1

Ch 8 Internal Force
Convection

King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Objectives
2

 Obtain average velocity from the knowledge of velocity

profile, and average temperature from the knowledge of
temperature profile in internal flow.
 Analyze heating and cooling of a fluid flowing in a tube under
constant surface temperature and constant surface heat flux
conditions and work with the logarithmic mean temperature
difference.
 Obtain analytic relations for the velocity profile, pressure
drop, friction factor and Nusselt number in fully developed
laminar flow
 Determine the friction factor and Nusselt number in fully
developed turbulent flow using empirical relations and
calculate the pressure drop and heat transfer rate
 Contents
3

 Introduction
 Average Velocity and Temperature
 Entrance Region
 General Thermal Analysis
 Laminar Flow in Tubes
 Turbulent Flow in Tube
 Introduction
4

 In this chapter we will obtain convection coefficients and heat

transfer rates for geometries involving internal flow, such as
flow in tubes, pipes, ducts, conduits
 Different between external flow and internal flow
External flow
 Fluid has a free surface and the B.L.
over the surface can grow indefinitely.
Internal flow
 Flow in tube and totally confined by the inner
surface.
 Limitation of the growth in B.L.
 Introduction
5

 Recall Newton’s law of cooling:

qs"  h(Ts  T )
 For flow inside a tube we cannot define T∞
 We must know
 How temperature evolves inside the pipe
 Find alternative expressions for calculating heat flux due to
convection.
 Calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient
 Introduction
6

 At surface
 No-slip conditon
 Velocity is zero
 Velocity increases and reaches the maximum value at the
center.
 Average velocity
 Average speed through the cross section.
 For fully developed laminar pipe Vavg = 0.5 Vmax
 Average Velocity and Temperature
7

 Average velocity Vavg is conveniently used for the evaluation of

Re in internal flow instead of free stream velocity V∞ for
external flow.


Conservation of mass m  Vavg Ac  u(r )dAc
Ac
 For incompressible flow and constant cross sectional area
m
Vavg 
Ac
 Re for internal flow in pipe with diameter D can be calculated
from
VavgD 4m 
Re  
 D
 Average Velocity and Temperature
8

 Average temperature Tm is conveniently used. It remains

constant at a cross section but it changes in the flow direction.
 Energy transported by the fluid through a cross section in
actual flow must be equal to the energy that would be
transported through the same cross section if the fluid were at
a constant temperature Tm

Idealized Actual

E fluid  mc pTm   c pT  r   m   c T  r  u  r VdA

p c
m Ac
 Average Velocity and Temperature
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E fluid  mc pTm   c pT  r   m   c T  r  u  r VdA

p c
m Ac

 c T  r   m  c T  r  u  r  2 rdr
p p

Tm  
m Ac

mc p Vavg  R 2  c p
R
2
2     
 T r u r rdr
Vavg R 0
 Since Tm change during heating/cooling, the fluid properties
are evaluated at bulk mean fluid temperature Tb.
Tm ,i  Tm , e
Tb 
2
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Tube
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 Re is the criteria for identify whether the flow is laminar or

turbulent.
VavgD VavgD Vavg = Average flow velocity
Re  
  D = diameter of tube for circular tube

 For non-circular tube, hydraulic diameter Dh is used instead of D

4 Ac Ac = cross sectional area
Dh 
p p = perimeter

 Laminar Flow: Re < 2,300

 Turbulent Flow: Re > 10,000
 Entrance Region
11

 Hydrodynamic entrance region: Region from pipe inlet to the

point at which B.L. merges at centerline
 Hydrodynamic entry length Lh: Length of hydrodynamic region
 Fully developed region: Velocity profile is fully developed and
remain unchanged.
 Entrance Region
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 Thermal entrance region: Region from pipe inlet to the point at

which thermal B.L. reaches centerline
 Thermal entry length Lt: Length of thermal entrance region
 Fully developed region: dimensionless temp. profile (Ts-T)/(Ts-Tm)
remains unchanged. (Temp. profile changes in flow direction)
 Entrance Region
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 Fully developed flow: region where both velocity and

dimensionless temperature profile remain unchanged.
 Hydrodynamic fully developed u(r , x )
0 u  u(r )
x
 Thermal fully developed
  Ts ( x )  T (r , x )    Ts  T   (T r ) r R
 0     f (x)
x  Ts ( x )  Tm ( x )  r  Ts  Tm  r R
Ts  Tm

 Surface heat flux

T k(T r ) r R
qs  hx (Ts  Tm )  k hx   f (x)
r r R Ts  Tm
 Friction and heat transfer coeff. remain constant in fully develop
region.  not vary with x
 Entrance Region
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 Consider fluid flows in tube

 The highest wall shear stress and
the higher heat transfer coeff.
occur at the inlet where thickness
of B.L. is the smallest and
decreases to the fully developed.
 The pressure drop and heat flux is
higher at the entrance region.
 Entry Length
15

 Hydrodynamic and thermal entry length for laminar flow

Lh, laminar ≈ 0.05 Re D

Lt, laminar ≈ 0.05 Re Pr D = Pr Lh, laminar

 Hydrodynamic and thermal entry length for turbulent flow

Lh, turbulent ≈ 1.359 D Re1/4

Lh, turbulent ≈ Lt, turbulent ≈ 10 D
 General Thermal Analysis
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 From 1st law of Thermodynamics, if there are no work

interactions,

Q  mc p Te  Ti  (W)

 Thermal condition at surface:

1. Constant surface temp. (Ts)
 Phase change at outer surface
e.g. boiling, condensation
2. Constant surface heat flux (qs)
 qs = hx (Ts-Tm)
 Constant Surface Heat Flux
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 In the case of constant heat flux, the rate of heat transfer can
also be expressed as

Q  qs As  mc p Te  Ti  (W)

 Then the mean fluid temperature

at the tube exit becomes
qs As
Te  Ti 
mc p
 The surface temperature in the case of constant surface heat
flux can be determined from
qs
qs  h Ts  Tm   Ts  Tm 
h
 Constant Surface Heat Flux
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 In In the fully developed region, Ts

increase linearly in the flow direction
 Steady-flow energy balance
dTm qs p
mc p dTm  qs  pdx     constant
dx mc p

 heat flux and h (for fully developed

flow) are constants. Finally:
dTm dTs qs p
  C
dx dx m  cp
 In fully developed region with const.
heat flux, ∆T ≠ f(x) and the slope of
temp. profile does not change.
 Constant Surface Temperature
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 Newton’s law of cooling for heat transfer between surface and

fluid
  hA T
Q s avg  hAs (Ts  Tm )avg

 ∆Tavg is the average temp. different between fluid and surface

 1. Arithmetic mean temp. dif. ∆Tam  (Eq. 8-26) cannot give
exact or acceptable results in all case because in fact Tm varies
along the tube
 2. Logarithmic mean temp. diff. ∆Tln  it is an exact
representation of avg. temp. diff. between fluid and surface
 LMTD
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 Consider the heating of fluid in tube and surface temp. is Ts

 Tm increases in flow direction as a result of heat transfer
 From energy balance

 c p dTm  h(Ts  Tm )dAs

m
dAs  pdx, dTm  d(Ts  Tm )
d(Ts  Tm ) hp
 dx
Ts  Tm m
 cp
Ts  Te hAs
ln 
Ts  Ti m
 cp
 LMTD
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 The temperature difference between the fluid and the surface

decays exponentially in the flow direction, and the rate of decay
depends on the magnitude of the exponent

hAs mc p

 This term is called

Number of Transfer Unit
(NTU)
 LMTD
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T T hA
 From ln s e   s Exit temperature Te can be obtained.
Ts  Ti m
 cp
Te  Ts  (Ts  Ti ) exp(hAs m
 cp )

 Log Mean Temperature Difference

Ti  Te Te  Ti
Tln  
ln Ts  Te  Ts  Ti   ln  Te Ti 

 Rate of heat transfer

Q  mc p  hAs Tln
 Number of Transfer Unit
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 The measure of effectiveness of heat transfer system

 High NTU  Limit heat transfer
 For example: At NTU = 5
 Te ≈ T∞
 Heat transfer does not increase
whether the length of tube
is increased.
 Low NTU  more opportunity for
heat transfer
 Laminar Flow in Tube (Circular tube)
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 Steady laminar flow, incompressible fluid, constant properties

 Fully developed region Re ≤ 2,300
 Circular straight tube
2
64 L Vavg
 Friction factor f  Head loss hL  f 
Re D 2g

 Heat transfer coefficient

 Constant surface heat flux Nu  4.36
 Constant surface temp. Nu  3.66
 For non-circular, f is function of Re and Nu is also constant for
fully developed region.
 Laminar Flow in Tube (Non-circular)
25

4 Ac
Dh 
p
VavgDh
Re h 

hDh
Nuh 
k
 Developing Laminar Flow in Entrance
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 Average Nu for circular tube of length L in thermal entrance

region for constant surface temp.

0.065  D L  Re Pr
Nu  3.66 
1  0.04  D L  Re Pr 
23

 Nu in entrance region is larger than in fully developed region

(Nu = 3.66)
 If L∞, Nu approaches 3.66 which is almost fully developed.
 Developing Laminar Flow in Entrance
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 If the difference between surface temp. and fluid temp. is large,

it is necessary to take the variation in viscosity in to account.
 Average Nu for this case
1 0.14
 Re Pr D  3  b 
Nu  1.86  
 L   s 

 All properties are evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature

 Developing Laminar Flow in Entrance
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 Average Nu for the thermal entrance region of flow between

isothermal parallel plates of length L

0.03  Dh L  Re Pr
Nu  7.54 
1  0.016  Dh L  Re Pr 
23

 Dh is the hydraulic diameter which is twice the spacing of the

plates.
 Valid for Re ≤ 2,800
 Turbulent Flow in Tubes
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 Flow in smooth tubes is fully turbulent, if Re > 10,000

 Turbulent flow is preferred  higher heat transfer coefficient.
 Friction factor in turbulent flow for smooth tubes

f   0.79 ln Re 1.64 

2
3000<Re<5 106

 Nu for fully developed turbulent flow for smooth tubes

Re  10, 000 n  0.4 heating 
Nu  0.023Re Pr 0.8 n
 
0.7  Pr  160 n  0.3 cooling 

 Temp. diff. between fluid and surface is not large

 All properties are evaluated at bulk mean fluid temperature
 Turbulent Flow in Tubes
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 If the difference between surface temp. and fluid temp. is large,

it is necessary to take the variation in viscosity in to account.
 Average Nu for this case

0.14
Nu  0.027 Re 0.8 Pr 1 3    for 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 17,600
  Re ≥ 10,000
 s

 All properties are evaluated at the bulk mean fluid temperature

 Turbulent Flow in Tubes
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 Modified correlations are available for/due to :

 liquid metals (Pr<<1),
 large variation in fluid properties due to a large
temperature difference,
 surface roughness,

 flow through tube annulus.

 Original correlations are also approximately valid

for:
 developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region,
 turbulent Flow in Noncircular Tubes.
 Example 1
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 Example 1
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 Example 1
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 Example 2
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 Example 2
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 Example 3
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 Example 3
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 Example 3
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 Example 4
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 Example 4
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 Example 4
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