Energies 2019, 12, 1424 3 of 18

2. Mathematical Model/Numerical Method

2.1. Gas-Solid Hydrodynamics

2.1.1. Gas Phase

The gas-phase mass and momentum equations are as follows.
Gas-phase continuum equation:

Ng
 
∂ εg ρg   X
+ ∇ · εg ρg ug = S gi (1)
∂t
i=1

Ng
P
where S gi is the sum of the mass changes of each component due to the chemical reaction, and i is
i=1
the number of gas-phase species.
Momentum equation:
 
∂ εg ρg ug      
+ ∇ · ε g ρ g u g u g = −ε g ∇p + ∇ · ε g τ g + ε g ρ g g + β us − u g (2)
∂t
where β is the gas–solid drag coefficient [19].

εs 2 µ g εs ρ g  
 150 εg 2 ds 2 + 1.75 εg ds u g − us  ε g < 0.8



β= εs ρ g   (3)
3  −2.65
4 C d ds u g − u s ε g ε g ≥ 0.8


 
  
24


 Re 1 + 0.15Re0.687 s Re < 1000
Cd =  (4)

 0.44 Re ≥ 1000
 
2ρ f u g − us rs
Re = (5)
µg
where µ g is the molecular gas viscosity.
Energy equation:

∂(ε g ρ g h g )  
+ ∇ · ε g ρ g u g h f =
 ∂t  . (6)
∂p
h  i .
ε g ∂t + u g · ∇p + Φ − ∇ · ε g −λ g ∇T g + Q + Sh + qD

.
where Φ represents the viscous dissipation term, Q represents the energy source term, and λ g represents
gas fluid thermal conductivity.
.
qD represents enthalpy diffusion, written as

Ng
.
X  
qD = ∇ · hi ε g ρ g D∇Y g,i (7)
i=1

2.1.2. Solid Phase

Each component solid-phase particle was mapped to a discrete form by statistical weighting,
and the m-th component particle having the same particle diameter Dm and density ρm was
replaced by Nm calculated particles (i.e., parcels). For the M groups of fuel particles, the number
of real particles N was calculated by; the spatial distribution of the parcels over time was
(i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i)
f Xp (t), up (t), Dp , ρp , Wp , i = 1, ..., N ; and Xp (t),up (t),Dp ,ρp , and Wp were the position,