Whole Numbers: Digit Place Value Digit Value Round Off To Nearest

[ SM. ST.
PETER TELIPOK ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE ] [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]

1
(1) WHOLE NUMBERS
(a) Place value, digit value, round off
Example : 4729813
Digit Place value Digit Value Round off to nearest
3 Ones 3
1 Tens 10 Ten  4729810
8 Hundreds 800 Hundred  4729800
9 Thousands 9000 Thousand  4730000
2 Ten Thousands 20000 Ten Thousand  4730000
7 Hundred Thousands 700000 Hundred Thousand  4700000
4 Millions 4000000 Millions  5000000
(b) Rules of combined operations

 first, work the operation in the blackest
 then, perform computation on multiplication or division from left to right
 finally, do the computation on addition or subtraction from left to right.
(2) NUMBERS PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES

(a) Pattern of a number sequence
 Adding 3 to number before it  Eg. : 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, …
 Subtracting 5 to number before it  Eg. : 49, 44, 39, 34, 29, 24, 19, 14, 9, 4, …
 Dividing 2 to number before it  Eg. : 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, …
 Multiples of 7  Eg. : 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 72, …
 Archimedes numbers [+1, +2, +3, +4,…]  Eg. : 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, 46, 56, …
 Odd numbers  Eg. : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21 …
 Even numbers  Eg. : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, …
 Prime numbers  Eg. : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41,
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, …
 Perfect square numbers  Eg. : 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, ...
 Cube numbers  Eg. : 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, …
 Eg. : 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, ...
(b) Factor, prime factor, lowest common mutltiple (LCM), highest common factor (HCF)
Factor Prime Factor LCM HCF

Example 1 : Example 1 : Example : Example :
factors of 32 prime factors of 42 LCM of 8, 12, 15. HCF of 18, 24, 36.
 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 42 = 2  21
6 18 24 36
21 = 3  7 4 8 12 15 5
Example 2 :  2, 3, 7 3 4 6
3 2 3 15 =6
factors of 45
Example 2 :
 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45 or
2 1 5
prime factors of 147
Example 3 : 147 = 3  49 3 18 24 36
= 4  3  2  1 5 5
49 = 7  7
factors of 56 2 6 8 12
 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14,  3, 7 = 120
28, 56 3 4 6
=32=6
[ SM. ST. PETER TELIPOK ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE ] [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]
2
(3) FRACTIONS
(a) Fractions, proper fractions, eqauivalent fractions, mixed number, improper fractions
Fractions, Proper Fractions, Eqauivalent Fractions Mixed Number, Improper Fractions
Example : Example :
2  2 1 3 3  numerator +3
11 +1 7
= = = 2 = , 3 =
6  2 3 3 9  denominator 4 4 2 2
(b) Arrangements  ascending order, descending Order
Type Example Ascending Order (S  L) Descending Order (L  S)
1 3 5 2 4 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2
, , , , , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , , , , , , , ,
7 9 5 3 9 7 5 3 3 5 7 9
3 5 2 11 8 2 5 8 11 11 8 5 2
, , , , , , , , ,
6 3 12 9 3 6 9 12 12 9 6 3
2 5 1 11 1 2 5 11 11 5 2 1
4 , , ,
5 9 6 18 , , , , , ,
(0.40) (0.56) (0.17) (0.61)
6 5 9 18 18 9 5 6
(b) Addition and subtraction
Addition Subtraction
Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 1: Example 2 :

5 1 6 1 1 4 2 2 2 5 2 3
  3   3   4  3  3
7 7 7 2 2 9 9 9 5 5 5 5
Example 3 : Example 3 :
1 4 3 4 3 7 2  5 1 3 10 3 7
 =  =  =  =
2 4 8 8 8 8 3  5 5  3 15 15 15
(c) Multiplication and division
Multiplication Division
Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 1 : Example 2 :

1 2 2 3 9 1 2 1 5 53 3 1 3
  3        4  
3 5 15 11 11 6 5 6 2 125 5 4 20
(4) DECIMALS
(a) Place value, digit Value, round off
Example : 0.7496
Digit Place value Digit Value Round off to nearest

7 Tenths 0.7 1 dicemal place / tenths  0.7
4 Hundredths 0.04 2 decimal places / hundredths  0.75
9 Thousandths 0.009 3 decimal places / thousandths  0.750
3
(b) Convert fractions to decimals
1 1 3 1 2 3 4
= 0.5 = 0.25 = 0.75 = 0.2 = 0.4 = 0.6 = 0.8
2 4 4 5 5 5 5
1 3 5 7 1 1 1
= 0.125 = 0.375 = 0.625 = 0.875 = 0.1 = 0.05 = 0.04
8 8 8 8 10 20 25
1 1 11 1 11 111 3
= 0.02 = = = = = 2 = 2.75
50 100 100 1000 1000 1000 4
0.01 0.11 0.001 0.011 0.111
(c) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division
Example : Example : Example : Example :

6.3 + 154.82 = 23  7.254 = 3.5  2.04 = 2.58  0.4 =
2. 0 4  2 d.p. 25.8 4 =
1 1 1 12 9 9
6.30 23.000 1 1 1  3.5  1 d.p. 0.645
+ 154.82  7.254 10 2 0 4 2.58
2 4
161.12 15.746 + 61 2 18
16
7. 1 4 0  3 d.p.
20
20
(5) PERCENTAGES
(a) Convert fractions and decimals to percentages
Fraction  Percentage Decimal  Percentage
Example : Example :
20
3 3
=  100 % = 60 % 0.35 = 0.35  100% = 35%
5 15
(b) Percentage of change, percentage of increase / decrease, percentage of profit / loss, percentage of
discount
Change in value
 Percentage of Change =  100%
Original value
Increase / Decrease
 Percentage of Incerase / Decrease =  100%
Original value
Profit / Loss
 Percentage of Profit / Loss Change =  100%
Cost price
Discount
 Percentage of Discount =  100%
Original selling price
(c) Simple Interest, dividend, commission

 Simple Interest = principal  interest rate  time
 Dividend = total investment  dividend rate
 Commission = selling price  commission rate
4
5
k % of 160 is 96. Find the value of k. Rizal bought a computer for RM2000. He sold
the computer for RM1600. Calculate the loss
96 percentage.
 k =  100 = 60
160  loss = 2000  1600 = 400
400
 % loss =  100 = 20
2000
Khatrie get a loan of RM8000 from a bank. 1
The simple interest is k % per annum. He pay A 3 % commission is paid to Said for a
2
back the loan by instalment in one year. Given
car. If he managed to sell a car for RM7000,
that his monthly instalment is RM720, find
find his commission, in RM.
the value of k ?
 total payment = 720  12 = 8640

1
 commission = 7000  3 %
2
 interest = 8640  8000 = 640
640 3 12
 % interest =  100 = 8 = 7000  = 245
8000 100
Eylicethen saves RM6000 in a bank with a A radio costs RM35.80. It is sold at a 20%
simple interest of 5% per annum. How much discount. What is the selling price ?
interest does she receive after nine months ?
 sell = 35.80  80 %
9 80
 interest = 6000  5 %  = 35.80  100 = 28.64
12
or
5 9
= 6000   = 225
100 12  discount = 35.80  20 %
20
= 35.80  100 = 7.16
 sell = 35.80  7.16 = 28.64
In a school, 40% of the students are boys. Azri took part in a quiz competition. He
Given that there are 520 boys in the school, answered 75% of the questions correctly. He
find the numbers of girls in the school. answered 4 questions incorrectly. Find the
total number of questions in the quiz.
 40 %  520 boys
60 %  ?? girls  25 %  4 incorrect
100 %  ?? total
520 60
 girls =  60 or  520 4 100
40 40  total =  100 or  4
25 25
= 780
= 16
The price of a shirt after a discout of 20% is A profit of 30% is made if an item is sold at
RM24. The original price is RM650. Find the cost price of the item.
 80 %  24 (sell)  130 %  650 (sell)

100 %  ?? (original) 100 %  ?? (cost)
24 650
 original =  100 = 30  cost =  100 = 500
80 130
6
(6) INTEGERS / DIRECTED NUMBERS
(a) Integers
 decreasing in value ….. 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, .....increasing in value
(c) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
Addition / Subtraction Multiplication Division
Note : Note : Note :

 + (+) = +  (+)  (+) = +  (+)  (+) = +
 + () =   ()  () = +  ()  () = +
  (+) =   ()  (+) =   ()  (+) = 
  () = +  (+)  () =   (+)  () = 
Example : Example : Example :

 5 + (+7) = 5 + 7 = 2  (+7)  (+3) = 21  (+21)  (+7) = 3
 4 + (9) = 4  9 = 5  (2)  (9) = 18  (18)  (2) = 9
 4  (+3) = 4  3 = 7  (4)  (+6) = 24  (24)  (+6) = 4
 2  (6) = 2 + 6 = 8  (+8)  (5) = 40  (+40)  (5) = 8
(7) ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS I, II, III

(a) Algebraic terms, like Terms, unlike terms, number of terms
Examples
8k  d  t
Algebraic terms 
8  coefficient 1  coefficient 3
y  unknown d  unknown 1
3
 coefficient
t  unknown
Likes Terms h 2 2 yx
5h, h, 3h, , h xy, 2xy, xy, , yx
7 9 3 5
Unlikes Terms 5 3 2 2
6g, 3g2, , k, p 2abc, 4bcd,  cde, def
g 7 5 5
Number of Terms 3x + 7y  2 terms 5 3c + 9q  3 terms 7f + 4r  1 + 2q  4 terms
(b) Computations involving algebraic expressions

12  3x + 7x  1 3ab  4bc
2 (5  2k) 6ab 2 2 6abb
= 4x  13 = 12ab2c = = 2ab
3b 1 3b
= 10 + 4k
(c) Expanding brackets
(a  b) (c + d) (a  b) (c  d) (a + b) (a + c) (a + b) (a  c)
= ac + ad  bc  bd = ac  ad  bc + bd = a2 + ac + ab + bc = a2  ac + ab  bc

(2x  1) (x + 1) (3x  1) (2x  7) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 5) (x  4)
= 2x2 + 2x  x  1 = 6x2 21x  2x + 7 = x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = x2 4x + 5x  20
= 2x2 + x  7 = 6x2  23x + 20 = x2 + 5x + 6 = x2 + x 20
7
(a + b)2 (a  b)2 (a + b) (a  b) a (b + c  d)
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a2  2ab + b2 = a2  b2 = ab + ac  ad

(m + 3)2 (3x  2y)2 (2x + 1) (2x  1) 3p (4q  p + 4)
= m2 + 6m + 9 = 9x2  12xy + 4y2 = 4x2  1 = 12pq  3p2 + 12p
(d) Factorization
ax + ay a2  b2 = ab + ac + bd + cd a (b  c) + d (c  b)
= (a + b) (a  b) = a (b + c) + d (b + c) = a (b  c)  d (b  c)
= a (x + y ) = (b + c) (a + d) = (b  c) (a  d)
Example 1 : Example 1 : Example 1 : Example 1:

5  30k 81  64d . 2
2m + 2n + mn + n2 8eu  2ew + fw  4fu
= 5 (1  6k) = 92  82 d2 = 2 (m + n) + n (m + n) = 2e (4uw) + f (w  4u)
= (9 + 8d) (9  8d) = (m + n) (2 + n) = 2e (4uw)  f (4u w)
= (4u  w) (2e  f)
Example 2 : Example 2 : Example 2 :

Example 2 :
18pq  15q 2x2  72 . cd + 5c  d  5
pq  q2  4q + 4p
= 3q (6p  5) = 2 (x2  36) = c (d + 5)  (d + 5)
= q (p  q)  4 (q  p)
= 2(x + 6) (x  6) = (d + 5) (c  1)
= q (p  q) + 4 (p  q)
= (p  q) (q + p)

2
x + 9x + 20 q  18q + 45
2
2n + 9n  5
2
12k2  5k  3
= x(x + 4) (x 4+ 5) 4x q 3 3q (2n  1) (n
=2n 1+ 5)
n 3k 1 4k
x + + + = (3k + 1) (4k  3) +
5 5x q 15 15q
q n 5 10n 4k 3 9k
x2 20 9x q2 45 18q 2n2 5 9n 12k2 3 5k
= (q  3) (q  15)
(8) ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
1 (3v) 5  2v 1 (3m) m  2 2 x5

  
5m (3v) 15mv 2m (3m) 6m 2  1  x3 x2  9
 1 p  2
3 (p)  2 
=  2 (x3) x5
3m  ( m  2) 2m (p)  mp  2
= 
3v  (5  2v ) =   x  3 (x3) x2  9
6m 2  
15mv
3m  m  2 = =
3v  5  2v =
= 6m 2 3 p  2 (1  1 p) 2 ( x  3)  ( x  5)
15mv 2
2m  2 2 2mp x2  9
5v  5 5 =
= 6m 2 2
3p  2  p =
15mv 5
=
2mp 2x  6  x  5
m  1
v  1 = x2  9
= 3m 2 4p  2 2
3mv = x  11
2mp 2 =
x2  9
2p  1
=
mp
8
9
(9) BACIS MEASUREMENTS
(a) Length, mass
 1000  100  10  1000  1000  1000
km m cm mm tonne kg g mg
 1000  100  10  1000  1000  1000
(b) Volume of liquid
 1000
1 ml = 1cm3
l ml 
1 l = 1000cm3
 1000
(c) Time
 12 7  24  60  60
years months weeks days hours minutes seconds
 12 7  24  60  60
Convert hours to minutes

1 1 2 1
hour = 30 minutes hour = 20 minutes hour = 40 minutes hour = 15 minutes
2 3 3 4
3 1 1 1
hours = 45 minutes hour = 12 minutes hour = 10 minutes hour = 5 minutes
4 5 6 12
24-hour system
1.00 a.m. = 0100 7.00 a.m. = 0700 1.00 p.m. = 1300 7.00 p.m. = 1900
2.00 a.m. = 0200 8.00 a.m. = 0800 2.00 p.m. = 1400 8.00 p.m. = 2000
3.00 a.m. = 0300 9.00 a.m. = 0900 3.00 p.m. = 1500 9.00 p.m. = 2100
4.00 a.m. = 0400 10.00 a.m. = 1000 4.00 p.m. = 1600 10.00 p.m. = 2200
5.00 a.m. = 0500 11.00 a.m. = 1100 5.00 p.m. = 1700 11.00 p.m. = 2300
6.00 a.m. = 0600 12.00 p.m. = 1200 6.00 p.m. = 1800 12.00 a.m. = 2400
A service counter opens from 8.15 a.m. until A bus travelled from Keningau to Lawas at 8.10
5.30 p.m. daily. One day, the counter was 3
closed for 55 minutes owing to the breakdown a.m. The journey is expected to take 6
4
of the computer system. How long did the
hours but the bus reached Lawas 10 minutes
counter open on that day ?
earlier. Find the time, in 24 hour system, when
 duration = 17’ 30’  8’ 15’  0’ 55’ the bus reached Lawas.
= 8’ 20’ 3
 arrival = 8’ 10’ + 6 4  0’ 10’
= 8 hours 20 minutes = 14.75 = 14’ 45’ = 1445

10
(10) LINES AND ANGLES I, II
(a) Angles
Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Reflex angle
180 < x < 360

x = 90 90 < x < 180
x < 90
(b) Parallel ; perpendicular ; intersecting [ complementary, supplementary, vertically opposite ]
Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines Complementary angles Supplementary angles
B A
D a a
b
A b
C C D
B a is the comlementary of b a is the supplementary of b
AB parallel to CD AB perpendicular CD  a + b = 180
 a + b = 90
Vertically opposite angles Intersecting lines
a b
b b
a c a
d c
c
 a + b + c = 180
a = c and b = d  a + b + c = 360
R
S P
T I II III
Q 20 30 30 20 10
10 IV
30 U
20 70 50
V
P Q R S
Which of the following pairs of lines are
perpendicular to each other ? Which of the following lines is parallel to PQ ?
 PR and PU  II
B Q
A 75
P R y = ??
2x 30 C 3x 2x
20 y
D
O
 3x = 75
AOB and BOD are complementary angle,
x = 25
find the value of x.
 2x = 90 30  20  y = 180  3(25)  2 (25)
2x = 20 y = 55
x = 10
Example 6 :
Example 4 :
162
Given that 3x and 30 are supplementary x = ??
angles, find the value of x ? 2x
78
 3x = 180 30
3x = 150
x = 50  2x = 360 162  78  90
2x = 30
x = 15
11
(c) Angle associated with the parallel lines
Corresponding angles Alternate angles The sum of Interior angles = 180
a
b a b a b
c d c d c
d
a = c and b = d a = c and b = d a + d = 180 and b + c= 180
a a a
c c c b
b b
a+b=c a+b=c a+b=c
Example 1 :
 x = 60  30
30 70 x = ??  30 70
50 = 30
50 x
x
P Q 60 R
P Q R
Example 2 :
R S
R S
T
T 85
72 x
85  72 x  x = 85  54
x = ?? = 31
P Q
P Q 54
Example 3 :
P
P
10
10 x  x = 180  40
x x = ??
M
 L Q
M = 140
L Q 50 50
40
R
R
Example 4 :
J K
J K 35  x = 86  35
35 L 86
86 L x = ??  86
= 51
x
x M N
M N
Example 5 :
130
240  x = 180  110
130
240 x = ?? x = 70
x

240  130 = 110
12
(11) POLYGONS I, II
(a) Triangles
Equilateral Triangles Isosceles Triangles Right-angled Triangles Scalene Triangles
a 45
a
b b b 45 b
60
c
a
60 60
 a = 180  2b  a + b= 90
180  a c = a+b
 b=  a = 90  b
2
 b = 90  a
** the sum of the angles of a triangle = 180
Example 1 :
S
S
 40  x = 180  40  120
40 x = ??
x = 20
x P Q R
60 120
P Q R 1 2
Example 2 :
S
S
V x
 x = 60  50
V x STU is an equilateral  2
triangle, x = ?? 80 60 = 10
80 U
T
T U
1 50
Example 3 :
P 45 1
P
Q x Q  x = 180  2(65)
x
S 110
x = ??  S 110 = 50
R 65 2 R
Example 4 :
Q T
Q T 1 70
64 R  y = 180  64  70
64 R y
y y = ??  40 = 46
40 P 70 2
P S
S
Example 5 :
D
D 2 60 G
G F  x = 360  60  70  100
F x
x E = 130
E 100 x = ??  1 60
100
70
70 H
H J
J
13
(b) Rhombus
 All sides are equal in length.

b a  Opposite sides are parallel.
 Opposite angles are equal in size.
a  Diagonal bisect each other in right angle.
b
 a + b = 180
(c) Type of polygon
Name No. of sides No. of diagonals sum of interior angles = (n  2)  180

Triangle 3 0 180
Quadrilateral 4 2 360
Pentagon 5 5 540
Hexagon 6 9 720
Heptagon 7 14 900
Octagon 8 20 1080
Nonagon 9 27 1260
Decagon 10 35 1440
(d) Regular poylgons

360
Angle at centre =
 n
360
Exterior angle =
n

360 ( n  2)  180
Interior angle = 180  =
n n
 exterior angle + interior angle = 180

 sum of exterior angle = 360
Example 1 :
T
T P
P 60
60  110 S  x = 360  120  90  110
110 S x = ?? x = 40
x
Q R
Q R 120
Example 2 :
S
S T
T  3x = 540  112  90  110
U 2x
U 68
68 2x  110 R 3x = 228
110 R x = ?? P x x = 76
P x Q
Q 112
Example 3 :
M M
L L 130
x x  x = 720  90  130  190
N x = ??  N
 130  110
110 190 110 190
R 130 50 R 130 50 = 70
P O P O
Q Q
14
Example 4 :
D C
97 F
93 x = 360  93  97  130
x = ??

E = 40
B x
H
130 G
A
Example 5 :
R
R S Q
S Q O = 360
= 45
QOV = ?? 8  QOV = 45 + 60
O  T P
= 105
T P = 360
= 60
6
U V
U V
Example 6 :
Q R
Q R P S = 72
= 24
P S 3
 n = 360

n = ?? 72 24
72
= 15
O
O
Example 7 :
Q P
W 360
R y =
 8
S y X
V = 40
T U
Example 8 :
360
= = 60 1
P Q 3 30 P Q 6
x
R x = ??  x
R
 x = 180  30
120
V U U 2 = 150
V
T S T S
Example 9 :
 n = 360
P U
n = ??  P 30 U 30
T T = 12
Q 210 Q 210
R S R S
Example 10 :
R R 45
Q S
 Q S
135  n = 360
135 45
n = ?? P T
P T = 8
15
(12) PERIMETER AND AREA
(a) Perimeter
 total length of its edges.
Example 1 : 8 cm

6 cm  10 cm 6 cm
6 cm 
 
16 cm
16 cm
Perimeter of the shaded region
Perimeter of the shaded region = ??? = 8 + 6 + 6 + 16 + 10
= 46
Example 2 :  
12 cm 26 cm
 
12 cm 26 cm
 7 cm
 25 cm 
7 cm 
14 cm
Perimeter of the whole diagram
Perimeter of the whole diagram = ??? = 12 + 12 + 12 + 26 + 7 + 14 + 25
= 108
(b) Area
(i) Square (ii) Rectangle (iii) Parallelogram
Area = a  a b Area = a b b
a Area = ab
2
=a
a a
(iv) Triangle (v) Trapezium

a a
b b b b
h h a
a a a
b b h
1
Area = ab 1
2 Area = ( a  b)(h)
2
Example 1 :
4m  A = 6.5  8 = 52
4m
A
2.5 m  6.5 m
B 2.5 m
 B = 4  2.5 = 10
8m 4m 8m 4m  area = 52 + 10 = 62
area of the whole diagram = ???
Example 2 :
1
J J  JKMN = 2 (12 + 5) (20)
= 170
12 cm N  12 cm N 1
5 cm 5 cm  JKL = 2 (8) (12) = 48
K L M K L M 1
8 cm 12 cm  LMN = 2 (5) (12) = 30
20 cm
 JLN = 170  48  30 = 92
JK = LM, area of tiangle JLN = ???
16
Example 3 :
1
P 8 cm Q  PQRS = 2 (8 + 14) (10) = 110
6 cm 
10 cm T  PQTU = 8 (6) = 48
U
 area of shaded region = 110  48 = 62
S 14 cm R
area of the shaded region = ???
Example 4 :
P 12 cm
12 cm 5 cm
5 cm 13 cm
Q
R S  3 cm
100 cm2 10 cm
100 cm2
W V
U T  area of QRVW = 3 (3) = 9

area of QRVW = ???
(13) SOLID GEOMETRY I, II, III

(a) Nets of a solid
5 units
5 units
3 units
4 units 6 units
 
(b) Total surface area of a solid
(i) Cylinder (ii) Cone
2r
h  h l = r
r
r
r
Total surface area = 2r 2 + 2rh Total surface area = r 2 + rl
(iii) Sphere (iv) Hemisphere
r Total surface area = 4 r2 Total surface area = 3r2

r
17
Example 1 :
 a  a  a = 27
The volume of a cube is 27 cm3.
Find the total surface area of the  a=3
cube, in cm2.
 Total surface area = 6 [ (3)(3)] = 54
Example 2 :
 a  a = 49
F J 10 cm
 a=7
G H  total surface area
area of FGHJ = 49 cm 2, total = 2 [ (7)(7) ] + 4 [ (7)(10) ]
surface area = ???
= 378
Example 3 :
P 5 cm P 5 cm  total surface area
R R
4 cm
10 cm
Q 3 cm  10 cm
Q 3 cm
= 2[ 1
(3)(4) ] + (3)(10) + (4)(10)
2
+ (5)(10)
= 132
total surface area = ???
Example 4 :
1
V  (14)(14) + 4 [ 2 (14)(VT) ] = 868
196 + 28 (VT) = 868

S
R  28 (VT) = 868  196
T
P 14 cm Q 28 (VT) = 672
2
total surface area = 868 cm , VT = ? VT = 24
Example 5 : 2(
22
)(7)2 + 2 (
22
)(7)(h) = 748
7 7
308 + 44 (h) = 748

h cm
7 cm 44 (h) = 748  308
 44 (h) = 440
total surface area = 748 cm2, h =?
h = 10
Example 6 :
 total surface area
15 cm
7 cm  = (
22
7 )(7)2 + (
22
7 )(7)(15)
= 484
Example 7 :
 total surface area
7cm
 = 3(
22
7 )(7)2
= 462
Example 8 :
3 cm  total surface area

11 cm
8 cm  11 cm
8 cm = 2 (3)2 + 2  (3)(8) + (3)2
= 75
total surface area = ??? 
18
(c) Volume of a solid
(i) Cube (ii) Cuboid
Volume = a  a  a
c
3
Volume = abc
a =a b
a
(iii) Cylinder (iv) Semi-Cylinder
Volume = base area  h r 2 h

h h Volume =
= r2h 2
r r
(v) Cone (vi) Pyramid

1 1
Volume =  base area  h Volume =  base area  h
3 h 3
h 1 1
r = r2h =  ab  h
3 b 3
a
(vii) Sphere (viii) Hemispheres
4 3 2 3
r Volume = r Volume = r
3 r 3
(ix) Prism (x) Prism

t
t
b a
b b
h a b h
a a h a
h b h
Volume = base area  h Volume = base area  t
1 1
= ab  h = (a + b)(h)  t
2 2
Example 1 :  a  a = 16  [ TW  WV = 16 ]
P Q
S R a=4
T
U   4  RV = 12
W V
RV = 3
area of TUVW = 16 cm2, area
of SRVW = 12 cm2, volume = ?  volume
= (4)(4)(3)
= 48
Example 2 :
P
S P 13 cm  volume
S
 = [ 1
(5)(12) ] (13)
Q T T 2
R Q
5 cm R
U 12 cm = 390
U 12 cm
area of PQRS = 169 cm2, volume = ?
19
Example 3 :
W
P 1
[ (5 + 10)(3) ] (x) = 90
10 cm S T  2
5 cm 22.5 (x) = 90
Q V
3 cm U x=4
R x cm
volume = 90 cm3, x = ?
Example 4 : 22
 2( 7 )(r) = 22
r = 3.5
22 cm 14 cm 
cm cm
 volume
volume = ? 22
= ( 7 )(3.5)2(14)
= 539
Example 5 :
1
 3 (5)(8)(h) = 80
5 cm 
8 cm h=6
volume = 80 cm3, height = ???
Example 6 :   (r)(15) = 135

15 cm r= 9
12 cm
15 cm  volume
 9 cm
1
area of curve surface = 135 cm2, = 3  (9)2 (12)
volume = ??? 
= 324
Example 7 :
4
 3  (r)3 = 36
S
 r3 = 27
T U r=3
volume of each sphere = 36 cm3,  perimeter of STU

perimeter of STU = ??? = 3 (6)
= 18
Example 8 :
2
3 cm  volume of hemisphere = 3  (3)2 = 6
8 cm   volume of cylinder =  (3)2 (8) = 72
 volume of the solid = 6 + 72 = 78

volume of the solid = ??? 
Example 9 :  volume of cube = (8)(8)(8) =512

 volume of cylinder = (4)2 (h) = 16h
h cm  512 = 2 [16h ]

512 = 32h
8 cm 8 cm 8 cm 512
32 = h
volume of cube = total volume of the two similar
16
cylinder, h = ???, in term of   = h
20
(14) LINEAR EQUATIONS I, II
(a) Linear equation I
2x 1  2x = 73 3  7k
 12 2k  3 = k  2 (k  1) 2k =
3  2x = 73  1 5
2x = 36 2k  3 = k  2k + 2
10k = 3  7k
 2x = 72
36 2k  k + 2k = 2 + 3
x = 10k + 7k = 3
72
2 x = 3k = 5
2 17k = 3
x = 18 5
x = 36 k = 3
3 k =
17
(b) Linear equation II
3y  2 = 0, x – 9y = 4, x = ??? p + 5q = –11, p  3q = 13, q = ??? 2k  3m = 6, 7k + 3m = –9, k = ??
3y  2 = 0 x – 9y = 4 find q, eliminate p find k, eliminate m

3y = 2 3 2
x–9( ) = 4 2k  3m = –9
31 p + 5q = –11
2 + ) 7k + 3m = 6
y =  ) p  3q = 13
3 x6=4
x=4+6 5q  (3q) = 11  13 2k + 7k = 9 + 6
x = 10 8q = 24 9k = 3
24 3
q = k =
8 9
1
q = 3 k = 
3
2h + q = 4 (1), 4h + 3q = 10 (2), q = ??? 7x  5y = 45 (1), 2x + 3y = 4 (2), y = ???
find q, eliminate h  (1)  2 find y, eliminate x  (1)  2, (2)  7
4h + 2q = 8 14x  10y = 90
) 4h + 3q = 10  ) 14x + 21y = 28
10y  (+ 21y) = 90  28
2q  (+3q) = 8  10
10y  21y = 62
2q  3q = 2
31y = 62
q = 2
62
q = 2 y =
 31
y = 2
21
(15) SQUARES, SQUARE ROOTS, CUBES, CUBES ROOTS
(a) Squares, square roots ; cubes, cubes roots
Squares, Square Roots Cubes, Cubes Roots

3 3
12 = 1  1 =1 13 = 1  1 =1 (1)3 = 1   1 = 1
(1)2 = 1
3 3
22 = 4  4 =2 23 = 8  8 =2 (2)3 = 8   8 = 2
(2)2 = 4
3 3
32 = 9  9 =3 33 = 27  27 = 3 (3)3 = 27   27 = 3
(3)2 = 9
3 3
42 = 16  16 =4 43 = 64  64 = 4 (4)3 = 64   64 = 4
(4)2 = 16
3 3
52 = 25  25 =5 53 = 125  125 = 5 (5)3 = 125   125 = 5
(5)2 = 25
3 3
62 = 36  36 =6 63 = 216  216 = 6 (6)3 = 216   216 = 6
(6)2 = 36
3 3
72 = 49  49 =7 73 = 343  343 = 7 (7)3 = 343   343 = 7
(7)2 = 49
3 3
82 = 64  64 =8 83 = 512  512 = 8 (8)3 = 512   512 = 8
(8)2 = 64
3 3
92 = 81  81 =9 93 = 729  729 = 9 (9)3 = 729   729 = 9
(9)2 = 81
3 3
102 = 100  100 = 103 =1000  1000 (10)3 = 1000   1000 =
(10)2 = 100
10 =10 10
112 = 121  121 =

(11)2 = 121
11
122 = 144  144 =

(12)2 = 144
12
132 = 169  169 =

(13)2 = 169
13
(b) Squares, square roots ; cubes, cubes roots
Squares, Square Roots Cubes, Cubes Roots

3 3
0.12 = 0.01  0.01 = 0.13 = 0.001  0.001 = 0.1 (0.1)3 = 0.001   0.001 =
0.1 0.1
3 3
0.22 = 0.04  0.04 = 0.23 = 0.008  0.008 = 0.2 (0.2)3 = 0.008   0.008 =
0.2 0.2
3 3
0.32 = 0.09  0.09 = 0.33 = 0.027  0.027 = 0.3 (0.3)3 = 0.027   0.027 =
0.3 0.3
3 3
0.42 = 0.16  0.16 = 0.43 = 0.064  0.064 = 0.4 (0.4)3 = 0.064   0.064 =
0.4 0.4
3 3
0.52 = 0.25  0.25 = 0.53 = 0.125  0.125 = 0.5 (0.5)3 = 0.125   0.125 =
0.5 0.5
3 3
0.62 = 0.36  0.36 = 0.63 = 0.216  0.216 = 0.6 (0.6)3 = 0.216   0.216 =
0.6 0.6
3 3
0.72 = 0.49  0.49 = 0.73 = 0.343  0.343 = 0.7 (0.7)3 = 0.343   0.343 =
0.7 0.7
3 3
0.82 = 0.64  0.64 = 0.83 = 0.512  0.512 = 0.8 (0.8)3 = 0.512   0.512 =
0.8 0.8
3 3
0.92 = 0.81  0.81 = 0.93 = 0.729  0.729 = 0.9 (0.9)3 = 0.729   0.729 =
0.9 0.9
3
** a  a = ( a )2 = a2 =a ** 3
a  3
a  3
a = ( a )3 = 3
a3 =a
22
(16) RATIOS, RATES AND PROPORTIONS I, II
(a) Ratios of two quantities / proportions

x : y = 2 : 7  y = 28, x = ??? x : y = 5 : 7  x + y = 48, x = ??? x : y = 3 : 5  y  x = 12, x + y = ?
x : y x : y x+y x : y yx x+y

2 : 7 5 : 7 12 3 : 5 2 8
4 4 4 4 6 6
8 28 20 48 12 48
(b) Ratios of three quantities / proportions

x : y = 3 : 2 and y : z = 8 : 5 x : y = 2 : 5 and z : y = 1 : 3 x : y : z = 5 : 3 : 4
 x : y : z = ???  x : y : z = ???  if z = 16, x + y = ???
x : y y : z x : y z : y
x : y : z x+y
3 : 2 8 : 5 2 : 5 1 : 3 5 : 3 : 4 8
4 4 3 3 5 5
4 4
12 8 8 5 6 15 5 15
16 32
 x : y : z = 12 : 8 : 5  x : y : z = 6 : 15 : 5
(c) Rates
Example 1 : RM 0.70
 P= = RM 0.007 per gram
100 g
Q R
P  RM 0.90
 Q= = RM 0.006 per gram
150 g
100g 150g 200g
RM 0.70 RM 0.90 RM 1.20 RM 1.20
 R= = RM 0.006 per gram
200 g
price per gram for each pack = ???
Example 2 :
1
Duration Rate (RM)  6 2 hours
1
First hour 2.00 = 1 hour + 11 ( 2 hour)
1 
every additional hour 1.50
2  payment
= 2.00 + 11(1.50)
The table shows the rate for parking fee,
1 = 18.50
parks for 6 2 hours, payment = ???
Example 3 :
 580 units
First 100 units 20 sen per unit
= 100 units + 200 units + 280 units
Next 200 units 15 sen per unit
Remaining units 12 sen per unit   payment
= 100 (0.20) + 200 (0.15) + 280 (0.12)
The table shows the price rate for a product,
buys 580 units, payment = ??? = 83.60
23
Example 4 :
1
The diagram shows the basic fare of a taxi.  6 km = 12 ( 2 km)
RM 1.70   payment
1 = basic + km
For every subsequent 2 km, the taxi fare
= 1.70 + 12 (0.20)
increased by 20 sen. The total taxi fare for
a journey of 6 km is
= 4.10
(d) Conversion of units in speed

90 kmh1 = ?? ms1 900 m min1 = ?? kmh1 50 ms1 = ?? kmh1
90 km 90  1000 m 900 50
= km km
1h 1  60  60 s 900 m
= 1000
50 m
1 min 1
= 54 = 1000 = 180
= 25 ms1 h
1s 1
h
60 60  60
kmh1 kmh1
(d) Speed, Average Speed, Acceleration
dis tan ce dis tan ce

speed  time  distance = speed  time
time speed
total dis tan ce travelled final speed  initial speed

average speed  acceleration / retardatio n 
total time taken time
The distance between Kota Kinabalu and Ranau Ali drives at an average speed of 105 km/h
is 280 km. A bus started its journey from Kota from twon M to town N. The journey takes 3
Kinabalu to Ranau at 10.45 a.m. and reached hours. Ali takes 30 minutes longer for his return
Ranau at 2.15 p.m. on the same day. Calculate journey from N to M. Calculate the average
the average speed, in km/h, of the whole speed, in km/h, for the return journey.
journey.
 distance MN = 105 (3) = 315 km
 distance = 280 km
 time NM = 3’ 0’ + 0’ 30’ = 3’ 30’
 time = 14’ 15’  10’ 45’ = 3’ 30’
280 315
 aver. speed = = 80 km/h  aver. speed NM = = 90 km/h
3' 30'
3' 30'
The distance from Bangi to Melaka is 140 km. 40 km 150 km
A bus leaves Bangi at 0830 hour. Its average
speed is 80 kmh1. At what time, in the 24- P Q R
hour system, does bus arrive in Melaka ?
A taxi travelled from town P to town Q at an
140 average speed of 80km/h and from town Q to
 time = = 1.75 hours town R at an average speed of 100km/h. The
80
average speed, in km/h, for the whole journey is
 arrival = 8’ 30’ + 1.75 hours 40
 time PQ = = 0.5 hours
= 10.25 a.m. 80
= 10’ 15’ = 1015 150
 time QR = = 1.5 hours
100
40  150
 aver. speed = = 95 km/h
0.5  1.5
24
Sundati drives at a uniform speed at 60 kmh 1. Yong is driving at a speed of 100 km/h. He
After 40 minutes, he drive at a speed of 110 reduces the speed to 80 km/h in 30 minutes.
kmh1. Calculate the acceleration of her car, in Find the retardation of his car, in km/h2.
kmh2. 80  100
 acceleration =
110  60 0' 30'.
 acceleration =
0' 40'. =  40 km/h2
= 75 km/h2  retardation = 40 km/h2
(17) PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
c= a 2  b2  c2 = a2 + b2
c
a b= c2  a2  b2 = c2  a2
b a= c2  b2  a2 = c2  b2
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

a/b b/a C/c a/b b/a c/c a/b b/a c/c a/b b/a c/c
3 4 5 5 12 13 7 24 25 8 15 17
6 8 10 10 24 26 14 48 50 16 30 34
9 12 15 15 36 39
12 16 20 20 48 52
15 20 25
Example 1 :
P 17 cm P 17 cm
15 cm  2h = 39  15
Q R 8 cm 1

2
Q R
2h = 24
h cm
h cm h = 12
T
T
QR = 16 cm, PT = 39 cm, h = ???
Example 2 :
2 cm 2 cm 2
Y R
S Y 10 cm R  PX = 15  8
S
6 cm
9 cm  6 cm 8 cm
3
PX = 7
X 9 cm
X 15 1cm
P 12 cm Q
P 12 cm Q
PX = ???
Example 3 :
S 28 cm R S 28 cm R
25 cm  PQ = 28 + 7
25 cm
24 cm  24 cm 24 cm
PQ = 35
7 cm
P Q P Q
PQ = ???
25
(18) GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Perpendicular bisector AB Perpendicular to AB and passing Perpendicular to AB and passing

through P through P
3
1 2 4
4
P
2 3 1
1
A B 1 1 A B
1 2
A P B 2 3
Bisector of  ABC  ABC = 60  ABC = 120
3 4
1 A C 3 C
2 1 2
2
B 4 1
3
1 C A B A B
 ABC = 30  ABC = 90  ABC = 90
6
4 C
5 3 C 4 5
C 2 1
2 3 3
4
2
A B
A 1 B 1
A B
 ABC = 45  ABC = 75  ABC = 67.5

9
C 9
6
7 C
4 5 7 4
7 8
8
C 6
2 3
4
3
5 2 5 2
6
3
1
A B 1 A B 1
A B
Parallelogram ABCD Rhombus ABCD, Parallel to AB and passing

with  ABC = 45 through Point P
7 4
C 5
D 4 C 12 8 6 7
D 3
8
3 1 5 2
9 10
2 6
1
11
1
5
A B A B 1 A B
2 3
26
(19) COORDINATES
(a) Coordinates
y
y
4 y-axis
P
2  ( 0, y)
y
x
4 2 2 4 Q2 Q1
2 x
Q ( , + ) ( +, + ) ( x, 0)
4 x  x-axis
( ,  ) ( +,  )  lies on y-axis, x-coordinate = 0
P (1, 3), Q (4, 2) Q3 Q4
 lies on x-axis, y-coordinate = 0
Origin (0, 0)
(b) Distance, Midpoint
Distance = ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 
Midpoint, (x, y) =  , 
 2 2 
Example 1 :
y  PQ parallel to x-axis, its y-coordinate similar.
P (6, 3) Q (2, 3)
3  y=3  Distance PQ = 2  (6) = 8
 6  2 
x  Midpoint of PQ =  , 3  = (2, 3)
6 2  2 
Example 2 :
x = 3 y  PQ parallel to y-axis, its x-coordinate similar.

Q (3, 5) 5  Distance PQ = 5  1 = 4
P (3, 1) 1  1 5 
x  Midpoint of PQ =   3,  = (3, 3)
 2 
3
Example 3 :
 Distance PQ = (9  1) 2  [ 4  ( 2) ]2
y
= 100
P ( 9, 4) = 10
 9  1 4  ( 2) 
x  Midpoint of PQ =  , 
 2 2 
Q (1, 2) = (5, 1)
Example 4 :
 k  (2) = 6  2  k = 6
The distance between P (5, k) and Q
k+2=6 k = 8
(5, 2) is 6 units. Find the possible
values of k.
k =4 k = 8
Example 5 :
2 y
y 1 9  = 8
 = x 2
R (9, y) 2
2 + y = 16
Q (x, 8) 5 = x
P (1, 2) y = 14
O x
x = ???, y = ???
27
(20) LOCI IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Type 1 ~ from a fixed point  A circle locus

r
Example :
 Locus of Z given that ZL = 3 cm  A circle with centre L and radius 3 cm
 Locus of Y such that it is 3 units from R  A circle with centre R and radius 3 units
 Locus of P such that MP = DC  A circle with centre M and radius DC
 Locus of M that is constantly 3 units from the (2, 1)  A circle with centre (2, 1) and radius 3 units
Type 2 ~ from two fixed points  A perpendicular bisector of a line segment locus
Example :
 Locus of Y, given that YJ = YK  The perpendicular bisector of the line JK
 Locus of Q such AQ = BQ  The perpendicular bisector of the line AB
 Locus of P such that it is equidistant from point Q and T  The perpendicular bisector of the line QT
 Locus of Z such that its distance from point E and H is the same  The perpendicular bisector of the line EH
Type 3 ~ from a straight line  Two straight lines that are parallel to a line segment locus
Example :
 Locus of P such that it is 2 units from MK d
 Two straight lines that are parallel to MK with perpendicular distance, 2 units
d
 Locus of Y such that Y is always 3 units from MN
Two straight lines that are parallel to MN with perpendicular distance, 2 cm
 Locus of P such that its perpendicular distance EG is always 1.5 cm locus
 Two straight lines that are parallel to EG with perpendicular distance, 1.5 cm
Type 4 ~ from two intersecting lines  Angle bisector

Example : locus
 Locus of H such that it is equidistant from QR and QP Angle bisector of PQR
 Locus of X moves in such a way that it is always equidistant from EF and EH  Angle bisector of FEH
 Locus of Z such that its perpendicular distance from PQ and QR are the same  Angle bisector of PQR
 Locus of P such that PAC = PAD  Angle bisector of CAD
Type 5 ~ from two parallel lines  a parallel line locus

Example :
 Locus of Z such that it is equidistant from lines PT and QU [ PT parallel to QU ]
 a parallel line in the middle of lines PT and QU
 W moves such that it is equidistant from the straight lines PS and QR [ PS parallel to QR ]
 a parallel line in the middle of lines PS and QR
(21) CIRCLES I, II
(a) Part of a Circle
radius centre minor sector

minor arc
major
segment
diameter
major sector
chord major arc major segment
28
(b) Circumference / Perimeter and Area
A
r r A
r r
O  O 
O O B
B
(a) the circumference / perimeter of circle = 2r (a) the area of circle = r2
 
(b) the length of arc AB =  2r (b) the area of sector AOB =  r2
360 360
288 P Q
P 21 cm 14 cm
35 cm
T S R
Q
perimeter of the whole diagram = ?
length of minor arc PQ = ??? perimeter of the shaded region = ?
 angle of sector = 60
 angle of minor sector  arc PSQ
 arc PQ
= 360  288 = 72 60 22 = 180
(2)(
22
)(14) = 44
= (2)( )(21) = 22 360 7
360 7
 arc PQ  perimeter
= 72
(2)(
22
)(35) = 44  perimeter
360 7 = 44 + 14 + 28 + 14 = 100
= 22 + 21 + 21 = 64
P U
Q O
42 3.3 cm S
O 6 cm
45 54
Q 7 cm T
R
area of the shaded region = ??? 
radius = ???
ST = 2QS, area of sector UST = ??
42 22
 angle of major sector
 360 (2) ( 7 ) (r) = 3.3 = 360  54 = 306
 UST = 45, ST = 14
r = 3.3 
42
360 2
22
7  area  area
45 22 306
= ( )(14)2 = 77 = () (6)2 = 30.6
r = 4.5 360 7 360

Q P It is given that a circle has a
circumference of 44 cm.
O Calculate its area, in cm2.
P R x
14 cm O
35 cm Q 22
 2( 7 ) (r) = 44
PQ = QR, area of the shaded 22
region = ??? r = 44  2  7
area of the shaded region
 area of circle = 1540 cm2, x = ??? r = 7
22 2
= 7 (7) = 154 x 22
 360 ( 7 )(35)2 = 1540  area
 area of triangle PQR
1 22 22
= 1
(14)(7) = 49 x = 1540    = ( 7 )(7)2 = 154
2 360 7
 area of the shaded region 352

= 154  49 = 105 x = 144
29
(c) Properties of angle in a circle, cyclic quadrilaterals
a a
O O a
 a = b = 90
O O
a
O b 2a 2a
2a
a
a a O a O
a a
b b a a 2a
a
a c  a + b = 180 a 2a
O
 a=e
d b  c + d = 180
e a

M P
P
155 U
P Q
O
O KL M R
y 50  y = ???
N Q R
S
PO = 8 cm, POQ = 18 cm,
PQ = 24 cm, KL = 5 cm, KR = ??
MPN = ??
 SOU = 180  2(50) = 80
 OQ = 18  8 = 10 = OM  PK = 12 =  POR
 PL = 13 = LM = MR  y = 360  155  80  80
 MP = 6 = 45
 KR = 5 + 13 + 13 = 31
 MPN = 2 (6) = 12

Q
J 60  x = ??
 x = ??
O  x = ??? 2x x
96
15
O x 80 P R
K x S O
L 60 M 180 96
 OQR = 2 = 42
N  x + 80 = 120
 PQR = 90
 JKL = 60 x = 120  80  3x = 90  42
 JKO = 60  15 = 45 3x = 48
x = 40
= KJO x = 16
 x = 60 + 45 = 105
S  x = 70 P
P 70  QPS = 70
 y = SPQ = 100
O
80 R 30 x  QOS = 220
x y  x + y
Q 110 S  x = 360  70  30  220
= 70 + 100
Q = 40
= 170 R
x + y = ??? x = ???
30
(22) TRANSFORMATION I, II
 x
(a) Translation  
 y
Example :
 x
y+ Image = object + trans.  
x imaje  y
 +  4 
x object translation   Object = image + trans.
y 2
  x 
 
 y
(b) Reflection

y y y
object object object
4 x
x
4 image image
x
A reflection in the line x = 4 A refelction in the line y = 4 A refelction in the x-axis
Example 4 : Drawing line of reflection
y
object
x P
N
P
A reflection in the y-axis N
(c) Rotation
Determine centre and describe

object image object
image
C
C
C object
image
A rotation of 180 about
An anticlockwise rotation of A clockwise rotation of 90
the centre C
90 about the centre C about the centre C
31
(d) Enlargement
length of image
scale factor, k = area of image = k2  area of object
length of obejct
Example :
QR = 1 cm, QR = 3 cm and the area of PQR = 5 cm2,
P area of PQR = ???
P
Q 3
Q k = area of PQR = 32  5
O 1
R = 3 = 45
R
Drawing image / determine centre / describe
object
image
P P C
C
An enlargement at centre C with a scale factor of 2 An enlargement at centre C with a scale factor of
1
3
(23) ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE
1 1 1 5m  p
5(h  4) + = , v = ???  m  7, m = ?
= 7, h = ??? v u f 3
g
1 1 1
= 
5h  20 = 7g v f u 5m  p  3m = 21
1 u f
5h = 7g + 20 = 5m  3m = 21 + p
v fu
2m = 21 + p
7 g  20 fu
h v =
u f 21  p
5 m=
2
2  g m = 5  3n2, n = ???
T (1  L )  3, g = ???
L= , T = ??? h
T  3 3n2 = 5  m
LT  3L = T  LT 2 g
= 32
h 5m
LT + LT  T = 3L n2 =
2 g 3
2LT  T = 3L = 9
h
T (2LT  1) = 3L 5m
2 + g = 9h n
3
3L
T = g = 9h  2
2L  1
32
(24) STATISTICS I, II
(a) Solving problems involving frequency table, pictograph, line graph, bar chart, pie chart
The table shows the scores obtained by a group The table diagram is a pictograph showing the
of students in a game. number of cakes sold in three months.
Score 3 4 5 6 January   
February    
Frequency 92 28 m 34
March  
A prize will be given to the student who obtained April
score more than 4. Given that the number of  represents 10 cakes
students who did not receive any price is twice
The price of one cake is RM18. The total sale
the number of students who received prizes.
from those four month is RM2250. Calculate
Find the value of m.
the number of cakes sold in April.
 92 + 28 = 2 (m + 34)
 number of cakes sold = 2250  18 = 125
120 = 2 (m + 34)
60 = m + 34  number of cakes in April = 125  9 (10)
26 = m = 35
Number of pupils
18 Sales of satay (thousand sticks)
16
12
14 10
64
12 8
10 6
8 4
2
6
0 Day
Tues.
Mon.
Wed.
Thurs.
4 Fri.
Satur.
Sun.
2
0 Year
2001 2002 2003 Given that the price of a stick of satay is 20 sen,
calculate the sales on Thursday.
Girls Boys
Calculate the difference between the total  number of sales on Thursday

number of boys and the total number of girls = 8 (1000) = 8000
over the three years  total sales on Thursday
= 8000 (0.20) = 160
 number of girls = 10 + 12 + 15 = 37
 number of boys = 12 + 16 + 11 = 39
 difference = 39  37 = 2
Village Number of students

P Q Judo
P 10 80 Taekwondo y
Q 8 100
120 2y 150
R 13 60
S R Karate
S 5
Which angles of the sectors are correct ? The Karate club has 300 members. How many
members are in the Taekwando club ?
 total students = 10 + 8 + 13 + 5 = 36
10 8  3y = 360  150  150  300
 P = 36  360 = 100  Q = 36  360 =
3y = 210 140  ?? (taek.)
80 y = 70
13 5  taekwando
 R = 36  360 = 130  S = 36  360 =   taekwondo = 140 300
= 150  140 =
50
280
 correct = P and Q
33
(b) Mode
Mode = the value of data with the highest frequency
6, 7, 7, 11, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 11, 8 Score 2 4 6 8 10
 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 11, 11, 11, 13, 14 Frequency 3 15 7 12 9
mode = 11 mode = 4
Score 0 1 2 3 4 Score 0 1 2 3 4
Frequency 1 3 7 x 5 Frequency 1 7 0 x 2
mode = 2, the maximum value of x = ??? mode = 3, the minimum value of x = ???
x<7  x =6 x>7  x =8
(c) Median
Median = the middle value when a set of data is arranged in ascending order
5, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7, 1 24, 23, 12, 19, 16, 17
 1, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7  12, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24
median = 5 17  19
median = = 18
2
Example 3 :
Number of books 1 2 3 4 5
Number of pupils 3 0 1 5 6
 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5
median = 4
Example 4 : 8 14 1 11 x 3
8 14 11 1 x 3
.
Saiz of shoes 1 2 3 4 5
8 + 14 = 11 + x + 3 8 + 14 + 11 = x + 3
Number of students 8 14 12 x 3
22 = x + 14 33 = x + 3
8=x 30 = x
median = 3, range of x = ???
 8  x  30
(d) Mean
sum of all the values of data sum of (value  frequency )

mean = mean =
the number of data total frequency
68, 62, 84, 75, 78, 89 Mark 74 78 82 86
Frequency 5 10 2 3
68  62  84  75  78  79
mean =
6 74 (5)  78 (10)  82 ( 2)  86 (3)
mean =
= 76 5  10  2  3
= 78.6
34
(25) INDICES
(a) Table for numbers power of n
n −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1
2= 5=
1 1 1 42 25 2
2 8 4 2 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
1 1
3= 6=
3
1 1 1
1 3 9 27 81 243 729
92 36 2
27 9 3
1 1
1 1 1 4= 7=
5 125 25 5 1 5 25 125 625 3125 16 2 49 2
1 1 1 1
6 216 36 6 1 6 36 216 1296 ** = a
a 2
(b) Indices and law of indices
▪ an
0
= a  a  …………  a ( n times of a )
▪
a
m
n =  n a  m
= n
am
▪ a = 1
1 1 ▪ am  an = am + n
▪ a n = , a n = ,
an a n am
▪ am  an = = am  n
n n an
a
=  
b
▪  
b a ▪ (am)n = (an)m = amn
n
1 an a
▪ n = n
a ▪ an  bn = (ab)n,  
a b n b

1 3 1 1
32  18 2  2 2 = ??? 3 2  12 2 k4  k
= ??? = ???
= 32  (2  9)
1

3 2 k 2
2 2 2
8 3
3
1
= k 4 + 1  (2)
2
= 3  (2  3 ) 1 2
1
2  2 2 36 2
= 2
) = k 4+1 +2
= 3  2
2 1
2  3  2 1 3
2
23 ( 3
6 = k7
= 3 2+1
 2
1 + 3 = 2
2 2 2
= 33  22 6
=
= 27  4 4
= 108 3
=
2

2
(3f 5g)2  (f 4) 3  f 2 g7 = ??? 3x  1 = 81 16n  1 = 2n (8 3 )
= 9 f 10g2  f 12  f 2 g7 3x  1 = 34 2 4 (n  1) = 2n ( 23(

2 )
3 )
= 9 f 10 + (12)  (2) g 2  7 x1 =4 2 4n  4 = 2n ( 22)

2 4n  4 = 2 n + 2
10 12 + 2 5
= 9f g x = 4+1
4n  4 = n + 2
= 9 f 0 g 5 x = 5 4n  n = 2 + 4
3n = 6
= 9g5 6
n=
3
n= 2
35
(26) SCALE DRAWINGS
Scale = size of drawing : size of actual object
Example 1 :
1600 600 1000
= 8, = 3, =5
16 m 200 200 200
1600 c m
6m  600 cm
10 m 1000 cm
Scale = 1 : 200  Scale = 1cm : 200 cm
Scale = 1 : 3

Scale = 1 : 1
2
 Scale = 2 : 1 
A plan is drawn according to a scale of By using the scale of 1 : 50000, Adrian draws a
1 : 200. If the length of a hall is 20 cm, the highway on a map. If the actual length of the
actual length of the hall in m, is highway is 16 km, find the length of the highway
on the map.
 1 cm (D)  200 cm (A)  16 km = 1600000 cm

20 cm  ??
 1 cm (D)  50000 cm (A)
200 ???  1600000 cm
 actual = 1  20 = 4000 cm = 40 m
1600000
 map / drawing = 50000  1 = 32 cm
Example 6 :
The diagram shows the plan of a house drawn in 3 cm 7 cm

the shape of a rectangle.
10 cm 4 cm A D
6 cm
2 cm B C
A D
6 cm
 4 cm 3 cm 3 cm
2 cm B C
 6 cm  10 cm (D)  12 m  20 m (A)
3 cm
???  6 m  8 m ??
The dimension of the house is 12 m by 20 m.
Which of the following rooms labelled A, B, 6 8
 drawing = ( 12  6) cm  ( 20  10) cm
C and D, has a dimension of 6 m by 8 m ?
= 3 cm  4 cm (A)
36
(27) LINEAR INEQUALITIES
(a) Linear inequalities in one variable
(a) x (b) x
3 2 3 2
 x < 3  x = ……, 6, 5, 4  x  3  x = ……, 5, 4, 3.
(c) x (d)
3 2 3 2
 x > 2  x = 3, 4, 5, ……  x  2  x = 2, 3, 4, …….
(e) x (f) x
3 2 3 2
 3 < x < 2  x = 2, 1, 0, 1  3 < x  2  x = 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
(g) x (h) x
3 2 3 2
 3  x < 2  x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1  3  x  2  x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
(b) Solving inequalities in one variable

x
x+3<5 x35 2x < 5  5
2
x<53 x5+3 5
x<2 x<
x8 2 x  10

2x < 5 2x  5 x x
5 5 < 5 5
2 2
x> x
2 2 x  10
x > 10
5 5
x>  x 
2 2

4  2x  10 2 2 m
x + 2 <   1  2m  4
 2x  10  4 7 7 2
 2x  6 2x + 14 < 2 m + 2  4m +8
6 2x < 2  14 m 3m  8  2
x  2 2x < 16 2m  6
x  3 x < 8 m  3
3x 3  5  x < 4, x = ???
2x + 1  19 and  9, x = ???
4
2x + 1  19 3x
<9 3  5  x 5x<4
4
2x +  18 x5+3  x < 1
3x < 36
x 9 x8 x > 1
x < 12
9 12 1 8
x = 9, 10, 11 x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
37
(c) Linear inequalities involving minimum and maximum value

min .
[min.] = min. + min. [min.] = min.  max. [min.] = (min.) (min.) [min.] = max .
max .
[max.] = max. + max. [max.] = max.  min. [max.] = (max.) (max.) [max.] = min .
Given that 5  x < 8 and 9 < y  13. If x and Given that 2 < x < 5 and 3 < y < 10. If x and
y are integers, find the minimum value of y  x. y are integers, find the maximum value of xy.
 x = 5, 6, 7  x = 3, 4
 y = 10, 11, 12, 13  y = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 minimum value of y  x  maximum value of xy
= 10  7 = 3 = (4)(9) = 36
(28) TRIGONOMETRY
(a) Trigonometrical ratios
O O
sin  = sin  =
H H
H
 O A A
 cos  = cos  = 
H H
A O O
tan  = tan  = 
A A

A G P
13 cm
5 cm x 4 cm x
x 
B C D Q R 4 cm S
D E 2 cm F
tan x = ??? QS = 12 cm, tan x = 0.8, sin  = ?
cos x = ???
 BD = 12 cm  tan x = 0.8  PQ = 13
4
 BC = 6 cm  cos x = 
2
PS = 0.8 5
4  sin  = 13
6
4 = 0.8 PS
 tan x = 5 = 
1
5 = PS
2
5 3
E sin x = 13
, cos y = 5
,
(a) sin  = ? T
15 cm (a) tan x = ???
H (b) tan EFG = 3
, EH = ? (b) PQR = ???
26 cm
4 y Q
 ? P R
x
24 cm F 5 cm
G
S
3 5 3
 HG = 10 cm  tan EFG = 4  sin x = 13  cos y = 5
EG 3 5 5
10 = = PQ
= 3
 sin  = 26
24 4 PS 13
15 5
EG = 18 PS = 13
= 5 PQ = 9
13  QR = 12
 EH = 18  10 = 8  PQR = 9 + 12 = 21
5
 tan x = 12
38
(b) The values of trigonometric ratios of 30, 45, and 60
 sin  cos  tan 
1
30 1 3
3 2
45
2 2 30 2
2 3
1
45 1 1 1 60 45

2 2
1 1 1
3 1
60 2
3
2
(c) Convert ‘degrees’ to ‘degrees and minutes’ and vise versa [ 1 = 60 ]
25.8 = 25 + 0.8 18
74 18 = 74 60 
= 25 + (0.8  60)
= 25 48 = 74.3
(29) GRAPH OF FUNCTIONS

(a) Graph of Functions
Linear Functions
y Example 1 : Example 2 :
a y y
c
b 6
x 2
O
y = mx + c m = a x
b O 2
 2
y x 2
3 O
a
c
b 6 2
x  m= = 2, c=6  m=  = 1, c = 2
O 3 2
y = mx + c m = a
b  y = 2x + 6  y = x  2

Quadratic Functions Cubic Functions
Example 2 :
y y y
y
3
2
x
x x O
O x O
O  y = x3
 y=x 2
 y = x3 + 2
 y = x2 + 3
(b) Functions
x 2 1 2
The point (3, 11) satisfies the function y 5 1 3
A. y = x2 + 5  x = 3, y = (3)2 + 5 = 14 The function is
B. y = x + 2  x = 3, y = (3) + 2 = 11
2 2 A. y = 4x + 1  x = 2, y = 7
B. y = 3x + 1  x = 2, y = 5; x = 1, y = 4
C. y=x+8  x = 3, y = 3 + 8 = 5
C. y = 2x  1  x= 2, y= 5; x= 1, y= 1; x= 2, y= 3
D. y = 4  x  x = 3, y = 4  (3) = 7 D. y = x  1  x = 2, y = 3

Whole Numbers: Digit Place Value Digit Value Round Off To Nearest

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Whole Numbers: Digit Place Value Digit Value Round Off To Nearest

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

[ SM. ST.

PETER TELIPOK ] [ LEE CHIONG TEE ] [ PMR MATHEMATICS FORMULAE ]

(b) Rules of combined operations

(2) NUMBERS PATTERNS AND SEQUENCES

Factor Prime Factor LCM HCF

Fractions, Proper Fractions, Eqauivalent Fractions Mixed Number, Improper Fractions

(b) Arrangements  ascending order, descending Order

Type Example Ascending Order (S  L) Descending Order (L  S)

(b) Addition and subtraction

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 1: Example 2 :

(c) Multiplication and division

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 1 : Example 2 :

Digit Place value Digit Value Round off to nearest

(b) Convert fractions to decimals

(c) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Example : Example : Example : Example :

Fraction  Percentage Decimal  Percentage

(c) Simple Interest, dividend, commission

 total payment = 720  12 = 8640

 80 %  24 (sell)  130 %  650 (sell)

(c) Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

Addition / Subtraction Multiplication Division

Note : Note : Note :

Example : Example : Example :

(7) ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS I, II, III

(b) Computations involving algebraic expressions

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 : Example 4 :

(c) Expanding brackets

Example : Example : Example : Example :

Example : Example : Example : Example :

Example 1 : Example 1 : Example 1 : Example 1:

Example 2 : Example 2 : Example 2 :

Example : Example : Example : Example :

(8) ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS

Example 1 : Example 2 : Example 3 : Example 4 :

1 (3v) 5  2v 1 (3m) m  2 2 x5

 1000  100  10  1000  1000  1000

 1000  100  10  1000  1000  1000

(b) Volume of liquid

years months weeks days hours minutes seconds

Convert hours to minutes

= 8 hours 20 minutes = 14.75 = 14’ 45’ = 1445

Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle Reflex angle

180 < x < 360

(b) Parallel ; perpendicular ; intersecting [ complementary, supplementary, vertically opposite ]

Parallel Lines Perpendicular Lines Complementary angles Supplementary angles

Vertically opposite angles Intersecting lines

(c) Angle associated with the parallel lines

Corresponding angles Alternate angles The sum of Interior angles = 180

a = c and b = d a = c and b = d a + d = 180 and b + c= 180

a+b=c a+b=c a+b=c

Equilateral Triangles Isosceles Triangles Right-angled Triangles Scalene Triangles

** the sum of the angles of a triangle = 180

 All sides are equal in length.

(c) Type of polygon

Name No. of sides No. of diagonals sum of interior angles = (n  2)  180

(d) Regular poylgons

 exterior angle + interior angle = 180

(i) Square (ii) Rectangle (iii) Parallelogram

(iv) Triangle (v) Trapezium

area of the whole diagram = ???

U T  area of QRVW = 3 (3) = 9