Republic of the Philippines

DAVAO DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE

Matti, Digos City, Davao del Sur
ESSC 123 TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES IN ELEMENTARY GRADE
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Prepared by: Prof. Ariel C. Balio Jr., LPT

I. Theories on the formation of Philippines

A. Geographical Location
1. Land Bridge Theory
 Theorized that the Philippines was once part of mainland Asia. It was a land
mass aging the Asian continent to Indonesia, New Guinea up to the Australian
Continent.
2. Volcanic Origin
 Proposed by Dr. Bailey Willis
 Philippines came into existence after eruption of volcanoes beneath the
Pacific Ocean.
3. Legend of Mu or Lemuria
 Both Philippines and Indonesia were then part of the Pacific Continent called
Mu or Lemuria, which sunken during the prehistoric period.
 Influenced by the legend of the lost continent of Atlantic.
4. Legend of Manaul
 A mythical bird
5. Continental Drift Theory

B. Peopling of Islands
1. Creation Theory
 Biblical Account – Genesis 1;1-4
2. Migration Theory
 Proposed by Henry Otley Beyer
 First - Dawnmen (through land bridge)
 Second – Aetes or Negritos (through land bridge)
 Third – Indonesian 9through boats)
 Fourth – Malays (through boats)
3. Evolution Theory – Charles Darwin
4. Sikalak and Sibkahay – malakas at maganda

Archipelago’s Name

Year Name
1521 Early Chines Traders Ma-I (Mindoro)
1543 Ferdinand Magellan Islas de San Lazaro
(Archipelago of St. Lazarus
(Samar, Visayas)
1751 Fr. Lopez de Villalobos Filipinas (in honor of Prince
of Asturias) (Leyte)
 1896 Dr. Jose Rizal Pearl of the Orient Seas
American Period Philippine Island
1946 Republic of the Philippines
Artemio Ricarte Rizaline Republic
Ferdinand Marcus Maharlika
 July 04, 1946 – Philippine American Friendship Day
 June 12, 1878 – Independence Day declared by Emilio Aguinaldo

II. Pre-Colonial Philippines (no colonizer yet)

A. Government
 Barangay is the pre-colonial political unit which is composed of 30 to 100
families.
 Datu or Raja chieftain ruler of the Barangay or in the Muslim Community.
 The Datu exercise executive, legislative and judicial powers.
B. Economic
 Hunting, gathering and Barter system – gold, salt, rice (medium)
 Industry – ironworking, boatbuilding, pottery, weaving, gold working.
 Agriculture – subsistence farming, horticulture.
 Trade and commerce – foreign and domestic.
C. Social Class
 The social ranks were as follows:
1. The datu class or the ruling class
2. The Maharlika or the aristocracy (rich)
3. The timagua (pronounced “TIMAWA”) of the common class
4. Alipin (also known as uripon among the Visayans) or the dependent class.
 The Boxer Codex, an anonymous late 16th century manuscript mentioned
that only men were qualified of the title. The datus power depends upon the
faithfulness of his followers.
 The Maharlika were believed to be the descendants of mixed marriages
between a ruling dynasty and one out of power.
 The Timawa class enjoyed their right to a portion of the barangay land.
 An Alipin was a man indebted to another.

Two types of Alipin

1. Aliping Namamahay (householder) alipin with land rights. He owned a
house. He came at his master’s call to work on the field and do other services.
2. Aliping Sagigilid – were members of the master’s household who ate from
other master’s pot.
D. Education
 Writing system – Baybayin
 Training consisted of:
- Informal Education through apprenticeship
- Domestic chores and practical/occupational honing of skills in honing
farming. Etc.
- Theoretical/moral and spiritual awakening, worship, laws, codes
 Education aimed for:
- Survival and conformity
 - Enculturation
- Result of individual experiences/by product of the accumulation of race
experiences.

III. Hispanization of the Philippines (Spanish time)

 The fifteen and sixteenth centuries brought an era of worldwide exploration
and expansion that resulted from the desire to gain new lands, power, goals of
the Europeans for their expansion can be summarized into God, Gold, and
Glory (3Gs)

Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines

A. Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese)

 Magellan led an expedition for Spain to Moluccas by sailing west.
 Accompanying him were Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet captain),
Antonio Pigafetta (chronicler), Duarte de Barbosa (Magellan’s
brother-in-law) and his Malay salve Enriquec of Malacca (acting as
interpreter).
 Five ships of Magellan: Trinidad, Conception, Santiago, San Antonio,
and Victoria.
 March 16, 1521 – they saw island of Samar
 Has blood compact with Rajah Kolambu.
 Such expedition brought him into a group of islands which they called
Archepilago of St. Lazaruz (later renames Philippine after King
Philip II of Spain)
 They anchored on Homonhon and later sailed to an islet south of
Leyte where they celebrated the first mass on March 31, 1521. While
Magellan was killed in a battle with Mactan chieftain Lapu-Lapu, nevertheless
his expedition paved the way for the eventual colonization of the Philippines
by Spain.

Other Spanish Expedition in the Philippines:

 Loaysa Expedition (1525-26) by Father Juan Gracia Jofre De Loaysa

 Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) by Sebastian Cabot
 Saavedra Expedition (1527-1528) by Alvaro de Saavedra
 Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by Ruy Lopez de Villalobus

B. MigueL Lopez de Legaspi (1st Spanish Governor General in the

Philippines)
 In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived to establish a permanent
settlement in the Philippine Island.
 He concluded blood compact with Sikatuna, chief of Bohol, then a
treaty of friendship with Raja Tupas of Cebu where the first Spanish
settlement (San Miguel) was established it was later renamed Santissismo
Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus)
 Further colonization was made in the Visayas and up North. De Golte fortified
Manila which was under Sulayman, a Muslim chieftain, in 1571, Legaspi
established Manila as capital of the Philippines.
 1. Political Changes
 Government was centralized for 250 years. Philippines was
administered through the Council of Indies, which transmitted to the
Governor General of the Philippines the royal decree that severed as the guide
in administration of the country.
 Spaniard implemented reduccion plan of Fr. Juan de Plasencia,
which required the natives to live in the area near the church.

Governor General

 The King’s official representative to the colony.

 Issues superior decrees
 President of the Audiencia which is the highest court on the colony.
 Vice Royal Patron in the Philippines which means that he can appoint minor
officials and parish priest.
 Commander-in-chief of the armed forces
 Cumplase – the right of the governor to suspend the operation of a Royal
Decree coming from the King if in his opinion said order would not be
beneficial to the colony. The usual formula in exercising the right to cumplase
was: - I obey but do not comply.

Checks to Gobernatorial Powers:

 Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia, established in 1583 to act as the

Supreme Court of the Colony, served as advisory body to the governor and
audited the expenditures of the government.
 Residencia, judicial institution headed by the incoming governor general
and other Spanish officials for the purpose of punishing those guilty of
corruption, but the case may be appealed to the King for clemency
 Visitador-general, investigator sent by the King or an official dispatched by
the Council of Indies in Spain to check the behavior of the high officials in the
colony.
 Provincial governments started with encomiendas which were
rewards given by the Spaniards who helped in the pacification of the country.
Encomienderos were empowered to collect taxes, protect and
convert native to Catholicism. Due to abuses perpetrated by
encomienderos, encomiendas were abolished and replaced by a system of
provincial governments.
- Provinces are called Alcaldia headed by Alcalde Mayor for
pacified areas and Corregimentos headed by Corrigidors for
unpacified areas.
- Cities are called Ayuntamiento headed by two alcalde
- Towns are called Pueblos headed by Gobernadocillo
- Barangays were retained and headed by a cabeza de barangay.

2. Economic Policies

 Mostly characterized by monopoly that favored/benefited the Spaniards.

 a. Taxation – started as tribute of 8 reales (about one peso). This was
abolished in 1884 and personal cedula poll tax based on income was
instituted for residents 18 years of age and above.
b. Forced labor/ Polo y Servicio – male form 16 to 60 years were required to
render service to government for 40 days supposedly with daily allowance and
food ration, but the polistas (laborers) were made to work without daily
allowance and meager food ration.
c. Encomienda – became the source of corruption of officials, particularly in
the sharing of product between encomienda, workers and landowners.
Encomienda means land granted to deserving Spaniards who served the
government.
d. Galleon Trade of Manila – Acapulco Trade products coming from Manila
were shipped to Acapulco – Mexico on trade vessels called galleons and sold
the government exact tax collection and regular performance of forced labor.

3. Tobacco Monopoly

 Started by Jose E. Vargas

 The colonial government controlled every aspects of tobacco in the
Philippines. The government determined the plantation site, set a quota on
the quantity to be planted and harvested by the farmers, and the amount to be
paid from them.
 Lasted for 100 years.

4. Religion Influence

 Considered as the greatest legacy of Spain to the Philippines was Catholicism

 This was made possible by the work of the early missionaries:
1. Augustinians
2. Franciscans
3. Jesuits
4. Dominicans
5. Recollects
6. Benedictines

5. Culture and Society

“Festival and Holidays”

 January – New Years Day

 March or April – Semana Santa
 Oct. 31 to Nov. 2 – Day of the Dead
 Dec. 24 – Nochebuena
 Dec. 25 – Christmas

6. Education

 Training was done formally through the:

a. Parochial schools established such as the colegios, beatenios, and
seminaries
  Education was considered a status symbol, a privilege and not a
right.
 Teaching was done through
a. Dictation and memorization
b. Other techniques such as moro-moro and cenakulo.
 The media of instruction used were
a. Spanish with indigenous language
b. Doctrina Christiana – first book published.
 Educational Decree of 1863 – introduced a system of public education
that opened opportunities to Filipinos for higher learning.
 Fr. Manual Blanco – first scientist in the Philippines. The Prince of
Botanist, wrote Flora de Filipinas which was published in 1837. This book
identified 1,2000 kinds of plants in the country.
 Education was controlled by Friars. Religious orders founded the first
school and colleges. University of Sto. Tomas was the first university
founded in 1611.
- University of Sto. Tomas – oldest school
- College of San Ignacio – first college for boys in 1589
- College of Santa Potenciana – first college for girls in 1594.
7. Racial Hierarchy
 Penisulares – full-blooded Spaniards born in Spanish.
 Insulares – full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines
 Tornatras – person of mixed Spanish, Chinese and Austronesian ancestry.
 Mestizo de Español – person of mixed Spanish and Austronesian
descent.
 Mestizo de Sangley – person of mixed Chinese and Austronesian
ancestry.
 Sangley – full-blooded Chinese
 Indio – full-blooded Austronesians.
 Colegio de san Ildefonso – 1st oldest school
 Colegio de san Jose – 2nd oldest school
 UST – 3rd oldest school, first university
 Illustrados- Filipino Educate class.

IV. The Birth of Filipino Nationalism

A. Early Resistance to Spanish Rule

REVOLT IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Lakandula and Sulayman Lavesari’s disregard of Legazpi’s promise
that Spain would recognize the patrimonial
lands of Kings of Tondo
Magalat’s Revolt Magalat’s encouragement of the people pf
Cagayan to rebel against the Spanish
government.
Sumoroy’s Rebellion Government’s enforcement of the order to
send people of Palapag, Samar to work in
 the shipyard of Cavite.
Maniago’s Revolt Hatred of banala and resentment of the
frequent recruitment of Pampanganos to
cut timber for the construction of Spanish
galleons.
Diego Silang’s Revolt Silang’s resentment of his imprisonment
due to his request for the abolition of the
hatred tribute in Vigan.
Gabriela Silang’s Revolt Assassination of her husband, Diego Silang
Palaris Revolt Hatred of the excessive tribute and abusive
officials from Binalatongan which inspired
him to rally the people against Spain.
Basi (wine) Revolt Prohibition of the drinking of home-made
wine in Pidding, Ilocos Norte, owing to wine
monopoly.
Tamblot’s Revolt Tamblot’s exhortation that people of Bohol
return to their old faith.
Bankaw’s Revolt Bankaw’s encouragement of the people of
Limasawa to defend their traditional
religion.
Tapar’s Revolt The killing of followers of Tapar’s religious
cult by the friar of Oton, Panay
Dagohoy’s Revolt (Longest Revolt 85 years) The liquidation of Fr. Guiseppi Lamberti
and other Spanish priest triggered by the
refusal of the church to give Christian burial
to Francisco Dagohoy’s brother.
Revolt of Hermano Pule Persecution of the followers of the Cofradia
de San Jose founded by Apolonio del Cruz.

B. Growth of Filipino Nationalism

 Nationalism – (devotion to or advocacy of national unity and
independence) developed due to the following factors:
1. Spread of Liberalism – when Spain gradually exposed the Philippines
to the international commerce in the late 18th and early 19th centuries,
liberal ideas from Europe filtered in.
2. Racial Prejudice – the Spaniards commonly regarded the Filipino
natives as belonging to the “inferior race” and called them indios.
3. Secularization Controversy
4. Cavity Mutiny of 1872
a. A rebellion against Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo under the
leadership of Sergeant Lamadrid.
b. February 17, 1872 – execution of GomBurZa, by the order of
Gov. Gen Izquierdo.
 Campaign for reforms started with the formation by the middle class of a
propaganda movement calling for the assimilation of the Philippine to
Spain.

C. Propaganda Movement
  A peaceful campaign for reforms geared towards changing the political
and social order on the country under the Spanish rule.
 Aims of Propaganda:
a. Make the Philippines a province of Spain
b. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards.
c. Wanted representation in the Spanish Cortes.
 Triumvirate of Propaganda Campaign (peaceful campaign
writing)
- Marcelo H. Del Pilar
- Graciano Lopez Jaena
- Jose P. Rizal
 La Solidaridad – The organ of Propaganda edited by Marcelo H. del
Pilar
 Diariong Tagalog – nationalistic newspaper edited by Marcelo H. del
Pilar.
 Jose Rizal – writer of propaganda movement.

D. Colonial Period: Propagandist

 Graciano Lopez Jaena – publisher of La Solidaridad “Fray Botod”
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar – the editor and co-publisher of the La
Solidaridad and wrote under the name “Plaridel”
 Antonio Luna – wrote for La Solidaridad under name “taga-ilog”
 Jose Maria Panganiban – wrote La Solidaridad under the name
“Jomapa”
 La Solidaridad was established on February 15, 1889.
 Jose Rizal – Dimasalang at Laun-Laan
 Apolinario Mabini – Paralitiko “Brain of Revolution”
 Andres Bonifacio – Agapito Bagumbayan
 Mariano Ponce – tikbalang, Naning at Kalipulako
 Juan Luna – Potacio, Spoliaruim
 Jose Dela Cruz – Husengsisiw
 Pio Veluenzuela – Madlang-awa
 Melchora Aquino – Tandang Sora, Mother of Katipunan
 Emilio Jacinto – Dimas-Ilaw, Brain of Katipunan
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar – Plaridel at Dolores Manapat
 Graciano Lopez Jaena – Diego Lura

E. La Liga Filipina
 A civic society of Filipino patriots organized by Rizal when he arrived in
Manila from Europe.
 Aims of Organization
a. To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and homogenous
organization
b. Mutual protection in every want and necessity
c. Defense against all violence and injustice
d. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce; and
 e. Study the application of reforms.

F. KKK (Kataastasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng

Bayan)
 A secret society founded on July 7, 1892 by Andres Bonifacio and a
handful trusted friends who met in the house of Deodato Arellano.
 Aims of KKK
a. Political
b. Civic
c. Moral
 First set of officers of the Katipunan Supreme Council
- Andres Bonifacio – Supreme Leader
- Ladislao Diwa – fiscal
- Valentin Diaz – treasurer
- Teodoro Plata – secretary
 Roman Basa – replaced Arrelano in 1893. Not satisfied with the
performance of Basa, Bonifacio decided to assume the presidency of the
Katipunan.
 Andres Bonifacio
a. Supremo ng Katipunan, Father of the Revolution, Great Plebeian
b. Wrote a Decalogue or Ten Commandments titled Katungkulang
Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan to lay down the guidelines for good
citizenship.
 Emilio Jacinto
a. Brain of Katipunan
b. Wrote the famous Katilya or Primer
c. Newspaper: Kalayaan
 Gregoria de Jesus
a. Bonifacio’s wife, was called the Lakambini of the Katipunan.
 Katipunan Membership

Category Password
First Grade Katipun Anak ng Bayan
Second Grade Kawal GomBurZa
Third Grade Bayani Rizal

“Stay positive, work hard and make it happen.”