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  • Strlen - : "Hello World!"

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    2ND MODULE.docx

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    Strlen - : "Hello World!"

    Hochgeladen von

    bhandavi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    von 32

    Working with strings in PHP:

    String : A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!”.

    Php supports various string functions like:

    1. strlen() --- function returns the length of a string.

    <?php

    echo strlen("Hello world!");

    ?>

    2. str_word_count()----function counts the number of words in a string:

    <?php

    echo str_word_count("Hello world!");

    ?> 

    2. strrev()---function reverses a string:

    <?php
    echo strrev("Hello world!");
    ?> 
    The output of the code above will be: !dlrow olleH.

    3. strpos()----function searches for a specific text within a string.

    If a match is found, the function returns the character position of the first
    match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
    <?php
    echo strpos("Hello world!", "world");
    ?> 
     
    the output of the code above will be: 6.

    Tip: The first character position in a string is 0 (not 1).


    4. str_replace()---- function replaces some characters with some
    other characters in a string.

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <body>
    <?php
    echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!");
    ?> 
     
    </body>
    </html>

    The output of the code above will be: Hello Dolly!

    5.The stristr() function searches for the first occurrence of a string

    inside another string. This function is case-insensitive. For a case-

    sensitive search, use strstr()function.

    <?php

    echo stristr("Hello world!","WORLD");

    ?>

    Output:World!

    6.strstr():Finds the first occurrence of a string inside another string(case-

    sensitive)

    <?php

    echo strstr("Hello world!","WORLD");

    ?>

    No output
    7.substr_count():The substr_count () function counts the number of

    times a substring occurs in a string. The substring is case-sensitive.

    <?php

    echo substr_count("Hello world. The world is nice","world");

    ?>

    Output:2

    8.strtoupper():Converts a string to uppercase letters

    <?php
    echo strtoupper("HelloWORLD!");
    ?> 
     
    Output:HELLO WORLD!

    9.strtolower():Converts a string to lowercase letters

    <?php
    echo strtolower("HelloWORLD.");
    ?>
       Output:
    hello world.

    10: ucfirst():Converts the first character of a string to uppercase

    <?php
    echo ucfirst("helloworld!");
    ?> 
     Output:Hello world!

    11. lcfirst():Converts the first character of a string to lowercase

    <?php
    echo lcfirst("Helloworld!");
    ?> 
     Output:hello world!
    12. ucwords():Converts the first character of each word in a string to

    uppercase

    <?php

    echo ucwords("helloworld");

    ?> 

    Output:Hello World
    Numeric functions:
    1) Number_format:Used to formats a numeric
    value using digit separators and decimal
    points
    <?php
    echo
    number_format(2509663);
    ?>
    2) Rand():Used to generate a random number.
    <?php
    echo rand();
    ?>
    3) round():Round off a number with decimal
    points to the nearest whole number.
    <?php
    echo round(3.49);
    ?>
    3
    4) sqrt():Returns the square root of a number
    <?php
    echo sqrt(100);
    ?>
    10
    5) cos(): Returns the cosine
    <?php
    echo cos(45);
    ?>
    0.52532198881773
    6) sin():Returns the sine
    <?php
    echo sin(45);
    ?>
    0.85090352453412
    7) tan():Returns the tangent
    <?php
    echo tan(45);
    ?>
    1.6197751905439
    8) pi(): Constant that returns the value of PI
    <?php
    echo pi();
    ?>
    9) abs() : Return the absolute value of different numbers:

    <?php
    echo(abs(6.7) . "<br>");
    echo(abs(-6.7) . "<br>");
    echo(abs(-3) . "<br>");
    ?>

    10) floor()  Round numbers down to the nearest integer:

    <?php
    echo(floor(0.60) . "<br>");
    echo(floor(0.40) . "<br>");
    echo(floor(5) . "<br>");
    ?>

    11) pow() function returns x raised to the power of y.


    <?php
    echo(pow(2,4) . "<br>");
    echo(pow(-2,4) . "<br>");
    echo(pow(-2,-4) . "<br>");
    echo(pow(-2,-3.2));
    ?>

    12) The max() function returns the numerically maximum value.

    <?php
      
    echo (max(12, 4, 62, 97, 26));
      
    ?>

    <?php
      
    echo (max(array(28, 36, 87, 12)));
      
    ?>

    13) The min() function returns the numerically minimum value.

    <?php
      
    echo (min(12, 4, 62, 97, 26));
      
    ?>

    <?php
      
    echo (min(array(28, 36, 87, 12)));
      
    ?>
    What is an Array?

    An array is a special variable, which can hold more than

    one value at a time.

    If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the
    cars in single variables could look like this:

    $cars1 = "Volvo";

    $cars2 = "BMW";

    $cars3 = "Toyota";

    However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific
    one? And what if you had not 3 cars, but 300?

    The solution is to create an array!

    An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access
    the values by referring to an index number.

    Create an Array in PHP

    In PHP, the array() function is used to create an array:

    array();

    In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

     Indexed arrays - Arrays with a numeric index


     Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
     Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays
    PHP Indexed Arrays

    There are two ways to create indexed arrays:

    The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0), like
    this:

    $cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

    or the index can be assigned manually:

    $cars[0] = "Volvo";

    $cars[1] = "BMW";

    $cars[2] = "Toyota";

    PHP Associative Arrays

    Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to
    them.

    There are two ways to create an associative array: 

    $age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37",

    "Joe"=>"43");

    or:

    $age['Peter'] = "35";

    $age['Ben'] = "37";

    $age['Joe'] = "43";

    The named keys can then be used in a script:

    Example
    <?php

    $age

    = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
    echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";

    ?>

    Loop Through an Associative Array


    To loop through and print all the values of an associative array, you could
    use a foreach loop, like this:

    Example
    <?php

    $age

    = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");

    foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {

        echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;

        echo "<br>";

    Array functions:

    1. array_push() to insert an element into the array

    <?php

    $a=array("red","green");

    array_push($a,"blue","yellow");

    print_r($a);

    ?>

    output: Counts all the values of an array


    2.array_reverse:print the array elements in reverse

    <?php

    $a=array("a"=>"Volvo","b"=>"BMW","c"=>"Toyota";

    print_r(array_reverse($a));

    ?>

    output:

    Array ( [c] => Toyota [b] => BMW [a] => Volvo )

    3. The array_chunk() function splits an array into chunks of new


    arrays.

    <?php
    $age=array("Peter"=>"35","Ben"=>"37","Joe"=>"43","Harry"=>"50");
    print_r(array_chunk($age,2,true));

    ?>

    Output:

    Array ( [0] => Array ( [Peter] => 35 [Ben] => 37 ) [1] => Array ( [Joe] => 43 [Harry] => 50 )

    4 . array_combine Creates an array by using the elements from one "keys"


    array and one "values" array

    <?php

    $fname=array("Peter","Ben","Joe");

    $age=array("35","37","43");

    $c=array_combine($fname,$age);

    print_r($c);

    ?>

    Output:Array ( [Peter] => 35 [Ben] => 37 [Joe] => 43 )


    2. array_count_values: Counts all the values of an array

    <?php

    $a=array("A","Cat","Dog","A","Dog");

    print_r(array_count_values($a));

    ?>

    3. Output:

    Array ( [A] => 2 [Cat] => 1 [Dog] => 2 )

    6. array_diff :Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare

    values only)

    <?php

    $a1=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"blue","d"=>"yellow");

    $a2=array("e"=>"red","f"=>"green","g"=>"blue");

    $result= array_diff($a1,$a2);

    print_r($result);

    ?>

    Output:Array ( [d] => yellow )

    7. array_fill_keys:

    Fills an array with values, specifying keys

    <?php

    $keys=array("a","b","c","d");
    $a1=array_fill_keys($keys,"blue");

    print_r($a1);

    ?>

    Output:

    Array ( [a] => blue [b] => blue [c] => blue [d] => blue )

    8. The array_slice() function returns selected parts of an array.

    <?php

    $a=array("red","green","blue","yellow","brown");

    print_r(array_slice($a,2));

    ?>

    output: Array ( [0] => blue [1] => yellow [2] => brown )

    Start the slice from the third array element, and return the rest of the
    elements in the array:

    2nd example for array_slice function

    <?php

    $a=array("red","green","blue","yellow","brown");

    print_r(array_slice($a,1,2));

    ?>

    output: Array ( [0] => green [1] => blue )


    9 array_splice() Function

    Remove elements from an array and replace it with new elements:

    <?php
    $a1=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"blue","d"=>"yellow");
    $a2=array("a"=>"purple","b"=>"orange");
    array_splice($a1,0,2,$a2);
    print_r($a1);
    ?>

    output: Array ( [0] => purple [1] => orange [c] => blue [d] => yellow )

    10. extract function :

    Imports variables into the current symbol table from an array

    <?php

    $a = "Original";

    $my_array = array("a" => "Cat","b" => "Dog", "c" => "Horse");

    extract($my_array);

    echo "\$a = $a; \$b = $b; \$c = $c";

    ?>

    Output:

    $a = Cat; $b = Dog; $c = Horse

    11. Array_pad($array, $size, $value)- Returns an array with $value added to the end of

    $array until it contains $size elements. If $size is negative, the value is added to the

    start of the array.


    Eg: <?php

    $a=array("red","green");

    print_r(array_pad($a,5,"blue"));

    ?>

    Output : Array ( [0] => red [1] => green [2] => blue [3] => blue [4] => blue )

    12 . array_merge($array1,$array2,....)- Returns an array with the elements of two or

    more arrays in one array. String keys in $array2 overwrite string keys in $array1 but

    numerical keys are appended.

    Eg: <?php

    $a1=array("red","green");

    $a2=array("blue","yellow");

    print_r(array_merge($a1,$a2));

    ?>

    Output : Array ( [0] => red [1] => green [2] => blue [3] => yellow )

    Eg: <?php

    $a1=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green");

    $a2=array("c"=>"blue","b"=>"yellow");

    print_r(array_merge($a1,$a2));

    ?>

    Output : Array ( [a] => red [b] => yellow [c] => blue )
    Eg : <?php

    $a=array(3=>"red",4=>"green");

    print_r(array_merge($a));

    ?>

    Output : Array ( [0] => red [1] => green )

    13.ARRAY STACK:

    <?php

    $numbers=array('a','b','c');

    echo "The orginal array is :";

    print_r($numbers);

    array_push($numbers,50); //adds value to the end of the array

    echo "<BR>The array after pushing 50 is : ";

    print_r($numbers);

    $x=array_pop($numbers); // Removes and returns the last value in array

    echo "<BR> The number popped out is $x<BR>The array after the pop operation is :";

    print_r($numbers);

    ?>

    OUTPUT:

    The orginal array is :Array ( [0] => a [1] => b [2] => c ) 

    The array after pushing 50 is : Array ( [0] => a [1] => b [2] => c [3] => 50 ) 

    The number popped out is 50

    The array after the pop operation is :Array ( [0] => a [1] => b [2] => c )
    14.ARRAY QUEUE:

    <?php

    $numbers=array('a','b','c');

    echo "The orginal array is :";

    print_r($numbers);

    $x=array_shift($numbers); //Removes and returns the first value in an array

    echo "<BR> The element removed using array_shift is : $x";

    echo "<BR>The array after the array_shift operation is :";

    print_r($numbers);

    array_unshift($numbers,'z'); // adds value to the start of array

    echo "<BR>The array after using array_unshift is :";

    print_r($numbers);

    ?>

    OUTPUT

    The orginal array is :Array ( [0] => a [1] => b [2] => c ) 

    The element removed using array_shift is : a

    The array after the array_shift operation is :Array ( [0] => b [1] => c ) 

    The array after using array_unshift is :Array ( [0] => z [1] => b [2] => c )
    15.Get the sum and product of elements

    <?php
    $a=array(5,15,25);
    echo array_sum($a);Returns sum of the elements in the array
    ?>

    OUTPUT : 45

    <?php
    $a=array(5,5,2,10);
    echo(array_product($a));//Returns the product of the elements in array
    ?>

    OUTPUT : 500

    16.Searching in arrays
    The in_array() function searches an array for a specific value.

    Syntax :in_array(search,array,type)

    If the search parameter is a string and the type parameter is set to TRUE, the search is

    case-sensitive.

    <?php

    $people = array("Peter", "Joe", "Glenn", "Cleveland");

    if (in_array("Glenn", $people))

      {

      echo "Match found";

      }

    else

      {

      echo "Match not found";


      }

    ?>

    OUTPUT : Match found

    The array_key_exists() function checks an array for a specified key, and returns true if

    the key exists and false if the key does not exist.

    array_key_exists(key,array)

    <?php

    $a=array("Volvo"=>"XC90","BMW"=>"X5");

    if (array_key_exists("Volvo",$a))

      {

      echo "Key exists!";

      }

    else

      {

      echo "Key does not exist!";

      }

    ?>

    OUTPUT : Key exists!

    Remember that if you skip the key when you specify an array, an integer key is

    generated, starting at 0 and increases by 1 for each value.

    <?php

    $a=array("Volvo","BMW");

    if (array_key_exists(0,$a))
      {

      echo "Key exists!";

      }

    else

      {

      echo "Key does not exist!";

      }

    ?>

    OUTPUT : Key exists!

    The array_search() function search an array for a value and returns the key.

    array_search(value,array,strict)

    <?php

    $a=array('a'=>123,'b'=>456,'c'=>789);

    echo "Case insensitive search : " . array_search(789,$a);

    echo "<BR>Case insensitive search : " . array_search('789',$a);

    echo "<BR>Case sensitive search : " . array_search('789',$a,true);

    ?>

    OUTPUT :

    Case insensitive search : c

    Case insensitive search : c

    Case sensitive search :


    The array_unique() function removes duplicate values from an array. If two or more array
    values are the same, the first appearance will be kept and the other will be removed.

    Syntax : array_unique(array,sorting_type)

    <?php
    $a=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"red");
    print_r(array_unique($a));
    ?>

    OUTPUT :Array ( [a] => red [b] => green )

    17.Sorting of Arrays
    • Array sorting functions differs depending on

    – Whether they sort in ascending or descending order

    – Whether they preserve keys

    – Whether they reindex the array

    – Whether they sort by values or by keys

    • All sorting function modify the original array

    • Sorting functions uses three constants

    – SORT_REGULAR- uses regular type casting rules of relational operators to sort

    – SORT_STRING- cast each value to string before comparing

    – SORT_NUMERIC-cast each value to number before comparing


    The sort() function sorts an indexed array in ascending order and reindexes it.

    Syntax : sort(array,sortingtype);

    <?php

    $cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");

    $clength=count($cars);

    echo "The original array is : <BR>";

    for($x=0;$x<$clength;$x++)

    echo $cars[$x];

    echo "<br>";

    sort($cars);

    echo "The sorted array is : <BR>";

    for($x=0;$x<$clength;$x++)

    echo $cars[$x];

    echo "<br>“; }

    ?>

    OUTPUT:

    The original array is : 


    Volvo
    BMW
    Toyota
    The sorted array is : 
    BMW
    Toyota
    Volvo

    The rsort() function sorts an indexed array in descending order and reindexes.

    Syntax : rsort(array,sortingtype);
    <?php

    $numbers=array(4,6,2,22,11);

    rsort($numbers);

    $arrlength=count($numbers);

    for($x=0;$x<$arrlength;$x++)

      {

      echo $numbers[$x];

      echo "<br>";

      }

    ?>

    OUTPUT :

    22

    11

    PHP - Multidimensional Arrays


    A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.

    PHP understands multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five, or
    more levels deep.

    The dimension of an array indicates the number of indices you need


    to select an element.
     For a two-dimensional array you need two indices to select an element
     For a three-dimensional array you need three indices to select an
    element

    <?php

    $cars = array

      (

      array("Volvo",22,18),

      array("BMW",15,13),

      array("Saab",5,2),

      array("Land Rover",17,15)

      );

      echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0]

    [2].".<br>";

    echo $cars[1][0].": In stock: ".$cars[1][1].", sold: ".$cars[1]

    [2].".<br>";

    echo $cars[2][0].": In stock: ".$cars[2][1].", sold: ".$cars[2]

    [2].".<br>";

    echo $cars[3][0].": In stock: ".$cars[3][1].", sold: ".$cars[3]

    [2].".<br>";

    ?>

    output:Volvo: In stock: 22, sold: 18.

    BMW: In stock: 15, sold: 13.

    Saab: In stock: 5, sold: 2.

    Land Rover: In stock: 17, sold: 15.


    PHP User Defined Functions

    Besides the built-in PHP functions, we can create our own functions. A function is a block of
    statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function is a piece of code which
    takes one more input in the form of parameter and does some processing and returns a
    value. There are two parts which should be clear to you −

     Creating a PHP Function


     Calling a PHP Function
    A function will not execute immediately when a page loads. A function will be executed by a
    call to the function.

    Create a User Defined Function in PHP:


    A user defined function declaration starts with the keyword "function":

    Syntax:
    function functionName() {
        code to be executed;
    }

    Note: A function name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number). Function names
    are NOT case-sensitive.
    The opening curly brace ( { ) indicates the beginning of the function code and the closing
    curly brace ( } ) indicates the end of the function.

    Example:
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Writing PHP Function</title>
    </head>

    <body>
    <?php
    /* Defining a PHP Function */
    function writeMessage() {
    echo "You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!";
    }

    /* Calling a PHP Function */


    writeMessage();
    ?>
    Output: You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!

    PHP Function Arguments/Parameters:


    Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just like a
    variable inside your function. Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the
    parentheses. You can add as many arguments as you want, just separate them with a
    comma.

    Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then print
    them.

    Example:
    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Writing PHP Function with Parameters</title>
    </head>

    <body>
    <?php
    function addFunction($num1, $num2) //function
    {
    $sum = $num1 + $num2;
    echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";
    }
    addFunction(10, 20); // fun call
    ?>
    </body>
    </html>
    Output:

    Sum of the two numbers is : 30

    Example

    The following example has a function with two arguments ($fname and $year):

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <body>
    <?php
    function familyName($fname, $year)
    {
        echo "$fname . Born in $year <br>";
    }

    familyName("Hege","1975");
    familyName("Stale","1978");
    familyName(“Jim","1983");
    ?>

    </body>
    </html>

    Output:

    Hege . Born in 1975 


    Stale. Born in 1978 
    Kai Jim . Born in 1983

    PHP Functions - Returning values


    A function can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a value or
    object. return stops the execution of the function and sends the value back to the calling
    code.

    You can return more than one value from a function using return array(1,2,3,4).

    Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then returns
    their sum to the calling program. Note that return keyword is used to return a value from a
    function.

    Example:

    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <?php
    function addFunction($num1, $num2) {
    $sum = $num1 + $num2;
    return $sum;
    }
    $return_value = addFunction(10, 20);
    echo "Returned value from the function : $return_value";
    ?>

    </body>
    </html>
    Output:

    Returned value from the function : 30

    Example

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <body>

    <?php
    function sum($x, $y) {
        $z = $x + $y;
        return $z;
    }

    echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5,10) . "<br>";


    echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7,13) . "<br>";
    echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2,4);
    ?>

    </body>
    </html>

    Output:

    5 + 10 = 15
    7 + 13 = 20
    2+4=6

    Passing Arguments by Reference


    It is possible to pass arguments to functions by reference. This means that a reference to
    the variable is manipulated by the function rather than a copy of the variable's value.

    Any changes made to an argument in these cases will change the value of the original
    variable. You can pass an argument by reference by adding an ampersand to the variable
    name in either the function call or the function definition.
    Following example depicts both the cases.

    Example:

    <html>
    <head>
    <title>Passing Argument by Reference</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <?php
    function addFive($num) {
    $num += 5;
    }

    function addSix(&$num) {
    $num += 6;
    }

    function array_fns($array, &$sum, &$prod, &$avg){ //Return multiple values


    $sum=array_sum($array);
    $prod=array_product($array);
    $avg=$sum / count($array);
    }

    $orignum = 10;
    addFive( $orignum );
    echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";
    addSix( $orignum );
    echo "Original Value is $orignum<br />";

    $list = array(1,4,6,8);
    array_fns($list, $s, $p, $a);
    echo "Sum = $s, Product = $p, Average = $a";
    ?>
    </body>
    </html>

    Output:
    Original Value is 10
    Original Value is 16
    Sum = 19, Product = 192, Average = 4.75
    PHP Default Argument Value:
    You can set a parameter to have a default value if the function's caller doesn't pass it.

    Example
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
    <body>

    <?php
    function setHeight($minheight = 50) {
        echo "The height is : $minheight <br>";
    }

    setHeight(350);
    setHeight();
    setHeight(135);
    setHeight(80);
    ?>

    </body>
    </html>

    Output:
    The height is : 350 
    The height is : 50 
    The height is : 135 
    The height is : 80

    PHP - File Inclusion


    You can include the content of a PHP file into another PHP file before the server executes it.
    There are two PHP functions which can be used to included one PHP file into another PHP
    file.
    The include() Function
    The require() Function
    This is a strong point of PHP which helps in creating functions, headers, footers, or elements
    that can be reused on multiple pages. This will help developers to make it easy to change
    the layout of complete website with minimal effort. If there is any change required then
    instead of changing thousand of files just change included file.
    The include() Function
    The include() function takes all the text in a specified file and copies it into the file that uses
    the include function. If there is any problem in loading a file then the include() function
    generates a warning but the script will continue execution.
    Assume you want to create a common menu for your website. Then create a file menu.php
    with the following content.

    <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm">Home</a> -
    <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ebxml">ebXML</a> -
    <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ajax">AJAX</a> -
    <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/perl">PERL</a> <br />

    Now create as many pages as you like and include this file to create header. For example
    now your test.php file can have following content.
    <html>
    <body>

    <?php include("menu.php"); ?>


    <p>This is an example to show how to include PHP file!</p>

    </body>
    </html>

    Example #1 Basic include example

    vars.php
    <?php

    $color = 'green';
    $fruit = 'apple';

    ?>

    test.php
    <?php
    echo "A $color $fruit"; // A

    include 'vars.php';

    echo "A $color $fruit"; // A green apple
    ?>
    The require() Function
    The require() function takes all the text in a specified file and copies it into the file that uses
    the include function. If there is any problem in loading a file then the require() function
    generates a fatal error and halt the execution of the script.
    So there is no difference in require() and include() except they handle error conditions. It is
    recommended to use the require() function instead of include(), because scripts should not
    continue executing if files are missing or misnamed.

    <html>
    <body>

    <?php require ("xxmenu.php"); ?>


    <p>This is an example to show how to include wrong PHP file!</p>

    </body>
    </html>

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