cosine of the angle between voltage and current in an ac circuit.

In an ac circuit, there is generally a phase difference between voltage and current. If a circuit is
inductive, the current lags the voltage and the power factor is said to be lagging.

In a capacitive circuit, current leads voltage and power factor is said to be leading.
However in a purely resistive load, the voltage and current are in phase

When these elements discussed above are present in an ac circuit, the power consumed by each
element can be classified separately as shown below.
Reactive power

Inductors and capacitor dissipate no power, however they drop voltage and draw current and give the
impression that are dissipating power. This power is called reactive power and it is measured in volts-
ampere-reactive(VAR) and symbolized by the letter Q.

True power

The actual amount of power being used or dissipated in a circuit is called true power, which a
consequence of having a resistive load in a circuit. It is symbolized by the capital P.

Apparent power

The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power and is the product of
voltage and current, without reference to phase angle. Apparent power is measured in the unit of volt-
amps and is symbolized by the capital letter S

Power factor can also be defined as the ratio of the active power to apparent power. This can be
illustrated using a power triangle as shown below.

A load with a power factor one is the most efficient. Mostly a poor power factor in caused by inductive
loads in industries such as induction motors driving conveyor belts and pumps. A poor factor due to an
inductive load can be improved by introduction of a power factor correcting element.

Demerits of low power factor

Power dissipated in a power system is dependent on the power factor. In three phase ac power
dissipated is

Rearranging the above equation gives us


From this equation, we can vividly see that when power factor reduces, the current increases given that
P an V are constant. In an event that the power factor increases, the current reduces.

The increase in current due to a reduction in power factor has the following disadvantages;

The loss of power via copper losses increases, this can be seen from the equation below.
, which means that’s the greater the current the bigger the power loss.

A low power factor results in a large amount of apparent power being drawn from the source, since
power factor is inversely proportional to apparent power.

This results in using equipment such as transformers, alternators, switch gear, will have a larger KVA
rating and size, which is costly.

High current will require larger conductors, support structures, which is another cost.

Having higher current will results in a poor voltage regulation and large voltage drops. This results in low
efficiency of a power system.

METHODOLOGY
Power factor meter was used to analyze the power consumption of motors in pump chamber. The
readings will be taken from the control circuit.

Motor number 8(with static capacitors) and motor number 7(without capacitor) will be analyze in this
project. Single phase Static capacitor banks will be used to power factor correct the motors.
Data collection

Per phase KW KVAR KVA pf


Motor 7 965.1 1037 1416 0.68
Motor 8 1241 496.5 1338 0.93

CONCLUSION
The two motor under analysis have the Same nameplate and from the same manufacturer. From the
data collected above, the reactive power KVAR and apparent power KVA consumption of motor number
7 is higher than that of motor number despite it having a low output power than motor 8. The kvar of
motor 7 is almost twice as motor 8. This shows that the motor without a capacitor bank consumes more
reactive power than that which has capacitors

motor 7 vs motor 8
1600
1416
1400 1338
1241
1200
1037
1000 965.1

800
600 496.5
400
200
0.68 0.93
0
KW KVAR KVA pf

Motor 7 Motor 8
Motor 7

965.1; 28% KW
KVAR
1416; 41% KVA

1037; 30%

Motor 8

KW
KVAR
1338; 44% 1241; 40%
KVA

496.5; 16%
RECOMMENDATION
The ensure an acceptable power factor, each motor in the pump chamber should have a capacitor bank
connected to it. This can be done using static capacitor banks.

It is simpler to correct each motor by connecting the correction capacitor to the motor staters. The
correction capacitors are to to be connected in parallel with the motor windings. This way, when the
motor if off so are the capacitors and when the motors are online the capacitor to power factor correct
the motor.

for example motor number 7 with a power factor of 0.68 can be improved as follows

per phase capacitor calculation


data obtained for motor 7

Per phase KW KVAR KVA pf


Motor 7 965.1 1037 1416 0.68

To improve the power factor of this motor, a capacitor is to be added to compensate for the 1037 kvar.

We know that power is

Therefore the capacitance needed to correct the power factor of this motor is calculated as follows;

However, the capacitor banks available are and its corresponding


impedance is given as follows;
Z=96.809576 ohms
The amount of reactive that can be drawn from this capacitor is calculated as follows;

Q=1100 ×113.6251 2
Q=1249.876354 KVar

It can be noticed that the reactive power is not exactly equal in magnitude to actual collected using the
power meter and as such we expect the pf to be a close to a unit.

Q=1249.876354−103 7
Q=212.8765 4 KVar
212.87654
∅=tan −1
965.1
∅=12.4388 °
pf =cos 12.4388=0.976526 6 leading
The above power factor can be consider a good power factor is better than 0.68 which was obtained
from the motor. Thus this capacitor is acceptable to power factor correct this motor.

REFERENCES
[1] power systems good boo0k00.5555

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