Chemistry Science

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MINISTRY OF GENERAL EDUCATION

NORTHERN PROVINCE
PROVINCIAL COMMON EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS
2016
CHEMISTRY (science)
Providing Conducive Environment for Effective Teaching and

Learning
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TABLE OF CONTENT
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY…………………………………….1
10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry………………………………………………………….…1
10.2 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER……………………….....1

10.2.1 Matter and the Kinetic theory………………………………………………….…......1
10.2.2 Diffusion …………………………………………………………………….……….....1
10.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES…………………….…………………..2

10.3.1 Measuring of quantities………………………………………….….………………….3
10.3.2 Criteria of purity………………………………………………..……………………....3
10.3.3 Separating Mixtures and pure substances…………………………………………….4
10.4 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS………........5

10.4.2 Classification of Substances……………………………………………………………6
10.4.3 Bonding………………………………………………………………………………….7
10.4.4 Chemical formulae and equations……………………………………………………..7
11.5ACIDS, BASES AND SALT…………………………………………………8

11.5.1Characteristic properties of acids and bases…………………………………………..9
11.5.2Preparation of salts……………………………………………………………………………………………………10
11.6.3 Types of oxides………………………………………………………………………….11
11.6.4 Identification of ions and

gases………………………………………………………………………………..11
11.6 THE MOLE CONCEPT………………………………………………………….13

11.6.1 Relative masses………………………………………………………………………….13
11.6.2 The mole…………………………………………………………………………………14
11.7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS………………………………………………………………21
11.7.1 Rates of chemical reactions………………………………………………………….....22

11.8 THE PERIODIC TABLE………………………………………………………………...23
11.8.1 Groups and Periods…………………………………………………………………….23
11.8.2 Group and Periodic trends…………………………………………………………….24
11.8.3 Transition metals……………………………………………………………………….26
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13.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY……………………………………...27

12.13.1 Water……………………………………………………………………………………27
12.13.2 Air……………………………………………………………………………………….29
12.13.4 Nitrogen………………………………………………………………………………...29
12.14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY………………………………………………..30
12.14.1 Saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons…………………………….31

12.14.2 Alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters………………………………………………...32
12.14.3 Synthetic macromolecules……………………………………………………………..34
12.14.4 Natural macromolecules………………………………………………………………35
Suggested solution grade 10…………………………………………..36

Suggested solution grade 11.......................................................................................39
Suggested solutions for grade 12……………………………………..51
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GRADE 10 SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY)
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties. It deals with what makes matter which is the particles
and also the behavior of the same particles. It has many branches.ie physical, organic, analytical,
biochemistry and inorganic chemistry. Learning chemistry is vital because it equip learners with domestic
and industrial knowledge.
10.1.1 Introduction to Chemistry
(a) Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties.
(i) List three branches of chemistry. [3]
(ii) From the branches you have listed above, which branch deals with petrol, kerosene and
diesel? [1]
(b) How would you summarise the importance of chemistry in our day to day life? [3]
10.2 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

10.2.1 Matter and the Kinetic theory
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Three forms exist – solids, liquids and gas.
The Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter
- Particles are too small to be seen directly
- There are spaces between particles of matter; the amount of space varies between each states
- The particles are constantly moving; each state moves at different speed
(a) The diagrams below show the three states of matter A, B and C.
A B C
(i) Name state A, B and C. [3]

(ii) Briefly describe arrangement of particles in A and C.[4]
(b) List process involved in changing state of matter from;
(i) A to C
(ii) B to C
(iii) B to A [3]
(C) Construct the curve diagram to show melting of the substance with respect to time. [3]
10.2.2 Diffusion
Diffusion is the spreading and mixing of particles in gases and liquids.
Diffusion depends on temperature, concentration and size of the particles.
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(a) The diagram below shows a gas in a gas jar before and after a cover was removed. Upon
removing the cover, the gas was distributed evenly as shown below.
(i) Name the process involved in the distribution of the gas above [1]
(ii) State three factors that may disturb the distribution of the gas above[3]
(iii) Compare the arrangement of particles in the molecule above and in liquid.[2]
10.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Volumes of Liquids
SI unit: cubic metre (m3)
Large volume measurement: decimetres (dm3)
1 dm3 = 1 000 cm3
Daily life measurement: millilitres (ml) or litres (l)
1 litre = 1 000 ml
Apparatus for measuring liquids depends on:
- The volume being measured
- How accurate the measurement needs to be liquids.
Volumes of Gases
Unlike liquids, the volume of the gas is measured with gas syringe, up to 100 cm 3. i.e.
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Gas syringe used for measuring volume of gasses.

10.3.1 Measuring of quantities
Study the diagram of apparatus and answer the questions below.
(a)Which apparatu(s) can be used to;

(i) Hold volume of approximately 100 cm3 [2]
(ii) Measure liquid of accuracy 1 cm3 [1]
(iii)Measure liquid of accuracy 0.1cm3 [1]
(iv)Measure volume accurately [1]
(b) Compare the accuracy of bulb pipette and burette [1]
10.3.2 Criteria of purity
The graph below is the heating curve of the pure substance. It shows how temperature rises with
time, when the solid is heated until it melts, and then the liquid is heated until it boils.
(a) What is the melting and the boiling point of this substance?[2]
(b) Draw from the graph line A-B where both liquid and gas state are existing.[2]
(c) Compare the behavior of particles at 17o C and 115o C. [2]
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10.3.3 Separating Mixtures and pure substances

Mixture contains two or more substances not chemically joined together. E.g. seawater is made
up of water and NaCl (salt); oxygen in air varies.
(a) A sample of water contains salt as an impurity. The apparatus shown in Figure below is used
to produce pure water from the sample.
(a) (i) Name the method of purification. [1]

(ii) Suggest the purpose of the water jacket. [1]
(b) What would be the approximate reading on the thermometer during the purification? [1]
(i) Draw a cross (✗) on Fig. above where the salt would be left after purification is complete.[1]
(ii) Design an apparatus that can change the above diagram into fractional distillation. [1]
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(ii)What type of change is shown above?

(b) The diagram below shows chromatogram for the dye.
Calculate the Rf value for the dye
10.4 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS

Atomic Structure
Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons
Protons have positive charge while neutrons have neutral charge but same mass as protons. Since
an atom is electrically neutral, electrons have to carry a negative charge and the amount of
electrons is the same as the amount of protons.
Proton number is the number of protons in an atom.

Nucleon number is the number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atom. Therefore, to find
the number of neutrons, we subtract proton number from nucleon number, i.e.:
Nucleon number – Proton number = Neutrons
Electrons have the same number as protons to balance the charges.
10.4.1 Atomic structure and Periodic Table
(a) The diagram shows the atomic structure of an atom of element X.
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(a) Complete the table.

Sub-atomic particle Relative charge Relative mass
electron -1
neutron
proton 1
[2]
(b) Carbon-12 has the symbol 12 C6
Write the symbol for an atom of element X. [2]
(c) Draw a diagram to show the atomic structure of another isotope of element X. [2]
(d) Compare the outer shells of carbon and neon and relate it to their reaction behavior. [2]
10.4.2 Classification of Substances
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(a) The diagrams A, B, C, D, E and F in Figure below represent the particles in different
substances.
Which of the diagrams A, B, C, D, E and F best represents a;

(i) liquid element,[1]
(ii) gaseous compound.[1]
(iii) alloy, [1]
(iv) liquid mixture, [1]
(v) gaseous element?[1]
(b)From the diagrams above, how will you distinguish between pure solid and alloy?
10.4.3 Bonding.
Bonding is the physical combination of two or more atoms in order to be stable. The essence of
bonding is for stability of the atoms. There are three types of bonding. i.e. ionic, covalent and
metallic bond. E.g. Formation of NaCl as ionic compound.
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(a) Study the diagram of the compound below and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Name the compound above. [1]

(ii)Write the chemical formula of the compound. [1]
(iii)Deduce three properties of the compound. [3]
(b) Atom A can make another bond with four hydrogen atoms.
(i)Draw the bond between atom A and four hydrogen atoms. [2]
(ii) Distinguish two properties of the bond you have formed with the one drawn above. [2]
10.4.4 Chemical formulae and equations
Chemical formula is the representation of compounds into symbols. Valences of atoms in
question must be known before writing the chemical formula. An equation is the short way of
representing a reaction. It has the reactants as well as the products which are separated by the
arrow. Every equation that is written supposed to be balanced. No atom is destroyed or created
during the reaction. i.e.
2A + B→AB + A
Ionic equation is an equation that shows only the ions taking part in a chemical reaction. When
constructing ionic equations, reactants/products must be broken down into their respective ions
then cancel out spectator ions to come up with net ionic equation.
(a) Aluminium oxide has the ions Al3+ and O2-. Further, sulphuric acid has the ions H+ and SO4 2-.
(i) Write the chemical formulae for aluminium oxide and sulphuric acid.[2]
(ii) Construct a balanced chemical equation when aluminium oxide reacts with sulphuric acid to
produce aluminium sulphate and water. [2]
(iii) Construct an ionic equation from the reaction in (a) (ii) above.
(b)The metal X forms oxides with the formulae XO and X2O3.
(i) What is the valence of X in XO and X2 O3. [2]
(ii) Where is it found in the periodic table?
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GRADE 11
11.5ACIDS, BASES AND SALT
Acids
-An acid is a compound which when dissolved in water produces hydrogen ions (H+) as the only
positive ions. It is the hydrogen ion that gives an acid its characteristics.
Other Definitions
There are several methods of defining acids and bases. While these definitions don't contradict
each other, they do vary in how inclusive they are.
Svante Arrhenius
Acids produce H+ ions in aqueous solutions while bases produce OH- ions in aqueous solutions.
An Arrhenius acid is therefore any substance that ionizes when it dissolves in water to give
the H+, or hydrogen, ion.
An Arrhenius base is any substance that gives the OH-, or hydroxide, ion when it dissolves in
water.
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted - Thomas Martin Lowry
Brønsted- Lowry Definition
Acids are proton donors while bases are proton acceptors.
Bronsted acids are known as either hydrogen-ion donors or proton donors. Bronsted bases
are hydrogen-ion acceptors or proton acceptors.
Bases and alkalis

Base
-A base is a compound which consists of oxide ions (O2-) or hydroxide ions (OH-).
- A base is an oxide or hydroxide of a metal.
Alkalis
- An alkali is a compound which when dissolved in water forms hydroxide ions as the only
negatively charged ions.
- Alkalis are bases that are soluble in water. (Alkalis are soluble bases).
- Therefore, alkalis are a subset of bases. In other words, all alkalis are bases but not all bases are
alkalis.
11.5.1Characteristic properties of acids and bases
1. Acids have a sour taste while alkalis have a bitter taste. Lemons have an acid in them that’s
why they taste sour. Bathing soaps have alkalis in them that is why they taste bitter.
a. Name the ion that gives;
(I) an acid its characteristics.
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(II) an alkali its characteristics

b. Acids can be grouped depending on the way they ionize in solution state and the number
of ions available in the solution. Use the following phrases to describe each of the
following situations:
Weak acid, strong acid, dilute acid or concentrated acid.
(i) An acid that ionizes only partially in aqueous form.
(ii) An acid that contains many moles of the acid.
c. By use of chemical equations, show how each of the following acids will ionize in
solution form.
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Sulphuric acid
d. Acid-base indicators respond differently in bases and alkalis. Fill in the following table to
show the colour change of the indicator.
NAME OF INDICATOR COLOUR OF INDICATOR COLOUR OF INDICATOR IN A

IN AN ACID BASE
Litmus paper
Methyl orange Red/pink
Phenolphthalein
2. All metals which are more electropositive than hydrogen in the electrochemical series react
with hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid liberating a gas in one way or the other.
a. Use a balanced chemical equation with correct state symbols to show how calcium metal
reacts with dilute nitric acid.
b. Write the identity test of the gas produced.
c. Suggest a reason why sulphuric acid is used in car batteries.
d. The sour taste of a lemon is due to the presence of an acid. Name the type of acid present
in most fruits.
e. Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates liberating a gas.
(i) Use a balanced chemical equation with correct state symbols to show how calcium
hydrogen carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(ii) Write the identity test of the gas produced.
3. a. Write a chemical formula of one example of;

(i) A soluble oxide
(ii) Insoluble hydroxide.
b. Bases react with ammonium salts producing a salt, water and ammonia gas. The gas
liberated has a pungent smell.
(i) Name the industrial process used to produce this gas.
(ii) Write down one commercial use of this gas.
c. Acids and bases naturally occur in the environment and organisms have adapted to
the pH of their local habitat over evolutionary time. The pH of the air does not change
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much, so terrestrial organisms are only concerned with the pH of the soil and local
water.
(i) Using a named acidic oxide, explain briefly how acid rain is formed.
(ii) Acid-base reactions are of great importance in science to man. Using your
knowledge on acids and bases, explain the importance of acid-base reactions.
(iii) Predict two effects of high concentration of acidic gases in the atmosphere.
(iv) Lime is used in agriculture to control soil pH. Suggest one situation when a
famer should use lime on his land.
4. The diagram below shows the relationship between the pH scale and changes in acidity
and alkalinity.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14
A B C D E
a. Using letters A, B, C, D or E, estimate the position for;

(i) Calcium chloride
(ii) Concentrated hydrochloric acid
(iii) Concentrated sodium hydroxide
b. A farmer was using ammonium sulphate fertiliser continuously on his piece of land.
Using you knowledge on the pH scale, predict the long term effect on this piece of land.
c. Write the formula of the radicle in the fertiliser that brought about this effect.
11.5.2Preparation of salts
5. The method to use when preparing a salt depends on the type of salt to be prepared.
a. A pupil wanted to prepare the salt zinc (ii) sulphate using an insoluble base and an acid.
(i) Name the insoluble base he should use
(ii) Name the suitable acid he should use
(iii) Write a balanced chemical equation with correct state symbols for this reaction.
b. Insoluble salts can be made by using solutions containing their separate ions. The method
is called Precipitation. A pupil used sodium sulphate in order to prepare lead sulphate.
(i) Name the other starting material
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation with correct state symbols for this reaction.
(iii) Describe briefly how you would obtain clean dry crystals of this salt.
11.6.3 Types of oxides

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1. Consider the following substances;

Iron (iii) oxide, ammonium hydroxide, ethanoic acid, tin oxide, Dinitrogen oxide, sulphur
dioxide, Sodium oxide, calcium hydrogen sulphate, Calcium oxide, Carbon monoxide,
zinc oxide, Magnesium Oxide, sodium zincate.
a. From this list, chose;
(i) An amphoteric oxide
(ii) A neutral oxide
(iii) A product of an amphoteric oxide and a base
(iv) An acidic oxide
b. From this list, write the formula of;
(i) A basic oxide
(ii) A product of an amphoteric oxide and a base
c. When acidic oxides dissolve in water, they form acidic solutions. Use a chemical
equation to illustrate how a named acidic oxide will behave when it dissolves in water.
d. Gypsum is a hydrated solid salt. in sufficiently dry environment, it will give up its water
to the gas phase and form anhydrite calcium sulphate.
Illustrate by use of a chemical equation how gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) will lose its water of
crystalisation upon exposure to dry environment
11.6.4 Identification of ions and gases

(Qualitative analysis)
1. The following test was carried out on solid sample R which was suspected tot contain one
anion and one cation.
Test No Test carried out observation

1 a A portion of solution R was acidified with dilute
nitric acid. Then aqueous lead (ii) nitrate was No change
added.
Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to

b a portion of R Aluminium foil was then added effervescence
and the mixture was warmed gently.
2a Aqueous sodium hydroxide was added bit by bit White ppt

to a sample solution R. until a change was seen.
b Excess aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to Precipitate soluble in excess

the sample in 2 (a) above giving a colourless solution
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c Aqueous ammonia was added to a new portion of White ppt

solution R.
d Excess Aqueous ammonia was added to the Ppt insoluble in excess.

mixture in 2 (c) above
a. Write down the chemical test for the gas produced in test number 1 (b) above.
b. Name the anion present in R.
c. Write down the formula of this anion.
d. Name the cation present in R.
e. Write down the test number that helped you to identify this cation.
f. Write down the formula of this cation.
g. Hence, deduce the full formula of compound R.
2. name the gas which could be associated with the following;

a. A pale green gas which turns moist blue litmus paper to red colour before bleaching it.
b. A gas which is the only common alkaline gas, basic in nature and turns moist red litmus
paper blue. It also forms dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride gas.
c. The diagram below illustrates the fountain experiment.
A gas with high solubility, acidic in nature and can be demonstrated by the fountain
experiment. Name such a gas.
d. Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky.
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(i) Write a chemical equation involving reaction of carbon dioxide with lime water.
(ii) In excess lime water, the milky ness disappears. Name the substance that is
produced, which is soluble in water and causes the milkyness to disappear.
11.6 THE MOLE CONCEPT

11.6.1 Relative masses
- This is the average mass of an atom or compound taking into consideration the total value in
mass of the protons, neutrons and electrons. (generally electrons are of negligible mass)
to find the relative mass, multiply number of atoms of each element by the atomic mass of the
element. Then, find the sum of these values.
1. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the following substances.

a. Al2SO4
b. (NH4)3PO4
c. Manganese (iv) oxide
d. Give a reason as to why the relative atomic mass of chlorine is not a whole number.
Percentage composition
To calculate percent composition,
- Write down the formula of the compound.
- Work out the relative atomic mass of each element present.
- Add the relative atomic mass for of each element to find the relative molecular mass of the
compound.
- Write the relative atomic mass of each element present as a fraction of the relative molecular
mass (i.e. R.A.M./R.M.M).
- Multiply each fraction by 100% to get the percentage.
1. Calculate the per cent composition of;

a. Calcium in calcium carbonate.
b. Oxygen in aluminium sulphate.
11.6.2 The mole
The mole can be defined as;

- Gram molecular weight of a substance.
- the number of grams of a substance which is exactly equal to its molecular weight. For example
one mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) is its molecular weight which is equal to 58.5g.
- The amount of matter that contains Avogadro’s number of particles.
- The number of grams of a substance that contains as many elementary particles as there are in
12 grams of carbon-12 isotope.
Particles can be atoms, molecules, ions, protons, electrons, neutrons etc.
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-One mole of any gas will occupy the same volume as one mole of any other gas. That is one
mole of a gas will occupy a volume of 22.4dm3 at stp and one mole of any gas will occupy a
volume of 24dm3 at rtp .
In 12g of carbon-12 isotope, there are 6.023 × 1023atoms. So, one mole of any substance contains
6.023 × 1023 particles. The number 6.023 × 1023 is called Avogadro’s number or Avogadro’s
constant.
So any amount of substance with 6.023 × 1023 particles is called a mole.
So just as 10 eggs make up a unit,
30 eggs make up a tray,
24 bottles make up a crate,
12 cells make up a dozen,
6.023 × 1023 particles make up a mole.
1. What is molar gas volume?

2. Calculate the volume occupied by 0.125 mole of oxgen gas at rtp.
3. Find the number of moles in 1,120cm3 of hydrogen gas at stp.
4. Convert 5.6dm3 of carbon dioxide gas to actual number of moles.at rtp.
5. Calculate the number of moles of 49g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4).
6. What is the mass of 0.2 moles of water (H2O)?
Empirical formula
- The empirical formula is the simplest formula of a substance or the simplest ratio in which the
atoms are combined in the substance.
- To calculate the empirical formula, composition by mass in grams or percent composition must
be given.
- Use the following steps
- Step 1. Determine the number of moles of each element in the compound.
- Step 2. Divide each number obtained for each element by the smallest. Make sure you round
off these obtained digits to the nearest whole numbers.
- Step 3.Write the empirical formula by associating each digit to the symbol of the element.
If the digit is 1, do not show it as for carbon above.
1. Calculate the empirical formula of a compound which has the following composition. Sodium
43.4%, Carbon 11.3% and Oxygen 45.3%.
2. Analysis of one substance showed that it contained 5g of calcium and 8.875g of chlorine.
Calculate the simplest formula of this substance.
Molecular formula
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This is the true formula of the substance. To calculate the molecular formula, percent
composition or composition by mass must be given. In addition, the molecular mass of the
substance must also be given
Steps
a. Work out the empirical formula of the substance as instructed above.
b. Work out the Relative Molecular Mass of the empirical formula.
c. Divide the given RMM of the substance by the RMM of the empirical formula.
d. Multiply the answer found in step 3 by the whole empirical formula.
1. Chemical analysis shows that glucose is 40% carbon, 6.71% hydrogen and 53.3% oxygen by
mass. If the molecular mass of glucose is 180.2g/mol, determine the molecular formula of
glucose.
2. The composition of one hydrocarbon was found to be 79.2g carbon and 20.8 hydrogen.
(i). Calculate the simplest formula of this hydrocarbon.
(ii) If the relative molecular mass of this hydrocarbon is 30g/mol. Find its molecular formula.
Concentration
Concentration is the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent. Water is the usual
solvent used.
Concentration can be expressed in two ways, Molality or Molarity.
Molality is the number of moles per kilogram of solvent. (mol/kg).
Molarity is the number of moles per cubic decimetre or per litre of solvent. (mol/dm3).
The usual way of expressing concentration is molarity.
Concentration in molarity is expressed in two ways. (It has two units). Moles per cubic
decimetre ( mol/dm3)) also written as (mol dm-3) and grams per cubic decimetre (g/dm3) also
written as (gdm-3).
Mol/dm3
2 mol/dm3 of sulphuric acid means that there are 2 moles of sulphuric acid in 1dm3 or 1litre of
solvent.
Also, 1mol/dm3 is the same as 1molar. Symbol (M).
1mol/dm3 = 1M
g/dm3
If the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 4g/dm3, it means that there are 4g of sodium
hydroxide in 1dm3 or 1litre of solvent.
1. a. Convert 4g/dm3 of sodium hydroxide to;

(i) Mol./dm3
(ii) Molar.
b. Convert;
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(i) 2M of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to mol./dm3.

(ii) 0.2 mol./dm3 sodium chloride (NaCl) to g/dm3.
c. Calculate the number of moles in 800cm3 of 0.2M sulphuric acid.
d. Find the number of moles in 500cm3 of 0.03M hydrochloric acid.
e. What is the concentration of sodium hydroxide if 0.25moles are dissolved in 200cm3 of
solution?
Volume of the solvent if the mass and concentration are known

Step 1. Find the number of moles.
Step 2. Find the volume.
f. Find the volume of water in which 4g of NaOH was dissolved in order to give a
concentration of 0.2M.
Concentration calculations
1. Calculate the concentration in mol/dm3 of a solution if it contains 9.5g of magnesium chloride

in 0.5dm3 of solution.
2. Find the concentration of a solution in mol/dm3 if it contains 0.4g of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) in 100cm3.
3. What mass of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) should be dissolved in 250cm3 of water in order to give
the concentration of 0.1mol/dm3?
4. calculate the amount of substance in moles dissolve in 1dm3 of potassium hydroxide (KOH)
solution with a concentration of 0.5mol/dm3
5. Find the concentration of a solution in g/dm3 if it contains 20g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
in 1,000cm3
Dilution
Dilution is the idea of adding more solvent to a chemical solution in order to decrease its
concentration. However, the number of moles before and after dilution remain he same.
Moles before dilution = moles after dilution.

Remember: n = CV
So,
C1V1 = C2V2
Where,
C1 is the concentration of solution before diluting;
V1 is the volume of solution before diluting,
C2 is the concentration of the solution after diluting and
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V2 is the volume of solution after diluting.
It is also true that during an acid – base titration,
CaVa = CbVb or Ca = Cb
Vb Va
Where,
Ca is the concentration of an acid,
Va is the volume of an acid,
Cb is the concentration of the base and
Vb is the volume of the base.
1. 25cm3 of 2M KOH solution is diluted to 400cm3. Find the concentration of the solution.
2. A certain volume of 0.2M HCl was diluted. The final volume was 160cm3 and its resulting
concentration was 0.02M. what was the initial volume?
3. Stoichiometric calculations
These are calculations involving masses, moles and volume of reactants and products.
A stoichiometric equation is one in which the reactants and products are correctly balanced. All
the atoms, ions and electrons are conserved. Such an equation gives correct mole ratios of
reactants and products in chemical reactions. The amount in moles of one of the reactants or
products is used to calculate the unknown quantities.
Limiting reactant
A limiting reactant is the reactant that determines the extent to which the chemical reaction will
go. A limiting reactant is used up completely during a chemical reaction. Other reactants may
remain in excess. All calculations are based on the moles of the limiting reactant.
To solve stoichiometric problems, remember to write a correct and balanced chemical equation.
To answer such questions, you need to follow the following procedure.

- Write the correct chemical equation and balance the equation.
- Isolate concerned substances.
- Correspond molar masses and actual masses of the concerned substances.
- Cross multiply.
1. When magnesium is burnt in oxygen, magnesium oxide is produced.

a. Find the mass of magnesium oxide produced if 72g of magnesium is burnt in excess
oxygen.
b. Calculate the volume of oxygen used at rtp.
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2. What volume of carbon dioxide measured at stp will be produced when 210g of sodium
hydrogen carbonate is completely decomposed according to the equation;
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)
Volumetric analysis
Reactions involving acids and bases
The concentration of a solution of an acid can be determined if it is reacted with a known volume
of a base of known concentration. To determine the concentration, one simply reverses the
procedure. This method is known as titration.
The point at which the reaction of an acid and base has just completed is called the equivalent
point. This can be detected by an indicator. End point is the point at which the indicator changes
colour.
In solving these problems, a balanced equation must be written down.
Moles of reactant (acid) A = nA

Moles of reactant (base) B nB
CAVA = nA
CBVB nB
Where,
CA is the concentration of acid,
VA is the volume of the acid,
nA is moles of an acid,
CB is concentration of base,
VB is volume of base and
nB is moles of base.
1. What volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide would exactly neutralise25cm3 of 0.08M HCl?
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
2. Sodium carbonate of concentration 0.053M was titrated with hydro chloric acid. 25cm3 of
sodium carbonate was used in each titration. The volume of the hydrochloric acid was read
from the burette. The results were recorded in the table as shown in the table below.
Page | 22
Titration Volume of Burette reading Volume of HCl

Na2CO4 in cm3 in cm3 used
First Second
Trial 25.0 1.5 24.50 23.00
1 25.0 24.5 47.15 22.65
2 25.0 0.15 22.85 22.70
3 25.0 22.85 45.55 22.70
AVERAGE = 22.70cm3
Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid used.
Percentage yield and percentage purity

Percentage Yield
-Percentage yield of the reaction is the percentage ratio of actual or experimental yield to
theoretical yield. The actual yield is always less than the theoretical yield due to errors,
impurities and less of reagents and products.
So, in any chemical process, it is almost impossible to get 100% of the product because of
several reasons:
For example
The reaction might not be 100% completed because it is reversible reaction and equilibrium is
established (note the sign in the equation below. Both reactants and products co-exist in the
same reaction mixtures (solutions or gases) i.e. the reaction can never go to completion.
- You always get losses of the desired product as it is separated from the reaction mixture by
filtration, distillation, crystallisation or whatever method is required.
- Some of the reactants may react in another way to give a different product to the one you
want (so-called by products).
Also note that;
- If the reaction doesn't work the yield is zero or 0%.

- If the reaction works perfectly and you obtain all the product, the yield is 100%, BUT this
never happens in reality (as already discussed above).
Example
Page | 23
(a) What is the maximum theoretical mass of anhydrous magnesium chloride which can be
made from 12g of magnesium?
Atomic masses : Mg = 24 and Cl = 35.5, and formula mass MgCl2 = 24 + (2 x 35.5) = 95.
Reacting mass ratio calculation from the balanced equation:
Mg ==> 1 MgCl2, so 24g ==> 95g or 12g ==> 47.5g MgCl2
(b) If only 47.0g of purified magnesium chloride was obtained after crystallising the salt
from the solution and heating it to drive off the water of crystallisation, what is the % yield from
the salt preparation?
% yield = actual amount obtained x 100 / maximum theoretical amount possible
% yield = 47.0 x 100 / 47.5 = 98.9% (to 1dp)
1. (a) What is the maximum theoretical mass of anhydrous magnesium chloride which can
be made from 12g of magnesium?
(b) If only 47.0g of purified magnesium chloride was obtained after crystallising the salt
from the solution and heating it to drive off the water of crystallisation, what is the % yield from
the salt preparation?
2. (a) Theoretically how much iron can be obtained from 1000 tons of pure haematite ore,
formula Fe2O3 in a blast furnace? (Assume the iron (III) oxide ore (haematite) is reduced by
carbon monoxide).
(b) If in reality, only 670 tonnes of iron is produced what is the % yield of the overall blast
furnace process?
3. Given the atomic masses: Mg = 24 and O = 16,

and the reaction between magnesium to form magnesium oxide is given by the symbol equation
2Mg(s) + O2(g) ==> 2MgO(s)
What mass of magnesium oxide can be made from 1g of magnesium?
Percentage Purity
Percentage Purity is the percentage of the material which is the actually desired chemical in a
sample of it.
Percent Purity = mass of useful product x 100%
Total mass of sample
1. A 12.00g sample of a crystallised pharmaceutical product was found to contain 11.57g of the
active drug. Calculate the % purity of the sample of the drug.
Page | 24
2. Sodium chloride was prepared by neutralising sodium hydroxide solution with dilute
hydrochloric acid. The solution was evaporated to crystallise the salt. The salt is required to be
completely anhydrous, that is, not containing any water. The prepared salt was analysed for
water by heating a sample in an oven at 110oC to measure the evaporation of any residual water.
The following results were obtained and from them calculate the % purity of the salt.
a. Mass of evaporating dish empty = 51.32g.

b. Mass of impure salt + dish = 56.47g
c. Mass of dish + salt after heating = 56.15g
Calculate the % purity of the salt.
11.7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A chemical reaction is when something occurs to make a new substance or substances which
were not there before. A chemical reaction involves two things, reactants and products. We
judge whether a chemical reaction has taken place or not by observing whether there is;
- a change in smell.
- a gas is given off.
- a permanent change in colour occurs.
- if light is given out.
- a change in temperature. (Whether the reacting system gets hot or cold).
11.7.1 Rates of chemical reactions

Some reactions go on very quickly. An explosion is over almost as soon as it has started. Some
reactions go on more slowly. Turning sugar into ethanol (alcohol) in brewing can take days to
finish.
The rate of a chemical reaction is the speed of the reaction or the amount of substance produced
or consumed per given time. Reaction rate is measured in grams per second. (g/s).
1. Study the graph below and then answer the questions that follow. The graph shows the
results obtained in an experiment during the reaction between lumps of marble chips and
dilute nitric acid.
Page | 25
a. Using the above graph;

(i) Estimate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced after 50 seconds.
(ii) After how long wills the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced be 50cm3?
(iii) Explain what happened after 225seconds.
(iv) Estimate the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at the end of the
chemical reaction.
b. The concentration of the acid was doubled and the same experiment was repeated. Draw
another graph on the grid to show the reaction progress.
c. Suggest what should be done to the lumps of marble chips in order to increase the rate of
reaction.
d. Write a balanced chemical equation with correct state symbols to represent the reaction.
11.8 THE PERIODIC TABLE
Several attempts have been made in order to arrange so far discovered elements in some order.
There are at least 118 so far discovered elements.
Several attempts were made in order to put discovered elements is some order. The most notable
ones are;
Dobereiner’s Triads (Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner)
Page | 26
In 1817,Dobereiner noticed that elements which had similar chemical properties could be
arranged in groups of three. These groups were called triads. Dobereiner used atomic mass in
order to make these groups.
Newland’s Octaves (John Newlands)

In 1865, Newland arranged elements in order of their atomic mass. He observed that any one
element had properties similar to those of the element eight spaces away from it. He called this
the Law of octaves.
It was Dmitri Mendeleev (Professor Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev), a Russian scientist who
came up with the most satisfactory arrangement of the elements in 1869. He also arranged the
elements in order of the atomic mass. He even left gaps in the table so that newly discovered
elements would fall in these same gaps. He suggested that elements would be discovered to fill
up these gaps.
The Modern Periodic Table
The modern periodic table is based on Mendeleev’s original idea. But the elements in the modern
periodic table are arranged in order of their atomic number not atomic mass.
11.8.1 Groups and Periods
The horizontal rows are called Periods.

In the modern periodic table, the elements are placed progressively in each period from left to
right in the sequence of their atomic numbers
Periods are numbered from top to bottom in Arabic numerals, period 1 to 7.
The vertical columns are called Groups.

A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table. Groups are considered the most
important method of classifying the elements. The elements have very similar properties and
exhibit a clear trend in properties down the group.
- From top to bottom in a group, the atomic radii of the elements increase. Since there are
more filled energy levels, valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus.
- From the top, each successive element has lower ionization energy because it is easier to
remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound.
- Similarly, a group has a top to bottom decrease in electro negativity due to an increasing
distance between valence electrons and the nucleus.
Groups are numbered in roman numerals from Group (i) to Group (viii).
- Group (viii) is also called group O.
- Group (i) elements are also called Alkaline metals. (Alkaline elements)
- Group (ii) elements are also called Alkaline earth metals (Alkaline earth elements)
Page | 27
- Group (iii), (iv) and (v) have no special names.

- Group (vi) elements are also called Chalcogens.
- Group (vii) elements are also called Hallogens.
- Group (viii) elements are also called Noble Gses or rare gases.
- The elements between group (ii) and group (iii) are called transition elements.
11.8.2 Group and Periodic trends
Group trends
In a group,
-Reactivity of the elements increase as you move up a group
-Mass number of the elements generally increase as you move down a croup
-The electro negativity decreases as atomic number increases, as a result of increased distance
between the valence electron and nucleus (greater atomic radius).
Periodic trends
In chemistry, periodic trends are the tendencies of certain elemental characteristics to increase or
decrease as one progress along a row or column of the periodic table of elements. Elements in
the same period show trends in the following.
- Metallic property decreases across a period with increase in number of valence electrons as
well as a decrease in atomic radius, and it increases down the group with increase in number of
shells and atomic radius.
- Non-metallic property increases across a period and decreases down the group due to the same
reason.
1. Study the following diagram showing a portion of the modern periodic table. Letters have
been used to show some imaginary elements.
Page | 28

B
A C D
E F

G H I J

K
L
Use the table above to answer the following questions.

a. name the letter of the element which is,
(i) an alkali earth element
(ii) a member of the Actinoid series
(iii) a halogen
(iv) a metalloid
b. Which element is more reactive than the other? D or I?
c. Which element is more metallic than the other, E or F?
d. predict
(i) One physical property of element A
(ii) One chemical property of element D.
e. Name the element with;
(i) Greater atomic radius. B or G?
(ii) Less electron affinity. G or C?
f. Imagine that the name of a newly discovered element is Nanomactinium with the
chemical symbol Nt. It forms coloured compounds with some non-metals and has a
valence of 3. The element can react with oxygen with difficulty forming Nanomactinium
oxide. Deduce the formula of Nanomactinium oxide.
Page | 29
g. Another element Mbamwabwian, symbol Mb was predicted to be discovered soon. It

will be put in period 3 and group (i).
(i) How many shells will this element have?
(ii) Suggest the number of electrons in its outermost shell.
(iii) Predict the name and chemical formula of the compound formed between
Mbamwabwian and Sulphur.
(iv) Suggest one physical characteristic of Mbamwabian element.
2. Groups show some common trends as you move up or down and periods show also common
trends as you move across the period
a. Explain the trend you would notice In reactivity as you move up the group in group.
b. Hydrogen is in period one but is not placed in any group on the modern periodic table.
Suggest two suitable groups where hydrogen could be placed.
11.8.3 Transition metals
These are the elements that are found between group (ii) and group (iii) of the periodic table.
These elements;
- have variable valences. For example copper (i) and copper (ii). Lead (ii) and lead (iv).
- They usually form coloured compounds. For example blue copper (ii) sulphate.
- they have high melting and high boiling points.
- They are usually malleable.
- they are ductile.
- They have high tensile strength. (can with stand tension).
- They are good conductors of both electricity and heat.
- They form crystals with definite shape.
- They have a metallic lustre.
- They are used as catalysts.
- They also have high density.
Page | 30
GRADE 12
13.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
12.13.1 Water
Summary
 The compound water is formed from the chemical combination of the elements hydrogen
and oxygen.
 Water molecules contain two atoms of hydrogen to every one atom of oxygen.
 Reactive metals such as sodium and calcium react with cold water to form hydrogen and
the corresponding metal hydroxide. Less reactive such as magnesium, zinc and iron react
with water only when heated in steam.
 Hydrogen is commonly prepared reacting zinc metal with dilute acid such as sulphuric
acid.
 Air is a mixture of gases. It can be separated into its constitute gases by the fractional
distillation of liquid air.
 Oxygen is an active part of air, supports combustion and can be prepared by the catalytic
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
 Nitrogen is an reactive gas found in air
 Nitrogen forms many important compounds for example ammonia and nitric acid.
 Ammonia is prepared industrially by the Haber process. It is an alkaline gas which is very
soluble and is a reducing agent.
1. (a) By using a white anhydrous copper (ii) sulphate a certain substance changes the salt from
white to blue. Deduce what this test could be. [1]
(b) Describe with the equations how hydrogen is made in industry. [2]
(c) Consider the diagram below.
Copper (ii) oxide Excess

hydrogen
Hydrogen burning
How does hydrogen react with copper (ii) oxide? [2]
Page | 31
2.(a) Explain why hydrogen can be used as a fuel. [2]
(b) Give two advantages it has as a fuel. [2]
(c) What disadvantages does it have? [1]
3.(a) The identity test for hydrogen gas is that it produces pop sound with lighted splint.
Construct a balanced chemical equation to show how it puts out the flame. [2]
(b) Why does the flame get extinguished? [2]
4. In history, life is thought to have begun in the sea, other scholars have acknowledged to the
fact that water is life.
(a) List down three uses of water at industrial level. [3]
(b) (i) One of the processes involved in the purification of water at domestic level is
chlorination, what does the term chlorination mean? [1]
(ii)Why is potassium aluminium sulphate added in the treatment of water fit for human
consumption? [2]
5.(a) Define water pollution. [1]
(b) Describe the effects of water pollution. [4]
12.13.2 Air
6.(a)Figure 6.1 shows the ‘greenhouse’ effect of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
without with CO2

CO2
Carbon dioxide
Earth
Page | 32
(i) In fig 6.1 the incoming radiation is not absorbed by carbon dioxide but the outgoing
radiation is absorbed. What can be the effect of the absorbed ration by carbon
dioxide? [1]
(ii) Suggest a way in which the world emission of carbon dioxide might be reduced. [1]
(iii) What are the advantages of the method you have suggested?
7.(a) Which atmospheric pollutants cause acid rain? [2]

(b) Why is it dangerous to keep a motor car engine running in a garage with all doors and
windows closed? [2]
(c) Describe the identity test for oxygen gas. [1]
8.(a) What is the yellow solid formed when hydrogen sulphide reacts with chlorine? [1]
(b) Has the hydrogen sulphide been oxidized or reduced? [1]
(c) Explain your answer in part (b). [2]
9. Briefly explain how the ozone:
(i) is formed (ii) protect us [4]
12.13.4 Nitrogen
10. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas, N2.
(a) Draw a dot- and – cross diagram to show the structure of a nitrogen molecule. [1]
(b) Nitrogen in the atmosphere dilutes oxygen. What do you understand by this statement?[1]
(c) State two uses of nitrogen other than the one mentioned in (b). [2]
11. The diagram below shows the ‘fountain experiment’ using ammonia.
flask filled with
ammonia gas
Water coloured
with red litmus
Page | 33
The coloured water rises up the tube to the upper flask until the fountain is observed when
the water reaches the top of the tube.
(a) What colour do you expect to see as the coloured water rises up the tube? [1]
(b) Construct an equation that describes the reaction which causes the colour change. [2]
(c) Explain why a fountain is observed as the coloured water reaches the top of the tube in
the upper flask. [2]
(d) What properties of the gas are being tested in this experiment? [2]
12. Suggest a physical method for drying ammonia gas. Why would your method not be as good
as the use of quicklime? [3]
12.14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Summary
 Homologous series is a group of organic compounds which shares a general formula.
Homologous Name Functional General Preparation Reaction

series group formula method
Alkanes - ane saturated CnH2n+2 Fractional Burning,
distillation of substitution
fossil fuels
Alkenes - ene Double bond CnH2n Cracking of Burning,
unsaturated alkanes addition
Alcohols - ol Hydroxyl CnH2n+1OH Fermentation, Burning,
group addition of oxidation
water to
alkenes
Organic - oic Carboxyl CnH2n+1COOH Oxidation of Formation of
acids acid group alcohols esters
 Isomers are two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae.
 Fuels; Natural gas is a mixture of hydrogen and methane mainly. Petroleum is mixture
alkanes.
Petroleum is separated into some fractions by fractional distillation.
The fractions are gas fraction, petrol fraction, kerosene fraction, diesel fraction,
lubricating fraction and bitumen in the order of increase of the boiling point.
Page | 34
 Synthetic polymers
Process Polymer Monomer Linkage

Addition Poly (ethane) ethene
polymerizatio
n PVC Vinyl chloride _______________
Condensation Nylon (polyamide) Diamine and Amide

polymerizatio dicarboxylic acid O H
n
C N
Terylene (polyester) Diol and dicarboxylic Ester
acid O
C O
- Synthetic polymers are often not biodegradable.

- The process in which macromolecules formed by condensation polymerization, react
with water and decompose into their monomers is called hydrolysis.
- Natural macromolecules
Macromolecule Monomers Linkage

Proteins Amino acids Amide (peptide)
Fats Fatty acids and propane, -1,2,3 Ester
-triol
Carbohydrates Sugars O
Page | 35
12.14.1 Saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons
13. An experiment was set up as shown below.
(a) What can be observed when the porous pot is heated? [1]
(b) If the gas produced is ignited, what could be the colour of the flame? [1]
(c) Describe the test for the gas produced. [2]
(d) Is the gaseous product soluble or insoluble in water? Explain your answer.
(e) Ethane, C2H6 can be cracked to give ethane, C 2H4 and hydrogen. Write an equation for this
reaction. [2]
14.Alkanes react with halogens.
(a) What is the term used to describe the reaction between alkanes and halogens. [1]
(b) By means of equations show how bromine would react with ethane. [2]
(c) Name the compounds formed in (b) [2]
15. A saturated hydrocarbon has three carbon atoms.
(a) How many hydrogen atoms does it have? [1]
(b) Draw its structural formula. [2]
(c) Draw the structure of one of its isomers. [2]
16. When methane reacts with steam in the presence of a catalyst, hydrogen and carbon
monoxide are formed. Write a chemical equation for this reaction. [2]
Page | 36
12.14.2 Alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters
17. The table shows the first four members of a particular homologous series.
Compound Molecular formula Relative molecular mass

Methanol CH3OH 32
Ethanol C2 H5 OH 46
Propanol C3 H7 OH 60
Butanol C4 H9 OH ?
(a) (i) Name the homologous series to which these compounds belong. [1]
(ii) Deduce the general formula of this homologous series. [1]
(iii) State the relative molecular mass of butanol. [1]
(b) Ethanol can be manufactured from either ethane or glucose.

(i) Construct an equation for the production of ethanol from ethane using structural
formulae. [2]
(ii) State the conditions necessary for the reaction in b(i) above. [2]
(iii) The fermentation of glucose can be represented by the following equation.
C6H12O6 2C2 H5 OH + 2CO2
Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that can be made from 72 tonnes of glucose.
[2]
(c) State a use of ethanol other than in alcoholic drinks. [1]
(d) Ethanol can be oxidized to form ethanoic acid.
(i) Draw the structure of ethanoic acid showing all the bonds. [2]
(ii) Name the organic compound formed when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid. [1]
(iii) Draw the structure of the compound you have named in d (ii) above. [1]
(iv) State one condition necessary for the reaction of ethanol wit ethanoic acid. [1]
18. Ethanol is produced by the reaction of steam with ethane in the presence of a catalyst.
(a) Construct a balanced equation, with state symbols for the reaction between ethane and
steam. [2]
(b) Use the symbol in your equation in (a) and state what it means. [1]
(c) Name the catalyst used. [1]
Page | 37
(d) Under practical conditions only about four or ten per cent of ethane is converted. Would a
high or low pressure in the reaction favour the production of ethanol? [1]
(e) Explain how a good yield is produced. [2]
(f) State any three uses of ethanol. [3]
19.(a) Esters are compounds prepared by the action of an alcohol on an acid, usually an organic
acid.
(i) Give the equation for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate from a named alcohol and organic
acid. [2]
(ii) In what way are esters similar to inorganic salts? [2]
(iii) Mention one source of naturally occurring esters. [1]
20. Ethyl propanoate is an ester made from the reaction of propanoic acid and ethanol.
(i) What type of reaction is esterification? [1]
(ii) State one use of an ester. [1]
12.14.3 Synthetic macromolecules
21. (i) Polymerization of ethene occurs under certain conditions of temperature and pressure.
(a) What is polymerization? [1]
(b) What feature of ethene makes polymerization possible? [1]
(c) Name the product formed when ethane polymers. [1]
(ii) Polymers are compounds that consist of very large molecules made up of many repeating
molecular subunits.
(a) What is the special name for these molecular subunits? [1]
(b) Give an example of a subunit used to synthesize a named polymer. [1]
(c) What is the condensation polymer of glucose? [1]
22. (a) (i) Name a natural polymer and a synthetic polymer. [2]
(ii) Name the monomers for each polymer in (i). [2]
(b)(i) Polythene is an addition polymer. What do you understand by this statement? [2]
(ii) Give two uses of polythene. [2]
Page | 38
23. ‘Teflon’ is the commercial name given to the polymer obtained from the monomer
tetrafluoroethene. The monomer has this structure
(a) What feature of the monomer makes polymerization possible? [1]
(b) Name the type of polymerization that occurs. [1]
(c)Show the structure of the repeating unit in the polymer. [1]
(d) What is the chemical name for this polymer? [1]
24. (a) Which synthetic polymer has the same linkage as fat? [1]
(b) Give two advantages of synthetic polymers and one disadvantage. [3]
12.14.4 Natural macromolecules
25. (a) When bread is chewed for a long time, it begins to taste sweet.
(i) Account for this observation. [2]
(ii) Describe in outline the chemical hydrolysis of starch. [1]
(iii) Apart from starch which is a glucose polymer, give the name of a polysaccharide. [1]
(b) Describe the separation and identification of amino acids resulting from protein
hydrolysis. [2]
(c) Carbohydrates may be thought of having the general empirical formula C x(H2O)y. What
conclusion can you draw from this information? [2]
26. (a) List down two examples of natural polymers. [2]
(b)Some large molecules may be broken down to smaller molecules by hydrolysis. What is
formed in the hydrolysis of
(i) Protein (ii) Fat (iii) Starch [3]
Page | 39
(c) If starch is represented as – O O complete the following to

represent its hydrolysis.
O O hydrolysis
[2]
27. Name a reagent which is used in the manufacture of
(i) Soap (ii) Detergents [2]
(iii) List the names or the symbols of the main elements present in soap. [3]
28. Soap is manufactured by the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or oil.
(a) What name is given to this reaction?
(b) Give a word equation for the formation of soap from a fat or oil.
(c) Explain what is meant by a ‘soft soap.’
END
SUGGESTED SOLUTION (SCIENCE CHEMISTRY)
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

10.1.1 Introduction to chemistry
(a) (i) Analytical, Biochemistry,
Inorganic, Physical and organic
(ii) Organic chemistry/branch
(b) Used in domestic, Agriculture, hospitals, etc
10.2 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

10.2.1 Matter and the Kinetic theory
(a) (i) A=Solid , B= Gas , C=Liquid
(ii) A=closely packed, C=spacely packed
(b) (i) Melting (ii) Condensation (iii) Sublimation
Page | 40
(c)
10.2.2 Diffusion
(a)(i) Diffusion (ii) Temperature, Size of the particles, concentration
(iii) Are far apart and in random arrangement
- Are very free to move anywhere in the container while in liquid molecules are not held fixed but free to
move throughout liquid
10.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

10.3.1 Measuring of quantities
(a) (i) Beaker and conical flask (ii) Measuring cylinder (iii) Burette (iv) Bulb pipette
(b)Bulb pipette measures liquid accurately while burette measure with an error of 0.1cm3
10.3.2 Criteria of purity
(a)(i) 17oC (ii) 115oC (b)Line horizontal to 17oC
(c) Particles at 15oC are changing from vibrating (closely packed) to movement while at 115oC
they are changing from little space to far apart.
10.3.3 Separating Mixtures and pure substances

1. (a)(i) Simple distillation. Reject distillation only [1]
(ii) Convert gas to liquid/ Condense water [1]
Page | 41
(b)(i) (ii) 1000 C [1] (ii) Cross at the bottom of the round bottom flask. [1]
(iii) Fractionating column [1]
(iv) Physical change(e) 30/20=1.5
10.4 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS

10.4.1 Atomic structure and Periodic Table
(a) Charges: neutron = 0 / zero / none AND
proton = + / plus 1 / +1 ; [1]
Relative mass: electron = 0 / negligible / 1/1840 / 1/2000 / 0.0005 AND
neutron = 1 / one [1]
(b) 11B5 [2]
(c) 5 electrons in two shells AND 5 protons shown; [1] number of neutrons other than 6; [1]
ALLOW: between 3 and 10 neutrons
(d) Carbon is unstable with four electrons in outer shell while neon is stable with eight
electrons in outer shell.
10.4.2 Classification of Substances

(a)(i) F (ii) A (iii) C (iv) E (v) D
(b) Pure solid has similar atoms while alloy has different atoms.
10.4.3 Bonding
(a) (i) Magnesium Chloride (ii) MgCl2
(iii)-Soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvent
-Can conduct electricity in molten form
-High melting and boiling point
(b) (i) Chlorine bonded to four hydrogen atoms
(ii)- Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent while the one drawn is soluble in water
and insoluble in organic solvent.
-Does not conduct electricity while the drawn conduct electricity in molten form
-Low melting and boiling point while the one drawn has high melting and boiling point.
Page | 42
10.4.5 Chemical formulae and equations

(a) (i) Al2O3, H2SO4
(ii) Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 →Al2 (SO4)3 + 3H2O
(iii)2Al3+ + 3O2- +6H+ + 3SO4 2- →2Al3+ +3SO4 2- + 3H2O Cancel spectator ions
Final 3O2- + 6H+ → 3H2O
(b)(i) Valence of X in XO is 2. Valence of X in X2O3 is 3 (ii) Transition element
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS FOR GRADE 11
11.5 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

11.5.1Characteristic properties of acids and bases
1.
a. (i) Hydrogeh ion (H+) (ii) Hydroxide ion (OH-)
b. (i) Weak acid (ii) Concentrated acid
c. (i) CH3COOH H+ + GH3COO-
(ii) H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-
(d)
NAME OF INDICATOR COLOUR OF INDICATOR COLOUR OF INDICATOR

IN AN ACID IN A BASE
Litmus paper Red/Pink Blue
Methyl orange Red/pink Yellow
Phenolphthalein Colourless Red/Pink
2. (a) Ca(s) + HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
(b) Hydrogen puts out a burning splint with a pop sound.
(c) Because it conducts electricity in aqueous (solution) state.
(d) Citrc acid
(e) (i) CaHCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(ii) Carbon dioxide gas turns lime water milky.
Page | 43
3. (a) (i) any correct name of a soluble oxide. (Na2O, CaO, K2O, MGO etc)
(ii) any correct name of an insoluble hydroxide. (Zn(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Cu(OH)2 etc.
(b) (i) Harber process
(ii) Any correct use of ammonia gas.
e.g. Used to make fertilisers like ammonium sulphate.
(c) (i) The acidic oxide dissolves in rain water forming a weak acid. Hence the rain that falls to
the ground becomes slightly acidic, hence, acid rain.
sulphur dioxide (SO2)
SO2 + H2O(i) H2SO4(aq)
For Carbon dioxide (CO2)
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
(ii) acid-base reactions help to bring pH balance in the environment avoiding extreme acidity
and alkalinity.
(iii) -will case acid rain.
-will bring about greenhouse effect
-will cause global warming e.t.c.
(iv) when the soil on the farm is acidic in nature.
4. a. (i) C (ii) A (iii) E

b. Soil eventually becomes alkaline due to the alkaline nature of ammonium sulphate
fertilizer.
c. NH4+
11.5.2Preparation of salts
5. a. (i) Zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) or Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
(ii) Sulphuric acid (H2SO3)
(iii) Zn(OH)2(aq) + H2SO3(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2O(l) (For Zinc hydroxide)
b. (i) Lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 or any other soluble substance containing Lead ions.
(ii) Pb(NO3)2(aq + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
(iii) - after the reaction, filter off the insoluble lead (ii) sulphate salt.
- rinse the lead sulphate salt.
- dry the salt by putting it on a filter paper and then out in the sun or oven at low
temperature.
- The solid required salt can easily be rinsed and filtered off since other ions are soluble
in water.
Page | 44
11.5.3 Types of oxides

1. a (i) iron (iii) oxide (ii) Dinitrogen oxide or Carbon monoxide
(iii) sodium zincate (iv) sulphur dioxide
b. (i) Calcium oxide or Magnesium Oxide (ii) Na2ZnO2
c. sulphur dioxide (SO2)
For Carbon dioxide (CO2)
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
d. CaSO4.2H2O(s) CaSO4 + 2H2O
11.5.4 Identification of ions and gases (Qualitative analysis)

1. a. It turns dump red litmus paper blue. (b). Nitrate ion (c). NO3- ( d). Zinc ion (e). 2 b and c
(f). Zn+ (g). Zn(NO3)
2. (a). Chlorine gas (b). Ammonia gas (c). Hydrogen Chloride

d. (i) CO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
(ii) Calcium hydrogen carbonate.
11.6 THE MOLE CONCEPT

11.6.1 Relative masses
1. (a.) Al2SO4 (2 X 27) +32+(4 X 16) = 156
(b). (NH4)3PO4 (18X3) + 31 + (4 X 16) = 159( c). MnO2 56 + (2 X 16) = 88
(d). because chlorine exists in two isotopes; Chlorine – 35 and Chlorine – 37. So its mass takes
into consideration the abundances of these two isotpes.
Percentage composition
1. a. CaCO3 :
Ca = 40, C = 12, O = (3 X 16). 40 + 12 + 48 = 100
% comp of Ca =40/100 = 40%
b. Al2(SO4)3 :
2 X 27) + (3 X 32) + (4 X 3 X 32) = 534
% comp of O = 384/534 = 66.75%
11.6.2 The mole
1. Molar gas volume is the volume occupied by one mole of a gas at standard conditions.
2. 1 mole of O2 - 24dm3
0.125 of O2 - x
Cross multiply
Page | 45
X = 0.125 x 24 = 3dm3
3. 1mole of H2 - 22,400cm3
x moles of H2 - 1,120cm3
x = 1mol x 1,120cm3
22,400cm3
= 0.05mol
4. n = v/MGV
= 5.6dm3/24dm3(at rtp)
= 0.23mol
5. n = m/Mr
= 49g/98g/mol
= 0.5mol
6. m = nMr
= 0.2mol x 18g/mol
= 3.6g
11.7.1 Empirical and Molecular formulae

Empirical formula
1. - n(Na) = %/Mr = 43.4%/23g/mol =1.89mol
n(C) = %/Mr = 11.3%/12g/mol = 0.95mol
n(O) = %/Mr = 45.3%/16g/mol = 2.83mol
- 1.89/0.95 : 0.95/0.95 : 2.83/0.95
2 : 1 : 3
- Na2CO3
2. - n(Ca) = m/Mr = 5g/40g/mol = 0.125mol

n(Cl) = m/Mr = 8.875g/35.5g/mol = 0.250mol
- 0.125/0.125 : 0.250/0.125
1 : 2
- CaCl2
Molecular formula
Page | 46
1. - n(C) = %/Mr = 40g/12 = 3.3mol

n(H) = %/Mr =6.71/1 = 6.71mol
n(O) = %/Mr = 53.3/16 =3.3mol
- 3.3/3.3 : 6.71/3.3 : 3.3/3.3

1 : 2 : 1
- CH2O
- CH2O
C = 1 x 12 = 12
H = 1 x 2 = 2
O = 1 x 16 = 16
=30
- 180/30 = 6
- 6(CH2O) = C6H12O6—
2. - n(C) = m/Mr = 79.2g/12g/mol = 6.6mol

n(H) = m/Mr = 20.8g/1g/mol = 20.8mol
6.6/6.6 : 20.8/6.6
1 : 3
CH3
- CH3
C = 1 x 12 = 12
H = 1 x 3 = 3
= 15
- 30/15 = 2
2(CH3) = C2H6
Concentration
1. a .(i) n = m/Mr NaOH

= 4g/40g/mol Na = 1 x 23 = 23
= 0.1mol O = 1 x 16 = 16
H = 1x 1 = 1
= 40g/mol
4g of NaOH = 0.1mol of NaOH
Page | 47
So, there are 0.1moles of NaOH in 1dm3 of solvent or

0.1mol/dm3
(ii) 1mol/dm3 = 1M
0.1mol/dm3 = 1M
b. (i) Molar (M) and mol/dm3 are one and the same unit.
So 2M = 2mol/dm3
(ii) First, find the mass of 0.2moles of NaCl

m = nMr
= 0.2mol x 58.5g/mol
= 11.7g
So, 11.7g are dissolved in 1dm3
11.7g/dm3
c. Change volume from cm3 to dm3 by dividing given volume by 1000 because
there are
1000cm3 in 1dm3
800cm3 = 0.8dm3
n = CV
= 0.2M x 0.8dm3
= 0.16mol.
d. n = CV
= 0.03M x 0.5
= 0.015mol.
e. C = n/V
= 0.25/0.2
= 1.25M
Volume of the solvent if the mass and concentration are known

f. n = m/Mr
= 4g/40g/mol
= 0.1mol
V = n/C
= 0.1mol/0.2M
= 0.5dm3
Page | 48
Concentration calculations
1. Data
m = 9.5g
V = 0.5dm3
Mr(MgCl2) = 95g/mol
Conc = ?
First find the number of moles. or also use the formula
n = m/Mr Conc. = g/dm3
= 9.5/95 Mr
= 0.1mol = 9.5/0.5
95
But n = CV = 0.2mol/dm3
So C = n/V
= 0.1/0.5
= 0.2mol/dm3
2. Data
m = 0.4g
v = 100cm3
Mr(NaOH) =40g/mol
C = ?
First find the number of moles. Or Conc. = g/dm3

n = g/Mr Mr
= 0.4g/40g/mol = 0.4g/0.1dm3
= 0.01mol 40g/mol
C = n/V = 0.1mol/dm3
= 0.01/0.1
= 0.1mol/dm3
3. Data
V = 250cm3 = 0.25dm3
Mr(H2SO4) = 98g/mol
C = 0.1dm3
M = ?
n = CV or Conc. = g/dm3
= 0.1mol/dm3 x 0.25dm3 Mr
= 0.025mol changing the subject of the formula to g
g = dm3 x CMr
m = nMr = 0.25dm3 x 0.1mol/dm3 x 98g/mol
= 0.025mol x 98g/mol = 2.45g
= 2.45g
Page | 49
4. data
V = 1dm3
C = 0.5mol/dm3
Mr(KOH) = 56g/mol
Moles =?
n = CV or Conc. = g/dm3
= 0.5dm3/1dm3 Mr
= 0.5mol changing the subject of the formula to g
g = dm3 x CMr
= 1dm3 x 0.5mol/dm3 x 56g/mol
= 28g
n = m/Mr
= 28g/56g/mol
= 0.5mol
5. Data.
m = 20g
V = 1,000cm3 = 1dm3
Mr(NaOH) = 40g/mol.
C = ?
n = m/Mr or Conc. = g/dm3

= 20g/40g/mol Mr
= 0.5mol. = 20g/1dm3
40g/mol
C = n/V = 0.5mol/dm3
= 0.5mol/1dm3
= 0.5mol/dm3
Dilution
1. Data.
C1 = 2M C1V1 = C2V2
V1 = 25cm3 C2 = C1V1
V2 = 400cm3 V2
C2 = ? = 2M x 25cm3
400cm3
= 0.125M
Page | 50
2. Data
C1 = 0.2M
C2 = 0.02M
V2 = 160cm3
V1 = ?
C1V1 = C2V2
V1 = C2V2
C1
= 0.02M x 160cm3
0.2M
= 16cm3
Stoichiometric calculations
Calculations involving masses, moles and volume of reactants and products
Limiting reactant
1. (a) Magnesium is the limiting reactant. All calculations will be based on the number
of moles and mass of magnesium.
The correct balanced chemical equation is;
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
Isolate concerned substances.
2Mg - 2MgO
72g - x
Correspond molar masses and actual masses of the concerned substances.

2Mg - 2MgO
72g - x
(2 x 24) - 2(24 + 16)

48 - 80
So 72 - x
48 - 80
X = 72 x 80
48
Page | 51
= 120g
(b) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

72g + x = 120g
x = 120 - 72 or 48(Mg) - 32(O)
= 48g of oxygen 72 - x
Find the number of moles of oxygen gas. x = 72 x 32
n = m/Mr 48
= 48g/32g/mol = 48g
= 1.5mol.
1mol(O2) - 24dm3 at rtp
1.5mol. - x
x = 1.5 x 24
1
= 36dm3
2. Mass of carbon dioxide produced.

Formula mass for 2NaHCO3 is 118g.
2NaHCO3 - CO2
210 - x
168 - 44
x = 210 x 44
168
= 55g
The number of moles of carbon dioxide.
n = m/Mr
= 55/44
= 1.25mol.
Volume of carbon dioxide produced
1mole - 22.4dm3
1.25moles - x
x = 1.25 x 22.4
1
= 28dm3
Volumetric analysis
Reactions involving acids and bases
1. Base Acid
CB = 0.1M CA = 0.08M
VB = ? VA = 25cm3
Page | 52
nB = 1 nA = 1
CAVA = nA = 0.08 x 25 = 1 = 0.1VB = 2 so VB = 2/0.1 =
20cm3
CBVB nB 0.1 x VB 1
VB = 20cm3 of NaOH
2. The results of the titration show that 25cm3 of 0.o53M Na2CO3 neutralised
22.70cm3 of HCl solution.
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Base Acid
CB = 0.053M CA = ?
VB = 22.7cm3 VA = 22.70cm3
nB = 1 nA = 2
CAVA = nA
CBVB nB
CA x 22.70cm3 = 2
3
0.053M x 25cm 1
CA = 2 x 0.053 x 25
22.70
= 0.117M of HCl
Percentage yield and percentage purity

Percentage Yield
1. (a) Reacting mass ratio calculation from the balanced equation:
Mg ==> 1 MgCl2, so 24g ==> 95g or 12g ==> 47.5g MgCl2
(b) % yield = actual amount obtained x 100 / maximum theoretical amount possible
% yield = 47.0 x 100 / 47.5 = 98.9% (to 1dp)
2. (a) If we assume the iron(III) oxide ore (haematite) is reduced by carbon monoxide, the
equation is:
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) ==> 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g)
(atomic masses: Fe = 56, O = 16)
For every Fe2O3 ==> 2Fe can be extracted, formula mass of ore = (2 x 56) + (3 x 56) = 160
Therefore reacting mass ratio is: 160 ==> 112 (from 2 x 56)
Page | 53
so, solving the ratio, 1000 ==> 112 / 160 = 700 tonnes copper = max. can be extracted
(b) % yield = actual yield x 100 / theoretical yield

% yield = 670 x 100 / 700 = 95.7%
In other words, 4.3% of the iron is lost in waste e.g. in the slag.
3. 2Mg ==> 2MgO

in terms of reacting masses (2 x 24) ==> {2 x (24 +16)}
so 48g Mg ==> 80g MgO (or 24g ==> 40g, its all the same)
therefore solving the ratio
1g Mg ==> w g MgO, using the ratio 48 : 80
w = 1 x 80 / 48 = 1.67g MgO
Percentage Purity
1. % purity = actual amount of desired material x 100 / total amount of material
% purity = 11.57 x 100 / 12 = 96.4% (to 1dp)
2. The mass of original salt = 56.47 - 51.32 = 5.15g
and the mass of pure salt remaining = 56.15 - 51.32 = 4.83g
% salt purity = 4.83 x 100 / 5.15 = 93.8% (to 1dp)
11.7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
11.7.1 Rates of chemical reactions
1. a. (i) 40cm3
(II) 65s
(iii) The chemical reaction stopped.
(iv) 90cm3
(b)
Page | 54
c. lamps of marble chips should be crushed/powdered/made smaller etc.

d. CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
11.8THE PERIODIC TABLE

1. a. (i) B or G
(ii) L
(iii)D or I
(iv) C, I or J
b. D
c. E
d. (i) Any correct physical property of group (i) elements.
(ii) Any correct chemical property of group (vii) elements.
e. (i) G
(ii) G
f. Nt2O3
g. (i) 3
(ii) 1
(iii) Name: Mbamwabian sulphide. Formula: Mb4S
(iv) Any correct physical property of group (i) elements.
1. a. (i) Reactivity increases as you go up the group.

(ii) Ionisation energy reduces as you move down the group.
(iii) Atomic radius increases as you move from left to right across a period.
b. Hydrogen can be placed either in group (i) or group (ii) of the periodic tables.
c. (i) -This is the measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a chemical bond.
- It is also a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract pairs of electrons
in the context of a chemical bond.
Page | 55
(ii) - This reflects the ability of an atom to accept an electron.

- It is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous
atom.
GRADE 12
13.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
12.13.1 Water
1.(a) Identity test for water.
(b) - Hydrogen is made from methane.
- It is mixed with steam and passed over a catalyst
CH2(G) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2
- This is a reversible reaction. A high temperature and pressure is needed to give a good
yield.
- The carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide in another reversible reaction.
CO(G) + H2O(g) CO2 (g) + H2
- The carbon dioxide is removed by ‘scrubbing’ the gases with an alkali. This leaves
hydrogen
(c) - Hydrogen acts as a reducing agent by removing oxygen.
- The copper (ii) oxide is reduced to copper and the hydrogen oxidized to water.
2. (a) The reaction of hydrogen and oxygen gives out a lot of energy.
(b)- Its reaction with oxygen produces just water, there is no pollution.
- It is a renewable resource.
(c) Electricity for electrolysis of acidified water for its production is expensive.
3.(a) H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g)
(b) The water produced extinguishes the flame.
Page | 56
4.(a) irrigation, brewing, as a solvent, raw material in making sodium hydroxide, cooling
machinery, baking
(b) (I) Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or hypochlorite to water. It is done
to kill certain bacteria and other microbes to prevent the spread of water borne
diseases.
(ii) It is used in the sedimentation tanks to help in settling certain hazardous chemicals,
suspended solids and also bacterial colonies.
5.(a) Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies

(b) – death of aquatic animals
- Disruption of food chain
- Diseases
- Destruction of ecosystem
6.(i) Global warming
(ii) – use more nuclear energy but this is expensive and produces radioactive waste
- Use electric cars and lorries but the electricity has to be generated and this burns coal
and oil
- Use less energy but many developing nations in the world need more energy to
overcome hunger and disease.
- Waste less energy. Everyone in the world could do this even if they each make only a
tiny contribution.
7. (a) – Sulphur dioxide
- Nitrogen dioxide
(b) This is because of the carbon monoxide released from the exhaust gases which is
poisonous and can kill you.
(c) Oxygen relights a glowing splint
8. (a) Sulphur
(b)Oxidized
Page | 57
(c) Oxidation is the process which involves the addition of oxygen to a substance or the
removal of hydrogen from a substance, in this case the hydrogen has been removed from
the compound hydrogen sulphide. Chlorine therefore, has oxidized hydrogen sulphide to
sulphur and hydrochloric acid.
9.(i) Ozone is formed when energy from ultra violet light causes oxygen molecules to break into
atoms. These then react with other oxygen molecules:
Ultra violet
O2 light 2O then 2O2 + 2O 2O3
(ii) The ozone molecules absorb ultraviolet radiation and break down to oxygen again. By this
the ozone layer protects us.
12.13.4 Nitrogen
10.(a)
(b) Nitrogen (78%) dilutes oxygen (20%) and prevents rapid burning at the earth’s surface.
Living things need nitrogen to make proteins.
(c)- Production of ammonia

- Manufacture of nitric acid
- Making fertilizes
11.(a) Blue
(b) NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4(aq)+ + OH-(aq)
(c) This is because ammonia is highly soluble in water that all the ammonia in the flask
dissolves in water creating a vacuum which is then filled by the water in the flask a
fountain occurs.
(d) Solubility of ammonia
12. It could be dried by passing it through a freezing mixture. Water freezes at O oC whereas the
ammonia is still a gas at this temperature. But even ice has some water vapour in contact with
it, so the gas is not completely dried.
13. (a) Bubbles of gas came out of the delivery tube
(b) It burns with yellow flame showing that the gas has high percentage of carbon.
Page | 58
(c) It decolours bromine water
(d) Insoluble: This is because it is collected over water
(e) C2H6 C2H4 + H2
14.(a) Hydrogenation
(b) C2H6 + Br2 C2H5Br + HBr
(C) Bromomethane
15. (a) 8 (b)
(c)
16. CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
Page | 59
17(a)(i) Alcohols
(ii) CnH2n+1OH (iii) 74
(b)(i)
(ii) – High pressure

- Low pressure
- Catalyst
(iii) 180 92
72 x
X = 72 x 92
180
X= 36.8 tonnes
(c)- Solvent in making paints
- as a fuel
- in making perfumes
- making cosmetics
(d)(i)
(ii) Ethyl ethanoate

(iii)
Page | 60
(iv) Presence of catalyst: concentrated sulphuric acid.
18.(a) C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g)

(b) Reversible reaction
(c)High pressure
19.(a) C2H5OH(l) + CH3COOH(aq) CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l)
(b) They are similar in the way they are prepared. In ester formation the organic acid provides
the – OH group and the alcohol provides the hydrogen, while in inorganic salt formation
the acid contributes the hydrogen atom.
(c) Fruits, Flowers
20. (i) Esterification is a chemical reaction where alcohols react with organic acids to form
compounds known as esters.
(ii) – as solvents
- Flavourings
- Fragrances for perfumes and beauty products
21. (i)(a) Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which monomers join together to form a
macromolecule with or without the elimination of matter.
(b) Double bond between carbon atoms
(c) Polyethne
(ii)(a) Monomers
(b)
MONOMER POLYMER
Chloroethene (vinyl chloride) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Propene Polypropene
Stylene Polystylene
1,6-diaminohexane and hexan-1,6- Nylon (poly amide)
dioyl chloride
Benzene 1,4-dicarboxylic acidband Terylene (polyester)
ethane 1,2 diol
Page | 61
(c) Starch
12.14.3 Synthetic macromolecules
21.(i) (a) Polymerization is the combination of two or more molecules of the same compound to
form one branched or straight chain molecule with no gain or loss of material.
(b) The presence of the double bond (unsaturation) in its structure.
(c) Polythene
(ii) (a) Monomers
(b) Molecular subunit: glucose, Polymer: starch (iii) starch
22. (a) (i) Examples of natural polymers: proteins, starch, fats,(silk, wool, DNA, cellulose)
Examples of synthetic polymers: Polyethene, polystyrene, nylon, polyvinyl chloride
(ii) Proteins: amino acid , Starch: glucose, Fats: fatty acid and glycerol
Polythene: ethene, Polystyrene: stylene, nylon: hexane-1,6-diamine and hexane-1,6-
dioyl dichloride
(b) (i) Addition polymerization is a chemical reaction where many monomers bond together
by breaking the double or triple bond of monomer molecules and there is no loss of
matter.
(ii) Uses: Plastic bags, plastic bottles, dustbins, cling films
23.(a) the presence of the double bond

(b) Addition polymerization
(c) – [CF2 – CF2] -
(d)polytetrafluoroethylene
24. (a) Terylene
(b)
Advantages Disadvantages
 Many different kinds of polymers  They are not readily
can be manufactured: their biodegradable so present disposal
properties can be varied according problems
to what they are used for and so  They are expensive to recycle
they are very adaptable  They burn readily giving off toxic
 They are cheap to produce gases: some plastics on burning
 They are resistant to acids, alkalis, give off hydrogen cyanide gas
air and water which is fatal to human beings
Page | 62
12.14.4 Natural macromolecules
25. .(a)(i) When starch is digested with saliva, it is broken down to glucose which tastes sweet.
(ii) When starch is boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid, it is hydrolyzed into glucose.
(iii) Cellulose or glycogen
(b) The separation and identification of the amino acids is based on the principles of elution
chromatography.
26. (a) Proteins, carbohydrates, fats (Cellolose, silk, rubber)
(b)(i) Amino acid (ii) Fatty acids and glycerol (iii) glucose
(c) HO- - OH + HO- - OH
27. (i) Aqueous sodium hydroxide

(ii) Hydrocarbons
(iii) List: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sodium
28. (a) Saponification
(b) Fat or oil + Caustic soda soap + glycerol
(c) It is a salt formed by the reaction of a fat or oil with potassium hydroxide.
Page | 63

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MINISTRY OF GENERAL EDUCATION

Providing Conducive Environment for Effective Teaching and

10.2 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER……………………….....1

10.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES…………………….…………………..2

10.4 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS………........5

11.5ACIDS, BASES AND SALT…………………………………………………8

11.6.3 Types of oxides………………………………………………………………………….11

11.6.4 Identification of ions and

11.6 THE MOLE CONCEPT………………………………………………………….13

11.6.2 The mole…………………………………………………………………………………14

11.7 CHEMICAL REACTIONS………………………………………………………………21

11.7.1 Rates of chemical reactions………………………………………………………….....22

11.8.1 Groups and Periods…………………………………………………………………….23

11.8.2 Group and Periodic trends…………………………………………………………….24

11.8.3 Transition metals……………………………………………………………………….26

13.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY……………………………………...27

12.14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY………………………………………………..30

12.14.1 Saturated and unsaturated Hydrocarbons…………………………….31

12.14.3 Synthetic macromolecules……………………………………………………………..34

12.14.4 Natural macromolecules………………………………………………………………35

Suggested solution grade 10…………………………………………..36

GRADE 10 SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY)

10.1 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

10.2 THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

(i) Name state A, B and C. [3]

10.3 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Gas syringe used for measuring volume of gasses.

(a)Which apparatu(s) can be used to;

10.3.3 Separating Mixtures and pure substances

(a) (i) Name the method of purification. [1]

(ii)What type of change is shown above?

Calculate the Rf value for the dye

10.4 ATOMS, ELEMENTS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS

Proton number is the number of protons in an atom.

(a) Complete the table.

10.4.2 Classification of Substances

Which of the diagrams A, B, C, D, E and F best represents a;

(i) Name the compound above. [1]

Bases and alkalis

11.5.1Characteristic properties of acids and bases

(II) an alkali its characteristics

NAME OF INDICATOR COLOUR OF INDICATOR COLOUR OF INDICATOR IN A

3. a. Write a chemical formula of one example of;

a. Using letters A, B, C, D or E, estimate the position for;

11.6.3 Types of oxides

1. Consider the following substances;

11.6.4 Identification of ions and gases

Test No Test carried out observation

Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to

2a Aqueous sodium hydroxide was added bit by bit White ppt

b Excess aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to Precipitate soluble in excess

c Aqueous ammonia was added to a new portion of White ppt

d Excess Aqueous ammonia was added to the Ppt insoluble in excess.

2. name the gas which could be associated with the following;

c. The diagram below illustrates the fountain experiment.

11.6 THE MOLE CONCEPT

1. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the following substances.

1. Calculate the per cent composition of;

The mole can be defined as;

1. What is molar gas volume?

1. a. Convert 4g/dm3 of sodium hydroxide to;