A

Seminar Report

On

“ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM"

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2018-19

Submitted by

AMAN SINGH

1650540007

ME 3rd year Vth semester

Seminar Guide

MR.ASHUTOSH VERMA

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Allenhouse Institute of Technology

Rooma Kanpur
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Wish to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and thanks to my supervisor Mr.
Ashutosh Verma in conceptualizing this report.
I also thanks to all the staff members of the department who helped me directly or indirectly
in completing this work.
Working on the topic “ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM” has been a wonderful experience
for me.

AMAN SINGH

1650540007

ME 3rd year
 UNDERTAKING
I declare that the work presented in this topic entitled "ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM",
submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Allenhouse Institute of Technology,
Kanpur, for seminar I under Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering, from
Abdul Kalam Technology University, Lucknow.

AMAN SINGH

1650540007

M.E. 3rd year

 CERTIFICATE

This is certified that AMAN SINGH (1650540007) has carried out the project work presented
in this report entitled “ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEM” for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering from Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
under my supervision. The studies are carried out by the student himself and the contents of
the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to
anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

Mr. Ashutosh Kumar Verma

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Allenhouse Institute of Technology
Rooma, Kanpur

Date: NOV 2018

 ABSTRACT
An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on aircraft and
on land vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, trucks and buses. ABS operates by preventing the
wheels from locking up during braking, thereby maintaining tractive contact with the road
surface.
The role of the ABS is to control the wheel speed in order to prevent the wheel from locking
and to assure a maximum braking force. This is of major importance when the runway is
slippery or very short. The ABS commands the brake pressure as a function of the difference
the measured and the reference wheel speed.
 CONTENT
1. Introduction……………………………………………………….

INTRODUCTION
An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety anti-skid braking system used on
land vehicles and aircraft.ABS operates by preventing the wheels from locking up
during braking, thereby maintaining tractive contact with the road surface.

ABS is an automated system that uses the principles of threshold braking and cadence

braking which were once practised by skilful drivers with earlier non-ABS braking systems.
ABS operates at a very much faster rate and more effectively than most drivers could
manage. Although ABS generally offers improved vehicle control and decreases stopping
distances on dry and slippery surfaces, on loose gravel or snow-covered surfaces, ABS may
significantly increase braking distance, while still improving steering control. Since ABS was
introduced in production vehicles, such systems have become increasingly sophisticated and
effective. Modern versions may only prevent wheel lock under braking, but may also alter the
front-to-rear brake bias. This latter function, depending on its specific capabilities and
implementation, is known variously as electronic brakeforce distribution, traction control
system, emergency brake assist, or electronic stability control (ESC).

COMPONENTS OF ANTILOCKING BRAKING SYSTEM

There are four main components of anilocking braking system are as follows:

1.  Wheel speed sensors

2.  Valves

3.  Pump

4. Contoller

WHEEL BASED SENSOR

 A speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or deceleration of the wheel. These
sensors use a magnet and a Hall effect sensor, or a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic
coil to generate a signal. The rotation of the wheel or differential induces a magnetic field
around the sensor. The fluctuations of this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor.
Since the voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel, this sensor can
become inaccurate at slow speeds. The slower rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate
fluctuations in the magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the controller.

VALVES
There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On some systems, the
valve has three positions:

1. In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder is passed right
through to the brake.

2. In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from the master
cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further should the driver push the
brake pedal harder.

3. In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the brake.

PUMPS
The pump in the ABS is used to restore the pressure to the hydraulic brakes after the valves
have released it. A signal from the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel
slip. After a valve releases the pressure supplied from the user, the pump is used to restore a
desired amount of pressure to the braking system. The controller will modulate the pump's
status in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce slipping.

CONTROLLER
The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives information from each individual
wheel speed sensor. If a wheel loses traction, the signal is sent to the controller. The
controller will then limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS modulator which
actuates the braking valves on and off.

TYPES OF ANTILOCKING BRAKING SYSTEM

Antilocking braking system are classified as follows:

1. Four channel , Four sensor ABS

2. Three channel, Three sensor ABS

3. Two channel , Two sensor ABS

4. One channel , One sensor ABS

FOUR CHANNEL, FOUR SENSOR ABS

There is a speed sensor on all four wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels. With this
setup, the controller monitors each wheel individually to make sure it is achieving maximum
braking force.
 THREE CHANNEL, THREE SENSOR ABS
Three channel three sensor found on pickup trucks with four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor
and a valve for each of the front wheels, with one valve and one sensor for both rear wheels.
The speed sensor for the rear wheels is located in the rear axle. This system provides
individual control of the front wheels, so they can both achieve maximum braking force. The
rear wheels, however, are monitored together; they both have to start to lock up before the
ABS will activate on the rear. With this system, it is possible that one of the rear wheels will
lock during a stop, reducing brake effectiveness. This system is easy to identify, as there are
no individual speed sensors for the rear wheels.

TWO CHANNEL, TWO SENSORS ABS

In a dual channel ABS both the wheels are modulated individually and have a separate sensor
for each wheel. Some bikes come with RLP meaning Rear Wheel Lift Off Protection, where
on the application of emergency front brakes, the possibilities of the lifting up of the rear
wheel or a stoppie is prevented. In the case of a dual channel ABS both the wheels will be
controlled by the ECU unlike the single channel in which only the front wheel is controlled.
 ONE CHANNEL, ONE SENSOR ABS
This system is commonly found on pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans with rear-wheel ABS. It
has one valve, which controls both rear wheels, and one speed sensor, located in the rear axle.
This system operates the same as the rear end of a three-channel system. The rear wheels are
monitored together and they both have to start to lock up before the ABS kicks in. In this
system it is also possible that one of the rear wheels will lock, reducing brake effectiveness.
This system is also easy to identify, as there are no individual speed sensors for any of the
wheels.

ADVANTAGE OF ABS
1. Anti-lock braking system (ABS) guarantees stable braking characteristics on all road
surfaces, hence avoids overturning of the vehicle.

2. ABS reduces friction on wheels and road, thus increases the efficiency of tires (up to
30%).

3. The Vehicle with ABS can be stopped at a lesser distance than a non ABS vehicle.

4. Steering control is effective, i.e., the vehicle can be steered smoothly while braking.
Thus minimizes the accidents.

5. A driver without experience can drive ABS vehicle effectively, then an experienced
driver on the non ABS vehicle.

DISADVANTAGE OF ABS
1. Initial cost for Anti-lock braking system (ABS) vehicle is high.

2. Maintenance issues arise as the whole braking system is controlled by engine control
unit.

3. On concrete roads, the ABS vehicle stopping distance might be needed more.