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and PSCAD/EMTDC). However, the manuals of the programs examined the effect of load currents on the short-circuit current
do not present the detailed modeling methods or equations for by using the symmetrical component method or focused on the
unbalanced IBDG sources that function as internally limited or balanced loads. Loads in a distribution system are inherently
unlimited current sources [19, 20]. Thus, one study converted unbalanced and lines are untransposed. Thus, this study
loads into constant impedance loads, solved non-linear proposes a hybrid method that combines Thevenin’s equivalent
equations of an unbalanced distribution system with Jacobian circuit and the three-phase bus impedance matrix and calculates
matrices, and calculated the post-fault voltages and currents of the short-circuit current of unbalanced distribution systems
IBDG sources [21]. with untransposed lines.
Previous studies indicated that if single-, two-, or three-phase The first proposed method that refers sequence networks to
small-capacity IBDG sources were distributed in the another network can calculate the short-circuit current of
low-voltage network, their short-circuit current contribution balanced and transposed systems (e.g., transmission systems),
was slight to be neglected. So, previous studies did not present including unbalanced IBDG sources. Additionally, the
a short-circuit model for grid-connected IBDG sources with proposed method is applicable to multiple IBDG sources with
unbalanced phases (e.g., single- or two-phase IBDG sources) unbalanced phases that can or cannot limit the output current.
that function as internally limited or unlimited current sources. The second proposed hybrid method examines the short-circuit
Unbalanced IBDG sources inject the unbalanced current during current of unbalanced and untransposed systems (e.g.,
an electric fault. Moreover, unbalanced load currents can also distribution systems), including unbalanced loads.
change the short-circuit current. Thus, the first objective of this
This paper is organized as follows. Section II presents a
study is to present a method that accurately calculates the
conventional short-circuit study that includes only the voltage
steady-state short-circuit current of unbalanced IBDG sources.
source, and Section III proposes a current injection method for
For this purpose, a method is proposed that refers zero- and
unbalanced IBDG sources. Section IV presents a hybrid
negative-sequence networks to the positive-sequence network
method that combines Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and the
and defines new bus impedance matrices of each sequence
three-phase bus impedance matrix. Section V provides case
network (ZUP, ZUN, and ZUZ). Using unbalanced current
studies that verify the proposed methods, and Section VI
injection matrices (IUPCI, IUNCI, and IUZCI), the short-circuit
summarizes the major conclusions of the study.
currents are calculated for unbalanced IBDG sources that
function as current sources. Finally, the short-circuit currents
II. CONVENTIONAL SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDY
are superimposed on those from an ideal voltage source (or a
slack generator) using the superposition rule. A. Thevenin’s Voltage Source and Norton’s Current Source
Meanwhile, past studies have also neglected the load current The transient and steady-state responses of IBDG sources
because of the following reasons. The contribution from during an electric fault depend on the controller and hardware
rotating generators to the short-circuit current was significantly capabilities. The controllers can be classified by the voltage
greater than the contribution from the load current. control scheme. One controller adjusts the amplitude (Ea) and
Furthermore, loads could not be modeled by “simple” the angle (δ) to regulate active and reactive power, as shown in
impedances because of the complexity of the loads used in Fig. 1 (a). Other controllers use a current control scheme with
electric distribution systems [22]. However, in [23-25], general two or more loops to control the current output and regulate the
loads were modeled by the constant impedance load in power output, as shown in Fig. 1 (b) [32, 33].
short-circuit analyses. In [26], to calculate the short-circuit In the voltage-source approach in Fig. 1 (a), an IBDG source
current, the pre-load current was taken into account by using functioning as a voltage source is simplified by using
the active voltage that depends on the pre-loading conditions. Thevenin’s equivalent circuit. In the current-source approach in
The three-phase short-circuit current contribution from PV Fig. 1 (b), an IBDG source functioning as a current source (Is) is
systems and loads was also examined in [27]. In [28], three connected to the grid through parallel admittance (Ys), which
different load models (i.e., neglecting, pre-fault currents, and can be seen as Norton’s equivalent circuit. In current source
constant impedances) calculated the short-circuit current of inverters, the internally generated reference current (Iref) is
high-capacity DG systems. Since the previous studies have subject to current limiters that limit the current level necessary
focused on AC systems, a short-circuit current limiting for the rated output power at the minimum voltage (e.g., 0.9
algorithm for low-voltage DC microgrids with DC loads was p.u.). Thus, the output current during a fault does not exceed the
presented in [29]. The effect of loads on the zero-sequence full load current of about 1.1 p.u. [4, 7], 1 to 2.0 p.u. [34], or 1.2
current was examined after occurring an SLG fault [30]. p.u. [16, 17], which is small compared to conventional rotating
Commercial power system analysis software packages (e.g., machines. The current limits are also valid for a
CYME and DIgSILENT) present various short-circuit current voltage-controlled inverter that use the same overload
calculation functions that take the load current into account capability of the power electronics as a current-controlled
[31]. But, the programs simply substitute the pre-fault voltage inverter.
caused by loading conditions for Thevenin’s voltage in the
positive-sequence network, which is usually assumed as 1.0
p.u. [19, 20]. That is, the previous short-circuit models have
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in bus i in the power system network with N buses, the positive-, Bus k Bus i Bus j
Vs,k,2 Is,j,2
Ys,j,2 3Zf
negative-, and zero-sequence networks are connected in series Negative-Sequence Network
through bus i, in Fig. 2. Because of (1), Thevenin’s voltage
Ik,0 Zs,k,0 Vk,0 Ii,0 Vj,0 Ij,0
source is connected to only the positive-sequence network.
Zi-1,0 Zi+1,0
Before connecting Ys,j,1, the bus impedance matrix of the Bus k
Vs,k,0 Bus i Bus j
positive-sequence network in Fig. 2 is: Ys,j,0 Is,j,0
Zero-Sequence Network
Z s , k ,1 Z s , k ,1 Z s , k ,1
Z +
old Z s , k ,1 Z s , k ,1 Zi 1,1 Z s , k ,1 Zi 1,1 . (2) Fig. 2. Sequence networks in the case of an SLG fault in bus i.
Z s , k ,1 Z s , k ,1 Zi 1,1 Z s , k ,1 Zi 1,1 Zi 1,1
III. UNBALANCED CURRENT INJECTION METHOD
Using the Kron reduction rule, the final positive-sequence
network that includes Ys,j,1 is: A. Unbalanced Current Sources
Z
Z To accurately calculate the fault current contribution from
Zold
+ + old , pr old , rq
Zfinal , (3) IBDG sources connected as current sources with unbalanced
Z old , rr 1/ Ys , j ,1 phases, this study applies Norton’s equivalent circuit to the
unbalanced steady-state short-circuit model of an IBDG source.
where Z old , pr is the element at the pth row and rth column of
A current source is connected to the rest of the system through
the matrix, r = 3, and p = q = 1 to r. After calculating the bus Norton’s equivalent circuit based on the dual properties of
impedance matrix of the negative-, and zero-sequence networks, Thevenin’s equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1 (b). If the current
the short-circuit current that flows in the faulted bus or line i is source is perfectly balanced between phases (i.e., Ij,a = 1∠0°, Ij,b
calculated by: = 1∠-120°, and Ij,c = 1∠120° p.u.), the zero- and
IiSLG
,1 V f / (Zii ,0 Zii ,1 Zii ,2 3Z f ) IiSLG
,0 IiSLG
,2 . (4) negative-sequence components are zero:
I j,012 T1I j,abc [0 10 0] . (9)
I iSLG
,1 , I iSLG
,2 , and I iSLG
,0 are the positive-, negative-, and
However, if single- or two-phase IBDG sources are connected
zero-sequence short-circuit currents flowing in the faulted bus
to the grid, (9) is not valid because the zero- and negative
or line i, while Zii,0, Zii,1, and Zii,2 are the diagonal elements of
sequence elements of Ij,012 are now not zero. In other words, the
the zero-, positive-, and negative-sequence impedance matrices
current source should exist in the positive-, negative-, and
at column i and row i, and Zf is the fault impedance.
zero-sequence networks, as shown in Fig. 2.
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B. Current Injection Method for Unbalanced IBDG Sources I UCI0 [0 ... I s , j ,0 ... 0]T
If an SLG fault occurs, the sequence network in Fig. 2 can be
simplified by referencing the fault impedance (3Zf) and the
I UCI1 [0 ... I s , j ,1 ... 0]T , (11)
zero- and negative-sequence networks to the original I UCI2 [0 ... I s , j ,2 ... 0] T
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total short-circuit current (If) was determined for N current and yaa yab yac
I P Z thf Vs,abc yba ybc vs ,a vs ,b vs ,c ,
voltage sources by the superposition rule. -1 T
ybb (20)
Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of the proposed current injection
method for unbalanced IBDG sources. yca ycb ycc
I P I f,abc Z th,f Vj,abc
-1
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v+i,a + vj,a
if,b zf,b 0.45+1.14j p.u. 0.45+1.14j p.u.
Zth 0 p.u.
+ + vj,b
vi,b if,c zf,c
+ + + + + vj,c
vi,c Fig. 8. Sequence network representation of the test feeder in p.u.
vs,a vs,b vs,c Zl,a Zl,b Zl,c
- - - voc - - -
The phase shifts in the transformers connected in a delta-wye
are ignored, but the proposed method can be extended to
Fig. 6. Thevenin equivalent circuit with unbalanced loads.
include the standard phase shifts of ANSI C 57.12.70. The
short-circuit current flowing from Thevenin’s voltage source is
V. CASE STUDY
then calculated by (4):
A. Unbalanced IBDG Sources Vf
I iVS,1 0.4348 75.26 p.u. , (33)
1) Five-Bus Example Zii ,1 Zii ,2 Zii ,0 3Z f
To verify the proposed short-circuit method for where i = 3, Zf = 0, Vf =1∠0°,
transmission systems, a relatively small power system with five Zii ,1 0.18 0.69 j , (34)
buses at a base of 100 MVA was modeled. The system includes
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Zii ,2 0.18 0.69 j , (35) network, the fault current flowing from the source in the
Zii ,0 0.2252 + 0.8443j . (36) network is zero:
Vi,0
The sequence voltage induced by the voltage source is I iCS 0 0 p.u. (43)
calculated by (5) to (7). Fig. 9 shows the resulting sequence 3Z f Z final ,ii Z final ,ii
voltage induced by the voltage source. The sequence voltages induced by the IBDG sources in the
To calculate the sequence voltage induced by the IBDG positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence networks are
source, the bus impedance matrix is calculated for the superimposed. The total fault current flowing from the IBDG
positive-sequence network referred by the fault impedance sources in the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence networks
(3Zf) and the zero- and negative-sequence impedances is superimposed as follows:
CS
( Z 0final ,ii and Z final ,ii in (3)) in Fig. 3 (a), ,1 I i
I iCS I iCS I iCS 0 3.1004e-040.12 p.u. (44)
0 0 0 0 0 The total fault current flowing from the voltage and IBDG
0 0.01 0.2622 j 0.0002 0.2070 j 0.0002 0.2070 j 0.0002 0.2070 j sources is:
Z UI
0 0.0002 0.2070 j 0.1246 + 0.4760j 0.1246 + 0.4760j 0.1246 + 0.4760j
. (37)
0 0.0002 0.2070 j 0.1246 + 0.4760j 0.3046 + 0.8660j 0.3046 + 0.8660j I f 3( IiVS,1 IiCS
,1 ) 1.3046 75.22 p.u. (45)
0 0.0002 0.2070 j 0.1246 + 0.4760j 0.3046 + 0.8660j 0.3046 + 1.4660j As the second validation of the proposed method, the
When opening the IBDG source in the negative- and positive-sequence post-fault voltage determined by the
zero-sequence networks, the sequence voltage induced by the proposed method was compared to those determined by
IBDG source in the positive-sequence network is: DIgSILENT (the ANSI mode). In TABLE I, the magnitude of
VU1 ZU1IUCI1 the positive-sequence voltage shows good agreement with
T . (38) DIgSILENT. TABLE II compares the short-circuit currents.
ZU1 0 0 0 0 0.5774e-3 -30
The short-circuit currents of the proposed method and
The fault current flowing from the IBDG source in the DIgSILENT show relative errors of 0.68 percent and 0.70
positive-sequence network is: percent. However, in DIgSILENT, the unbalanced IBDG
Vi,1 source does not change the short-circuit current. That is,
I iCS 1.79e-4-29.88 p.u. , (39)
3Z f Z final ,ii Z final ,ii
0 DIgSILENT ignores the fault current contribution from the
unbalanced IBDG sources. Thus, the proposed method can
where i=3, Zf = 0,
more accurately calculate the short-circuit contribution of the
Z 0final ,ii 0.2252 + 0.8443j , (40)
unbalanced IBDG sources than DIgSILENT.
Z final ,ii 2 0.18 + 0.69j , (41)
TABLE I
and Vi,1 is the voltage of bus i in equation (38). COMPARISON OF POSITIVE-SEQUENCE POST-FAULT VOLTAGES
Without IBDG in p.u. With IBDG in p.u.
1 2 4 Proposed method DIgSILENT Proposed method DIgSILENT
0.6900∠-0.05°
B1 1.0000∠0.00° 1.0000∠0.00° 1.0000∠0.00° 1.0000∠0.00°
0.8745∠-2.17° 0.6900∠-0.05° B2 0.8745∠-2.17° 0.8737∠-1.78° 0.8746∠-2.17° 0.8737∠-1.78°
3 5 B3 0.6900∠-0.05° 0.6897∠0.02° 0.6902∠-0.05° 0.6897∠0.02°
1.0∠0°
0.6900∠-0.05°
B4 0.6900∠-0.05° 0.6897∠0.02° 0.6904∠-0.03° 0.6897∠0.02°
B5 0.6900∠-0.05° 0.6897∠0.02° 0.6906∠-0.01° 0.6897∠0.02°
0∠0° 0.3100∠-179.88°
TABLE II
0.1304∠-165.26° 0.3100∠-179.88° COMPARISON OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS
0.3100∠-179.88° 3Zf
Without IBDG in p.u. With IBDG in p.u.
Proposed DIgSILENT Proposed DIgSILENT
3I+ 1.3043∠-75.26° 1.2955∠-73.72° 1.3045∠-75.23° 1.2955∠-73.72°
0∠0° 0∠0°
Relative
0.68% - 0.69% -
0.1117∠-164.85° 0.1268∠-165.69°
error
0.3799∠179.81°
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The 30 × 30 bus impedance matrix of each sequence network be extended to include the current injection in the
is first built. After opening the IBDG source, the short-circuit negative-sequence current injection matrix.
current flowing from Thevenin’s voltage source is calculated The test feeder was also modeled in DIgSILENT with the
by (4): balanced three-phase IBDG source with a capacity of 1 MVA
I iVS,1 V f / ( Zii ,1 Zii ,2 Zii ,0 3Z f ) 1.2550 72.77 p.u. ,(46) and an SLG fault in bus 5. The ANSI mode of DIgSILENT
presents a fault current of 3.8616∠-73.24° p.u. A fault current
where i = 5, Zf = 0, Vf =1∠0°, Zii ,1 Zii ,2 0.0471 + 0.1557j ,
magnitude of 3.7662∠-72.71° p.u. was calculated by the
and Zii ,0 0.1418 + 0.4496j . proposed method, which shows a relative error of 2.5 percent
When the voltage source is shorted, the fault current from the compared to that calculated by DIgSILENT, which also
IBDG source in the positive-sequence network is: validates the proposed method.
I iCS Vi,1 / (3Z f Z 0final ,ii Z final ,ii 2 ) 0.00141.15 p.u. (47) In the next validation procedure, only an IBDG source with a
capacity of 1 MVA was connected to bus 30, Thevenin’s
The fault currents flowing from the IBDG source in the
voltage source was shorted, and an SLG fault was generated in
negative- and zero-sequence networks are also calculated.
Finally, the total fault current flowing from the voltage and bus 5. Fig. 11 shows the short-circuit voltage of each bus.
IBDG source is superimposed as follows: Because the IBDG source injects current at the last bus (bus
30), the voltage of this bus is the highest (0.0077∠70.08° p.u.).
I f 3( I iVS,1 I iCS
,1 ) 3(1.2550 72.77 0.00141.15)
. (48) Expectedly, the voltages of the faulted and slack buses are both
3.7662 72.71 p.u. zero.
If an SLG fault occurs in bus 5 of the test feeder with a
three-phase IBDG source with a capacity of 1 MVA, the
contributions of the slack generator and the IBDG source are
3.7651∠-72.77° p.u. and 0.0041∠1.15° p.u., respectively. The
fault current contribution of the IBDG source connected to a
heavily-meshed transmission network as a current source is not
severe when compared to the synchronous generators, which is
comparable to the results of the previous studies [4-7]. But the
IBDG source should not be neglected for accurate short-circuit
calculation because the unbalanced IBDG sources are
continuously connected to the grid.
T4
L20
L19
L21
L17
Fig. 11. Short-circuit voltage of phase a (an SLG fault occurs in bus 5,
L18
Thevenin’s voltage is shorted, and a 1-MW IBDG source is only connected to
bus 30).
L10 L13 L14
L16 B. Unbalanced Loads
L15
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pf
Substation Distribution lines Load The pre-fault load current ( I load ) of phase a of the faulted bus
Slack P-Q
1 4 P-Q 5 P-Q 6 P-Q (i.e., bus 3) is
2 3 P-Q
,a 0.4075 37.17 p.u.
pf
I loading (56)
0.01 0.1 j 0.01 0.01 j 0.01 0.01 j That is, the proposed actual fault current can be approximated
Z abc 0.01 0.01 j 0.01 0.1 j 0.01 0.01 j p.u.
by the pre-fault load current and the fault current that takes the
(49) loading conditions into account. This study models the
0.01 0.01 j 0.01 0.01 j 0.01 0.1 j unbalanced loads as constant power sink, not impedance.
The fault current of phase a calculated by using the proposed However, (28) treats loads as impedance, not constant power
hybrid method is load, so the superimposed magnitude (i.e., I f ,loading ,a I load
pf
,a )
I f ,a 6.2378 86.42 p.u. , (50) shows a percent error of 0.08 to the proposed actual fault
where current.
0.0054+j 0.0654 0.0008+j 0.0023 0.0009+j 0.0020
If the system is unbalanced and untransposed (e.g., a
distribution system), the fault current calculated by the
Z 0.0008+j 0.0023 0.0053+j 0.0655 0.0008+j 0.0019 p.u. (51)
th symmetrical sequence method can show discrepancy to the
0.0009+j 0.0020 0.0008+j 0.0019 0.0054+j 0.0654
actual fault current. The proposed hybrid method does not
The fault current calculated by using the sequence method is ignore the mutual impedance of untransposed lines so that it
Vf can calculate more accurately the fault current.
I i ,1 2.0793 86.42 p.u. , (52)
Zii ,1 Zii ,2 Zii ,0 3Z f
2) Heavily Unbalanced Large Distribution System
where
To verify the proposed method for a heavily unbalanced and
Zii ,1 Zii ,2 j0.15 p.u., Zii ,0 0.03 j 0.18 p.u. . (53)
untransposed network, this study models the highly unbalanced
The line current converted from the sequence fault current, or three-phase IEEE 34-bus test feeder in Fig. 13 [39, 40]. It
(52), is the same as that of the proposed hybrid method. includes 34 buses, a slack bus connected to a three-phase
As the next validation, this study uses the following transformer connected in a delta-grounded wye, 2 shunt
unbalanced and untransposed phase impedance matrix of the capacitors, and 19 distributed loads (e.g., wye- or
distribution lines. delta-connected constant power, current, and impedance loads),
0.01+j0.13 0.001+j0.02 0.002+j0.03 6 spot loads, and 2 voltage regulators. This case study uses a
Z abc 0.001+j 0.02 0.01+j0.15 0.003+j0.04 p.u. (54) base of 2.5 MVA. The other detailed feeder data are available in
[39, 40].
0.002+j0.03 0.003+j0.04 0.01+ j0.20
TABLE III presents the fault current of phase a by using both 820 822 844
846
848
802 806 808 814 850 824 826 834 860 836 840
13.6 percent to the proposed method. The discrepancy in the 816
858
832
magnitude is caused by that the sequence method assumes 800 Voltage Regulator 1
888
862
890
mutual impedances of zero (i.e., the off-diagonal terms). 810
Voltage Regulator 2 838
0.0140+j 0.2200 -0.0178-j 0.0197 0.0168-j 0.0203 828 830 854 856
. (55)
0.0168-j 0.0203 0.0080+j 0.1300 -0.0077-j 0.0056 p.u.
Fig. 13. The IEEE 34-bus test feeder [39, 40].
-0.0178-j 0.0197 0.0097-j 0.0044 0.0080+j 0.1300
This study generates an SLG fault in buses 812, 824-828, and
832. In TABLE IV, the first row shows the actual fault currents
TABLE III. FAULT CURRENT OF PHASE A (SLG FAULT ON BUS 3)
Method Fault current in p.u.
calculated by the proposed method, (31). The second row
If (Proposed hybrid method) 5.2559∠-86.99° presents the pre-fault load currents calculated by the
If (Sequence method) 4.5408∠-87.40° three-phase backward and forward sweep power-flow analysis
method. The third row indicates the fault currents that take
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loading conditions into account, (30). The proposed actual fault symmetrical sequence method shows discrepancy to the actual
current (e.g., 5.6354∠-61.16° p.u.) in the first row is fault current.
approximated by the pre-fault load current (e.g.,
0.3804∠-46.84° p.u.) and the fault current that takes the loading APPENDIX
conditions into account (e.g., 5.3167∠-61.82° p.u.). If an LLG fault occurs in phases b and c of bus i,
The conventional sequence method usually calculates the v j ,b v j , c 0 , (60)
zero-, positive-, and zero-sequence components from the
three-phase line impedance available in [39, 40]. For example, i f ,a 0 , (61)
the sequence component of the line geometry of configuration 1 0 0 0 0 0 yaa yab yac
300, which is used in the main feeder (e.g., buses 800 to 814 0 1 0 0 0 0 yba ybb ybc
and buses 888 to 890), is calculated by
0 0 1 0 0 0 yca ycb ycc
Z 012 A -1 Z abc A
1.33681.3343 j 0.2101 0.5779 j 0.2130 0.5015 j z fa 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
A-1 0.2101 0.5779 j 1.32381.3569 j 0.2066 0.4591 j A . (59) A LLG 0 z fb 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 . (62)
0.2130 0.5015 j 0.2066 0.4591 j 1.32941.3471 j
0 0 z fc 0 0 1 0 0 1
1.7498 + 2.3718j 0.0299 + 0.0234j -0.0198 + 0.0185j
0.0299 + 0.0234j 1.1201 + 0.8333j
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.0412 - 0.0597j in ohm/mi
-0.0198 + 0.0185j -0.0412 - 0.0597j 1.1201 + 0.8333j
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
The conventional sequence method does not take the mutual 0 1
impedances (i.e., the off-diagonal terms) into account. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Therefore, the conventional sequence method for heavily If an LL fault occurs in phases b and c of bus i,
unbalanced and untransposed distribution systems includes v j ,b v j , c , (63)
intrinsic error. i f ,a 0 , (64)
TABLE IV. FAULT CURRENT OF PHASE A (SLG FAULT) i f ,b i f , c 0 , (65)
Method Bus 812 824-828 832
If (Proposed method) 5.6354∠-61.16° 3.7622∠-53.36° 2.5271∠-47.24° 1 0 0 0 0 0 yaa yab yac
pf 0 1 0 0 0 0 yba ybb ybc
I load , a 0.3804∠-46.84° 0.3057∠-48.70° 0.2778∠-50.07°
I f ,loading ,a 5.3167∠-61.82° 3.5096∠-53.30° 2.3019∠-46.25° 0 0 1 0 0 0 yca ycb ycc
I pf
load , a + I f ,loading ,a 5.6850∠-60.83° 3.8145∠-52.93° 2.5791∠-46.66° z fa 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
If (Sequence method) 5.5716∠-61.12° 3.6110∠-53.33° 2.3018∠-47.36° A LL 0 z fb 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 . (66)
0 0 z fc 0 0 1 0 0 1
VI. CONCLUSION 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
To calculate the short-circuit current contribution of
unbalanced IBDG sources, this study initially proposes a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
method that refers the zero- and negative-sequence networks to 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
the positive-sequence network. The proposed method uses If a three-phase to ground fault occurs in bus i,
conventional symmetrical sequence components based on v j , a v j ,b v j , c 0 , (67)
balanced systems (e.g., the IEEE 30-bus transmission system).
The case study results indicated that the short-circuit current 1 0 0 0 0 0 yaa yab yac
contribution of the IBDG source with unbalanced phases was 0 1 0 0 0 0 yba ybb ybc
not severe. However, heavily unbalanced IBDG sources in a
0 0 1 0 0 0 yca ycb ycc
transmission network could change the fault current.
Since a distribution feeder is inherently untransposed and z fa 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
unbalanced, the mutual impedances between the lines are not A 3PH 0 z fb 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 . (68)
equal. However, the conventional sequence method ignores
0 0 z fc 0 0 1 0 0 1
such mutual impedances. This study presents a hybrid method
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
that combines Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and three-phase
bus impedance matrix method for distribution systems with 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
untransposed lines. The method examines the effect of 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
unbalanced loads on the short-circuit current. The case studies
show that load currents do not affect the short-circuit current if
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