Space System 2002 2003

POST GRADUATE COURSE
IN SATELLITE CNS
CNS 07 : SPACE TECHNOLOGY
SPACE SYSTEMS
F. RAYNAUD-MARTIN
Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

2002-2003
SPACE SYSTEMS
t Mission
t Definitions
q Satellite
q Ground Control System and Services
q Launcher and Services
q Training
t Telecommunication satellites
q Design trade-offs
q Design constraints
t Earth observations satellites
t Examples : Worldspace system

MTSAT System

2002-2003
A LARGE DIVERSITY OF
APPLICATIONS

2002-2003
SATELLITE COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER
TRANSMISSIONS MEANS

2002-2003
HISTORY
In 1945, Arthur Clarke published an article in the magazine Wireless World in which he
presented the feasibility of an international telecommunication network based on three
geostationary satellites. At that time, nobody had the intuition to feel that, within a few
decades, satellite communication would develop enormously : the available technology did
not allow envisaging the economic exploitation of space ressources, and existing
communication systems were limited to a restricted number of telephone channels. The
invention of the transistor in 1948 by three research workers at Bell laboratories, and its
subsequent large scale use in electronic equipment design, from high capacity computers
to light and reliable guidance systems, provided an important contribution to the rise of
space technology.
From the end of the 1950’s, satellites could be launched at first into low orbit like SCORE
(1958), and then into geostationnary orbit. But the satellite telecommunications are really
began in the night of July 10 to 11, 1962, with the first transatlantic television link between
the Andover (USA) and Pleumeur Bodou (F) ground stations.

2002-2003
HISTORY (ctd)
The World Administrative Radiocommunications Conference (WARC) in 1963 ratified

definitively this new means of communication by assignment of dedicated frequency bands. In
1964, at the initiative of United States, INTELSAT was created with the objective of «providing
the most extensive satellite telecommunication service to all regions of the world with the most
efficient and economical means as possible».
The real commercial exploitation phase began in 1965 with the launch of «Early Bird», the first
INTELSAT satellite in orbit. Since then, numerous satellite generations have followed one
another, allowing large countries or those with dispersed populations to implement modern
telecommunications infrastructures very quickly. Many other countries use satellite
communications to complement their existing terrestrial transmission networks. In March
1991, INTELSAT satellites were assuring one half of the intercontinental telephone trafic and
almost all of the television traffic.
In parallel with the technological evolution, system performance has increased at the expense
of higher complexity, illustrated by the most recent INTELSAT satellites presently in service
compared to their precursor, Early Bird : capacity has grown from 240 to
100 000 telephone circuits, lifetime as increased from 18 months to 13 years, but in-orbit
mass in geostationary orbit is now 2 500 kg instead of 40 kg.

2002-2003
ARABSAT II
t Communication satellite
t 22 C-band + 12 Ku-band
channels
t 12 years lifetime/15 years ergo

capaciby
t 2 280 kg launch mass for 12

years
t Geostationnary
t 3-axis stabilized

2002-2003
GEOSTATIONNARY ORBIT
t Advantages
q One satellite views 42% of earth’s surface
q Satellite «synchronized» with earth
q Earth station antennas are stationary
q Many standard designs already in use
t Disadvantages
q Requires high transmit power to compensate distance
q Satellite cannot cover latitudes greater than + 77°
q Satellites need active orientation and stabilization

2002-2003
LOW EARTH ORBITS (LEO)
t Advantages
q Earth stations need saller antennas then GEO
q Satellites require lower transmit powers (about 30 dB less) than GEO
q Propagation time better than GEO
q Can cover polar regions if orbits chosen properly
q May not need active stabilization and orientation
t Disadvantages
q Each satellite has small area of coverage
q May require many satellites and inter-satellite links
q May require handoff of trafic from satellite to satellite
q Earth stations must have tracking or omnidirectional antennas

2002-2003
ORBIT OF INTEREST
t Globalstar
q 48 satellites constellation
q 8 planes of six satellites each
q 1 414 km high, circular orbit
q 52° inclined orbit
q 113 minutes period for any
given satellite
q Patterns uniformly distribute
satellites around the earth at all
times
q Hand-over of traffic from
satellite to satellite

2002-2003
ORBIT OF INTEREST
t Spot
q 800 km high quasi-circular
orbit
q 98°7 inclined quasi-polar orbit
q 100 minutes period
q Every 26 days, hence 369
orbits, the satellite maps again
a given earth area under
constant angle and sun
illumination, guaranteeing
repetitivity of pictures

2002-2003
SOME SPECIAL FEATURES OF SATELLITES
t Allow access to very large coverage (up to 42% of earth visible from
GEO location) and quich deployment of service
t Performance independent of geographical relief and distance
t High autonomy of control operation with no maintenance
t High reliability of service and good protection

t High flexibility of traffic operation
q Links from anywhere to anywhere within a given coverage
q Frequency channels and coverage allocation reconfigurable in orbit
t Very well suited for direct-to-home broadcast on a large scale

2002-2003
WHAT IS A SPACE SEGMENT ?
Platform
Platform or
or Bus
Bus
Satellite
Space Payload
Payload
segment
TCR
TCR // SCC
SCC
and Stations
Stations
Platform or Bus
associated
Operations
Operations
services
Satellite/Launcher
Satellite/Launcher
interfaces
interfaces
Launcher
Launcher and
and
launch
launch services
services
Launcher
Launcher && launch
launch
services
services
Training
Training

2002-2003
IN SOME WORDS

2002-2003
SATELLITE ARCHITECTURE
t Two parts :
t The platform or bus

q The «Housekeeping» functions
t The payload «repeater» + «antenna»
q Tailored to provide the mission desired
Another breakdown for communication satellites :
t Service module «Housekeeping» hardware

t Communication module «Repeater» hardware on a «U»
shaped structure
t Various appendages Antenna reflectors and feeds

Solar arrays

2002-2003

2002-2003

2002-2003
GROUND CONTROL SYSTEM AND
SERVICES
Platform
Platform or
or Bus
Bus
Satellite
Satellite
Space Payload
Payload
segment
TCR
TCR // SCC
SCC
and Stations
Stations
Platform or Bus
associated
Operations
Operations
services
Satellite/Launcher
Satellite/Launcher
interfaces
interfaces
Launcher
Launcher and
and
launch
launch services
services
Launcher
Launcher && launch
launch
services
services
Training
Training

2002-2003
TYPICAL GROUND CONTROL SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE

2002-2003
GROUND SYSTEM SITUATION
GROUND SYSTEM
Business Mission Control
Segment Segment Segment
Ground Communication Network

Multi-Services
Station
Local
Station
Main
Station
High
Home Bit Race
Telephony Receiver Data
VSAT
Telex Station Videoconf
TV &
Fax Telephony Data Telephony
Network Radio TV / Telephony
Network
Studios Radio Telex
Data Telex
Broadcaster
TV Fax Fax
Hifi Radio Data Data

AUDIO-VISUAL
DOMESTIC COMMUNICATION BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION SERVICES SERVICES COMMUNICATION SERVICES

2002-2003
WHAT IS A GROUND CONTROL SYSTEM
A Ground Control System must be installed to control and monitor the

spacecraft when on station. It includes :
t A telemetry, Command and Ranging (TCR) station providing :
q Links between the Satellite Control Center (SCC) & the satellites,
q Comprehensive Monitor & Control System (MCS) for full remote
control of the TCR stations from the Satellite Control Center
t A Satellite Control Center (SCC) providing :
q Total satellite command & monitoring capacity during all mission
phases
q Station keeping analysis & operations
q Ranging to determine satellites location
t A Communications System Monitoring (CSM) providing :
q Routing payload monitoring
q Communication carriers monitoring
q In-Orbit Test (IOT) facilities

2002-2003
TYPICAL SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Backup GCS
TCR/IOT
Station SCC
Nominal GCS
IOT TCR/IOT
SCC Station HUB
CM&C NCC
HUB
DSS CM&C Ground Communication Network
MCS MCC CSMN BCC Business Control Center

BCS Business Control Segment
CM&C Central Monitoring & Control
CSME Communication System Monitoring Element
CSME CSMN Communication System Monitoring Node
HUB DSS Dynamic Satellite Simulator
GCS Ground Control Segment
IOT In Orbit Test
MCC Mission Control Center
BCS MCS Mission Control Segment
BCC NCC Network Control Center
SCC Satellite Control Center
TCR Telemetry Command & Ranging

2002-2003
Launcher and Launch services
Platform
Platform or
or Bus
Bus
Satellite
Satellite
Space Payload
Payload
segment
TCR
TCR // SCC
SCC
and Stations
Stations
Platform or Bus
associated
Operations
Operations
services
Satellite/Launcher
Satellite/Launcher
interfaces
interfaces
Launcher and
launch services
Launcher
Launcher && launch
launch
services
services
Training
Training

2002-2003
LAUNCHER AND LAUNCH SERVICES
t Selection depends on :
q Type of orbit on which the satellite is to be delivered
q The mass and type of satellite (volume occupied, attitude, ...) to be
injected on that specific orbit
q The launch vehicles that can meet conditions above, their
availability at a given time and reliability record
q The pricing policy (price depending on mass, roughly
proportional, «choice of companion» if dual launch or
more, ...)
q Services provided (e.g. satellite station acquisition, initial attitude
and spin rate, ...)
q Other factors such as injection sequences, accuracy, mechanical
stresses, ....
q Political aspects (Proton, Long March, ....)

2002-2003
MAIN LAUNCH VEHICLES
Ariane 4 (Europe) Atlas 1 & 2 (USA) Proton (CIS) Long March III A (China)
GTO GTO Direct into GEO GTO
i = 7° i = 19.8° i = 19°
2000<m<4200 kg m1 = 1900 kg m(GEO) = 2500 kg m = 1800 kg
m = spacecraft launch m2 = 2600 kg
mass

2002-2003
NEWER LAUNCHERS INTO A CROWDED
MARKET

2002-2003
Satellite Fundamentals
Platform
Platform or
or Bus
Bus
Satellite
Satellite
Space Payload
Payload
segment
TCR
TCR // SCC
SCC
and Stations
Stations
Platform or Bus
associated
Operations
Operations
services
Satellite/Launcher
Satellite/Launcher
Launcher and interfaces
interfaces
launch services
Launcher
Launcher && launch
launch
services
services
Training

2002-2003
SATELLITE FUNDAMENTALS
t In 1980, about 80% of telecommunication satellites were spinners

t As spacecraft masses increase, the trend is toward body-stabilized

satellites, since large spinners make less efficient use of their
structural mass and solar cells.
F This applies only to telecommunication satellite in GSO plans for

LEO and MEO satellites includ spinners and body-stabilized satellites
and also unstabilized stellites.

2002-2003
SATELLITE FUNDAMENTALS
Dual spin versus 3-axis spacecraft
DUAL SPIN 3-AXIS (bias momentum)
- High angular momentum - Full efficiency of the solar array

- High manoeuvrability
ADVANTAGES
- Few thrusters - Antenna & payload

- Spin averaged temperatures (for the accommodation
bus only) - N-S panel can be used for
- Tank draining thermal control of the payload
- Independent motors dor the 2
wings of the solar panel
- Poor efficiency of solar array
- Angular momentum achieved
- Single point of failure for BAPTA
DISADVANTAGES
through momentum wheel

- Limited growth potential
- Poor efficiency of the thermal - PMD necessary for tank
control of the despun part (payload) draining
- Manoeuvrability
- Number of thrusters
- Electrical BAPTA’s interface (RF&DC)
- Deployment mechanisms for GS
and antenna

2002-2003
THE DESIGN TRADE-OFF
t The space segment definition is derived from a trade-off between

payload, platform and Ground Control Systems architectures, with the
following constraints :
q Missions requirements
q Launcher compatibility
q Space environment
t For a communications satellite, it results into key parameters such as :
q Coverage area(s)
q Quantity of channels
q Frequency band(s) and orbital location(s)
q Satellite radiated RF power over the coverage (EIRP)
q Launch mass and lifetime

2002-2003
KEY PARAMETERS FOR A
COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ARE
t Coverage area(s)
t Frequency band(s) and orbital location(s)
t Satellite radiated RF power over the coverage area(s) (EIRP)
t Quantity of channels
t Launch mass and lifetime

2002-2003
1 - Coverage area determined by :

t Technical constraints
t Political/economical consideration.
It will result in fixed or steerable antennas for global and/or spot
beams coverage

2002-2003
2 - Frequency bands :
t Ku-band (14/12 GHz) :
q Feasible high power density ;
q Most appropriate for new services (small stations) :
− TV broadcastin direct to communities & to homes
− VSAT & services with stations at user’s premises
− Availability of conventional services compatible with climatic
conditions
t C-band (6/4 GHz) :
q Limited power density
q Unfavourable to new services (larger antennas - possible interference
with terrestrial transmissions)
q Easy continuity of services
The selected frequency plan will depend on the frequency bands, the
polarization(s) and the orbital location(s) and result from an interference
trade-off.

2002-2003
3 - Satellite Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) :

t Power density on ground must allow small earth stations on user
premises.
In consequence satellite EIRP over the coverage area should be
typically :
q In Ku-band : about 50 dBW to 56 dBW
q In C-band : about 38 dBW to 40 dBW

2002-2003
4 - Quantity of channels
t Different if using C-band, Ku-band, both bands
t Function of scope of services
t Limited by satellite’s size/cost constraint
5 - Satellite lifetime
t Typically 7 to 15 years today
t Determined by the satellite’s ability to stay in its orbital location
t Thus determined by amount of Station-keeping fuel onboard
t Result of trade-off with the mass of other components, such as
batteries, redundant transponders

2002-2003
SATELLITE DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
t Mission requirements
The RF design of the payload number of channels, power, frequencies, in-orbit
reconfigurability, ... is a direct consequenc of the mission. Payload characteristics having a
direct impact on the overall design of the satelite are mass and dimensions, electrical power
consumption, the quantity of heat to be evacuated, and various implantation and operational
requirements.
Mission specifications also include ideas of system availability and operating lifetime. Impacts
are on the use of batteries (eclipse operations), number of satellites, the quantity of on-board
propellant for station-keeping maneuvres, and on the hardware reliability (reliability of
individual equipement, redundancy schemes to avoid «single-point failures».
For a given mission, the direction in which antennas or certain equipment (imagers for
example) are oriented is of primordial importance. This impacts the geometrical precision with
which the satellite is constructed on the ground and the accuracy with which thermal and
mechanical deformation analyses are performed. On-board electro-mechanical pointing
devices are ofter included in the satellite design. The satellite always includes an «attitude
control system» to ensure that the entire satellite is oriented accurately in the proper direction.
This systme may use the small station-keeping thrusters for certain maneuvres, but if over
employed they will reduce the life of the satellite (reduction of propellant availabe for station-
keepint).
Usually, attitude control is assured by speeding up or slowing down on-board gyroscopic
«momentum wheels».

2002-2003
t Launch systems
The choice of launch vehicle has an obvious impact on satellite design. Relatively simple
calculation yields the acceptable satellite mass (launch capacity of the launch vehicle for the
required orbit), electrical/mechanical interfaces («mating» the satellite to the launcher) and
dimensions (size of launch vehicle fairing). The satellite may be made more compact in launch
configuration by folding antennas and solar arrays for deployment once transfer or final orbit is
reached. Much more complicated analyses are required to evaluate the impact of the actual
launch process on the structural design : static loads, dynamic loads (accelerations) and
vibrations (mechanical and accoustic). In some cases, the scenario may be complecated by more
than one satellite being launched by the same launch vehicle.
The launch sequence also has its constraints. In general, a satellite for operation in geostationary
orbit is first launched into an elliptical geosynchronous transfer orbit whose major axis is equal to
the diameter of the desired circular orbit. So, the satellite carries an Apogee motor which is fired
at apogee to circularise the orbit and reach the desired station.
The Space Shuttle inserts satellites into a relatively low orbit (290 km) so upper stages are
required to boost the satellite into higher orbits. A Perigee stage (SSUS D, or PAM D) propels the
satellite with its incorporated Apogee motor into elliptical geosynchronous transfer orbit, and is
then discarded. The apogee motor then circularises the orbit. Because the Shuttle is a manned
launch vehicle, safety requirements, particularly concerning satellite propellant storage, are
extremely servere.
Satellite maneuvres are forbidden in close proximity to the Shuttle to avoid polluting it.

2002-2003
t Transport, Handling and Storage

The satellite is designed so that stresses due to transport, handling and
storage are less severe than those that will be encountered during launch
and operation. In addition, all operations of this type are very carefully
controlled to assure that specified limits are not exceeded.
t Launch environment
The environmental constraints associated with the launch have alreaday
been described above under Launch Systems. These constraints are
specified in documents provided to the satellite Prime Contractor by the
builder of the launch vehicle.
Launch constraints on satellite design are dimensioning for mass, volum,
rigidity and mechanical strength. The environmental tests performed on
the complete satellite after integration are essentially designed to prove
that the satellite can be launched without damage.

2002-2003
t In-Orbit Environment
The orbital environment is aggressive, and repairs are not possible except for very low altitude satellites
(several famous Space Shuttle interventions).
Once in orbit, a satellite must be capable of operating for its design lifetime without the Earth’s
atmosphere to protect it against harmful radiations and particles, micrometeorites, and satellite and
launch vehicle debris. This implies, for example, the careful selection of radiation-resistant electronic
components, and adequate shielding.
Because of the aggressive orbital environment, the efficiency of the solar panels (the satellite’s source of
electrical power), for example, drops appreciably during the life of the satellite, so the design criterion is
end-of-life power rather that beginnin-of-life power.
For other equipment, redundant equipment may be used to avoid single-point failure.
Thermal control of the satellite is also of primordial importance. In the vacuum of orbit, heat cannot be
evacuated to space connection. So, a thermal control subsystem, consisting of external radiators, heaters,
and reflective insulating «blankets» is provided. This subsystem collects excess heat from highly-dissipative
equipment such as power amplifiers, and radiates it into free space through the radiators on the outside of
the satellite. The heaters are essentially for delicate equipment, particularly for eclipse periods when the
satellite is in Earth’s shadow and so receives no heat from the sun. The thermal control subsystem is
completed by reflecting, thermally insulating «blankets» on much of the satellite’s outer surface.
The dimensioning of this thermal control system impacts the overall satellite mass, dimensions, and power
requirements.

2002-2003
KEY PHASES FOR A SPACE PROGRAM
Satellite Program different phases

2002-2003
EARTH OBSERVATION APPLICATION
t Earth Orbit provides unique view of Earth (and its environment)

t Consecutive and consistent data sets are collected by observation
from space for :
q Monitoring and understanding global environment change
(clouds coverage, ...)
q Monitoring the natural ressources and pollution (crops, forestry
growing and earth evaluation, ...)
q Scientific research (e.g. measurements fo wave heights ....)
q Performing terrain analysis for civilian and military purpose (3D
mapping, followi-up of vehicles movement, ...)
q Serving the economy (water ressources inventory and allocation,
...)

2002-2003
HOW THE PLANET IS OBSERVED FROM
SPACE ?
t Space observation uses remote sensing instruments (or sensors) for

measuring electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected by an
object
t Two classes of remote sensors are used :

q Passive sensors, which collect reflected or emitted radiation
Examples :
− cameras
− radiometers, frequency scanners
q Active sensors, which emit electrommagnetic radiations and
collect the scattered radiation by objects :
− scatterometers
− altimeter
− rain or clouds radar, ...

2002-2003
SPACE OBSERVATION SYSTEM BRIEF
DESCRIPTION
t Data issued from space sensors are either transmitted immediately to

ground stations via a telemetry communication link or stored on
board for play-back transmission
t After acquisition by station, data are controlled, processed, archieved

and distributed to «end users»
t The space system mission is controlled and managed by a dedicated

center

2002-2003
SPACE OBSERVATION SYSTEMS
ARCHITECTURE
Satellite
Orbit
Mea
TM sure Ground
men
ts acquisition
stations
Sensors
Control
Control
Data
Processing processing
Archiving
Satellite
and
mission control Network Data
distribution
End users

2002-2003
ASTRA 1K

2002-2003
STENTOR

2002-2003

Space System 2002 2003

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Space System 2002 2003

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

POST GRADUATE COURSE

CNS 07 : SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

t Examples : Worldspace system

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

The World Administrative Radiocommunications Conference (WARC) in 1963 ratified

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

t 12 years lifetime/15 years ergo

t 2 280 kg launch mass for 12

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

t High autonomy of control operation with no maintenance

t High reliability of service and good protection

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

t The platform or bus

t Service module «Housekeeping» hardware

t Various appendages Antenna reflectors and feeds

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Ground Communication Network

Hifi Radio Data Data

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

A Ground Control System must be installed to control and monitor the

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

DSS CM&C Ground Communication Network

MCS MCC CSMN BCC Business Control Center

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

t In 1980, about 80% of telecommunication satellites were spinners

t In 1993, about 40% of telecommunication satellites were spinners

t As spacecraft masses increase, the trend is toward body-stabilized

F This applies only to telecommunication satellite in GSO plans for

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Dual spin versus 3-axis spacecraft

DUAL SPIN 3-AXIS (bias momentum)

- High angular momentum - Full efficiency of the solar array

- Few thrusters - Antenna & payload

through momentum wheel

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

t The space segment definition is derived from a trade-off between

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

t Satellite radiated RF power over the coverage area(s) (EIRP)

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

1 - Coverage area determined by :

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

Post graduate course in satellite CNS CNS 07 - 1 ENAC

3 - Satellite Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) :