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1
–
BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
There
is
a
pressing
need
for
a
computer-‐based
translation
system
between
English
and American Sign Language (ASL) to provide better accessibility to spoken and written
English for those born without hearing. ASL, not English, is the first language of the Deaf1 in
North America and is the primary means of communication for more than 500,000 people
(Baker & Cokely, 1980). It is a natural language in its own right and is at least as different
from English as any spoken language, having its own unique phonology, morphology,
syntax, and semantics (Stokoe, 1960). It is also as expressive as any other natural language
and capable of communicating the same range of thought and emotion that is expressible in
ASL relies on gestural/visual modalities, in contrast to the oral/aural modalities of
spoken languages like English. In fact, it contains grammar processes not found in English.
An important example is ASL’s usage of classifiers, which are handshapes used to represent
nouns and verbs. The purpose of classifiers is to provide information such as location, kind
of action, size and shape (Supalla, 1978). Figure 1 demonstrates two different classifiers for
a coffee cup. The left image depicts outstretched hands indicating a very large cup. The right
image demonstrates the specification of a small cup by using a small pinching handshape.
1 The term Deaf with a capital D refers to people who use ASL as their preferred language and who
are part of a community that shares a common language and culture.
1