Introduction

The term stoichiometry is derived from two Greek words – stoicheion for element and

metron  for measure.

Stoichiometry is study of quantitative amounts of reactants to perform chemical reactions in

right amounts and the relation between them, and depending in law of conservation as there is
lose or creation in matter during chemical change.

stoichiometry is widely used in different chemistry branches, using mole concept and
stoichiometry chemists determines right amounts of reactants needed to react together  in exact
right amounts for example : N2 + 3H2 à 2NH3 we use stoichiometry to add right amounts so 1
mole of nitrogen react with 3 moles of hydrogen to form 2 moles of ammonia.

The application of stoichiometry closes the gap between what is happening on the atomic scale
and what can be measured.

The word kinetics, derived from the Greek word kinesis, refers to movement. The word
‘cinema’ (kine-ma) has the same origin and is used to describe ‘the movies’. Movement in
chemistry refers to the progress of a reaction, so kinetics is the study of how fast a reaction goes.

Imagine you are cooking in the kitchen. As you drop an egg into hot butter in the pan it
immediately changes to a white solid; meanwhile a container of milk that was left out of the
refrigerator is slowly turning sour. We observe a similar wide variation in the rate of reactions
that we study in the laboratory, and these data can be very useful.

Kinetic studies are of prime importance in industry because they give information on how
quickly products form and on the conditions that give the most efficient and economic yield.
They can also be useful in situations where we want to slow reactions down – for example, those
that cause the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere, or the reactions where pollutants in the air
combine to produce smog. At other times, it is important to know for how long a certain reaction
will continue – for example, the radioactive effect from radioactive waste. Knowledge of
reaction kinetics also gives insights into how reactions happen at the molecular level by
suggesting a sequence of bond breaking and bond making, known as the reaction mechanism.

Origin of equilibrium
Classical Latin aequilibrium from aequilibris, evenly balanced from aequus (see equal) + libra, a
balance

The state of a chemical reaction in which its forward and reverse reactions occur at equal rates so
that the concentration of the reactants and products does not change with time.

Application of the equilibrium law helps us to evaluate reaction components and anticipate how
far reactions will proceed under different conditions. Industrial processes depend crucially on
this type of study to ascertain the conditions that will maximize the yield of product.

In many biochemical and environmental process equilibrium studies are important, such as
knowing how certain chemicals in the atmosphere may react together to form pollution that
causes climate change and predicting the solubility of gases in the blood.

Solubility is the ease with which a solid (the solute) becomes disseminated through a liquid ( the
solvent) to form a solution. As we all know salt, sodium chloride, easily dissolves in water but
not in oil, why? There are a lot of factors involved , but generaly due to that solubility is
determined by the degree to which the separated particles of solute are able to form bonds or
attractive forces with the solvent.