Research Proposal

(Final Draft - GEO4-2314 RESEARCH DESIGN)

Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting at the Cikapundung River Basin:

A Strategy Towards Sustainable Water Supply for Bandung Citizens

Putri Handayani - 6221203

(p.putrihandayani@students.uu.nl)

Coordinators:
Prof. dr. Peter P.J. Driessen
Dr. Dries Hegger

Lecturer:
Prof. Jasper Griffioen

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1. KEY INFORMATION
1.1 SUMMARY
Water scarcity and flooding are the main issues for big cities in Indonesia. The regulation about
infiltration systems that must be installed on all buildings in big cities (UNEP, n. d.) has been enforced
to overcome these problems. However, the regulation is not effective to prevent flooding and to
increase water supply.

The upper part of the Cikapundung river basin contributes to flooding in Bandung city. At the same
time, the Cikapundung river which supplies domestic water for citizens has been polluted. A priority
now is to reduce flooding and find a new alternative water supply for Bandung citizens. Hence, the
research on the feasibility of rainwater harvesting (RWH) and effectiveness of RWH will be conducted.

By using desk research approach (literature survey and secondary research), the effectiveness of RWH
implementation in the upper part of the Cikapundung river basin can be comprehensively analysed in
an efficient way. To select which RWH method is the most feasible, the integration between
Geographic Information System (GIS) with Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) will be performed. First, the
model of RWH feasibility and efficiency will be generated using Model Builder in ArcGIS application.
Second, the scoring for both RWH feasibility and efficiency will be performed using Analytical
Hierarchy Process (AHP) tool provided by MCA application. Finally, the outcomes from both steps will
be integrated to determine the effectiveness of the selected RWH systems. The subsequent results of
the study will be shown in the form of effectiveness score table of RWH systems and recommendations
for authority regarding the implementation of the selected RWH.

Keywords: rainwater harvesting (RWH), land use change, water security

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1.2 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Key information 2
2. Introduction 5
3. Conceptual Research Design 8
4. Technical Research Design 12
5. Discussion 16
6. Time Planning 18
7. Research Report Outline 18
8. References 19

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1.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to send a big thank you to Prof. dr. Peter P.J. Driessen and Dr. Dries Hegger (coordinator) and
Prof. Jasper Griffioen (lecturer) of Research Design course who gave me so many valuable knowledge,
so I can write this research proposal from scratch and piece by piece. His insights helped me to finish
this second draft research proposal in time. I also wish to thank my friends in Indonesia who took time
to have short discussions via WhatsApp regarding RWH in the Cikapundung river basin.

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2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF WATER MANAGEMENT ISSUES, PROBLEM DEFINITION AND KNOWLEDGE
GAP
The world is facing water scarcity. Water supply for billions of people will reduce by around 40% by
2030, while many parts of the world are also threatened by high risks of flooding (UN, 2015). So, the
need to bridge between increasing water scarcity and flood risks using interventions is highly crucial.
One of these interventions is called rainwater harvesting. With this intervention, rainwater can be
collected, stored (dams, tanks, in soil-storage) and managed for later use. This technique has been
widely used, especially in developed countries such as Australia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and
China (UNEP, 2009; Campisano et al, 2017). And more traditional types of collecting rainfall have also
been used by several countries in Asia such as Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Indonesia (UNEP,
n. d.).

Water resource availability in Indonesia is decreasing due to high population growth in urban areas
which contributes to the increase of groundwater demand. In the big cities such as Jakarta, Surabaya,
and Bandung, this condition is worsened by converting water catchment areas into residential,
industrial and commercial areas (office complexes, shopping malls and restaurants). For Bandung in
particular, the city is exposed to extreme flooding during monsoon season. This problem is especially
ironic in Bandung since it is located on the higher ground (700 meters above sea level).

Management of urban drainage systems in Indonesia is regulated by the Minister of Public Works
Republic of Indonesia Number 12/PRT/M/2014, that every city must have its own urban drainage
systems in the forms of channels, polders, storages, and retention ponds. In relation to water flow
regulation, the rainwater flow must be controlled so it can easily pass through the channels, culverts,
street inlets, and sluice gates. But this regulation does not explicitly mention the implementation of
RWH.

RWH for domestic use is not a common tool in Indonesia. In Java, the most common type of RWH is
an artificial pond and it is still commonly used for agriculture. During rainy season, rainwater is caught
and stored in such a pond, then the water will be used mainly for watering the agricultural land during
drought season (Sutrisno, 2017; Sabar, 2006). Another study was conducted in Taman Sari, which is
situated in the lower part of the Cikapundung river basin. Taman Sari is one of the densest settlement
areas in Bandung, with the density of more than 22,000 people/km2 living in the area (Bandung Wetan

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Dalam Angka, 2015; StatDa, 2015; Devitama et al, 2018). This increases the water demand while
freshwater sources are polluted as people dump their waste into the Cikapundung river every day.
Hence, to fulfil domestic needs, converting houses into apartment which are installed with roof top
tanks and ground infiltration area to retain rainwater was studied (Devitama et al, 2018).

The benefits of implementing RWH in Bandung are predicted from previous studies, such as to store
clean water up to 54.92% and to decrease roof top runoff about 71.53% every year (Juliana et al,
2017a), to contribute about 42% of drinking water needs (Devitama et al, 2018), and to reduce the
maintenance and operational cost of recent rainwater treatment performed by Water Treatment
Plant (Juliana et al, 2017a). According to the benefits, the implementation of RWH is considered as
one of the efficient ways to reduce flooding and water scarcity.

There are many tools that can be used to calculate the efficiency of RWH such as RWH Simulator,
AquaCycle, SARET (Storage and Reliability Estimation Tool), NETUNO, etc (Campisano et al, 2017),
which can be adjusted using different time steps. Here, these tools will give more accurate analysis of
rainwater harvesting system performance if daily time step intervals and longer duration data (e. g. 5
years) are used (Juliana et al, 2017; Campisano, 2017).

Recent case studies about the feasibility, efficiency and benefits of RWH implementation were only
conducted for the downstream areas of the Cikapundung river basin, whereas the upstream part of
the basin is the main contributor to flooding in Bandung (Kuntoro et al, 2017; Rani et al, 2018; Irawan
et al, 2018; Sabar, 2006). Hence, the study of RWH in upper part Cikapundung river basin is needed to
analyse the effectiveness of RWH implementation in order to minimize flooding and to contribute in
finding an alternative water supply for domestic water use in Bandung. This study could be a milestone
for authorities to create and execute laws about RWH system for big cities, and also to achieve the
most compatible and adaptive RWH system that can be implemented in many regions in many tropical
countries.

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2.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The objective is to study the effectiveness of rainwater harvesting implementation in the upper part
of the Cikapundung river basin and how it could contribute to decreasing risks of flooding as well as
reducing water scarcity in Bandung city. To accomplish the aforementioned research objective, these
proposed research questions below should be answered:

Main research question:

“How effectively can a rainwater harvesting method contributes to sustainable water supply in
Bandung, when applied to the upper part of the Cikapundung river basin?”

Sub-research questions:
1. What is the most feasible RWH method that can be implemented in the upper part of the
Cikapundung river basin, based on the ratio of the rainwater amount that can be
accommodated to the average of daily water usage per person?
2. What are the geographical factors that can hinder the utilization of the rainwater harvesting?
3. What are the technical factors that can increase the efficiency of the rainwater harvesting?

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3. CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1 STUDY AREA
The Cikapundung river basin covers three watershed area: West Bandung District, Central Bandung
District, and Bandung City (Kuntoro et al, 2017). The main river of the basin, that is, the Cikapundung
river has a length of 28 km and passes through the city of Bandung in the middle. The annual runoff
of the river is about 529.5 million m3/year (citarum.org, n. d.). The basin watershed areas are divided
into upstream (about 111.3 km2), centre (about 90.4 km2) and downstream (about 76.5 km2), with the
average precipitation of 2050 mm/year (Kuntoro et al, 2017; Cita-citarum, n. d.). In 2015, the upper
part of the basin was a composite of 13.48% developed areas, 40.09% agricultures, 16.25% mixed
plants, 16.02% conifers, 14.15% wide-leaf plants, and 0.0001% water bodies (Rani et al, 2018). In total
there are more than a thousand households at the watershed that discharge their wastewater and
litter into the Cikapundung river, with the total of 2.5 million litres every day (Sabar, 2006; Citacitarum,
n. d.).

Figure 1 Cikapundung River Basin (Irawan, 2017)

3.2 RELEVANT THEORIES

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a part of urban water management to achieve water security. Its
optimization is influenced by physical (climate and geographical) settings of the Cikapundung river
basin, technical and social assessment, land use change, and type of RWH.

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3.2.1 Water security
Water security is a comprehensive approach to explain on how water availability can be used and
accessed to fulfil human needs (Bitterman et al, 2016; Brears, 2017). One of the ways to help achieving
urban water security is the implementation of RWH. This implementation must consider some
elements which have roles in achieving water security (Figure 2):
• To meet people’s basic water needs, access to safe drinking water must be provided at a
reasonable price. For example, implementing RWH as an alternative water source to supply
domestic water need of citizens could be a viable solution.
• Water is a part of human rights. Therefore, there is a need to protect water as the vital
element of people livelihoods, cultural and recreational values.
• There is a need to allocate and manage water to protect and preserve the ecosystem, so the
ecosystem services can function properly.
• Water supplies are needed to achieve socio-economic development such as industry, tourism,
transportation, energy, etc.
• Treatment of waste water is essential to human and ecosystem health.
• The collaboration between users involves developing collaborative strategies to achieve
transboundary water resource management within the country and between countries.
• Coping with uncertainties is needed to increase individual and societal resilience to flooding,
drought and pollution.
• There is a need to consider stakeholders interests based on laws to achieve water security
(good governance).

Figure 2 Elements of water security (Brears, 2017)

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3.2.2 Land use change
Land use change results from the human activities that transform natural landscapes or land cover
into other land forms that have functional roles for economic activities. When a land is changed,
ecosystems often change too. Hence, trajectories assessment and possible future states about land
use change need to be predicted (Paul et al, 2017), because these possibly would affect the
effectiveness of the rainwater harvesting techniques.

3.2.3 Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is the direct collection of rainwater on the roof top or the channeling the water
onto the ground or to storage, while preventing it becoming surface runoff, and allowing it to be used
later for various purposes (Patel et al, 2008; van Veen, 2016; Brears, 2017). There are three prior
assessments need to be conducted before implementing a rainwater harvesting project: physical,
social, and technical assessments (JeanCharles, 2007). These components are explained below.

a. Physical assessment
Physical assessment relates to the current water supply, climate, and available resources in the
study area. Water supply associated with the existing water sources (rivers, springs, rainwater)
to supply not only domestic water needs but also agricultural, industrial and tourism. Climate
relates to temperature, seasons, and precipitation conditions. Available resources relate to the
residential areas such as houses type and material and land use.

b. Social assessment
Social assessment associates with human resources, cultural perceptions, gender roles, and
community dynamics in the study area. Human resources include the expertise, labour, the
ability to maintain RWH system, and training. Cultural perceptions relate to local perspectives
about RWH, whether RWH is a good investment for long-term because it would decrease
monthly cost for water or the harvested water is clean enough to be consumed daily. Gender
roles relate to the roles of men and women to water. For example, the men who will decide
whether the installation of RWH on the house is needed. Community dynamics relate to the
ownership of harvested water from RWH because society tends to take ownership if the RWH
is built within their land.

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 c. Technical assessment
Technical assessment relates factors which influence the feasibility of RWH implementation in
the study area: available resources, supply and demand for calculating storage capacity, and
previous projects. Here, available resources related to the existing inventory (e. g. local building
materials) and the need for other materials to implement RWH system. Demand relates to how
much water is needed by local people for daily use, whereas supply relates to how much
rainwater can be harvested and stored by RWH system in the area and associated with RWH
construction and design, that is, rainwater storage type, filter, and pump (Devitama et al, 2018).

First, the harvested rainwater is accommodated by gutter before the water flow to the filter
and storage tank. An installed filter is needed to remove chemical substances such as SO4 and
H2S (Devitama et al, 2018). Then, the filtered rainwater is pumped and stored in the water tanks
which are placed above and or below the ground. Lastly, water from the storage is distributed
to the households through the installed pipes.

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4. TECHNICAL RESEARCH DESIGN
4.1 RESEARCH STRATEGY
A more detailed and graphical layout of the research strategy is shown in Figure 3. This study will be
started with the selection of three possible RWH methods (from literature) that can be implemented
in the study area. Next step will be the integration between these RWH methods with GIS (Sayl, et al,
2016) and MCA (Adham et al, 2016) to determine the feasibility and the efficiency of RWH systems
(scoring), and the last step is calculating the final scoring to determine the effectiveness. The
effectiveness of RWH is determined by relating flood discharge with the capability of RWH systems to
store and supply water for domestic use (demand).

Figure 3 Research strategy

The shown steps in Figure 3 are describe more detailed in the following sections.

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4.1.1 Desk Research
The study is categorised as a desk research using quantitative approaches in which literature survey
and secondary research will be performed (Verschuren et al, 2010). In the literature survey, the
researcher will select information which relates to the study aim from books, journals, proceedings,
articles, reports and other forms of literature. After selecting the information, then the author will
conduct the secondary research to determine the type of data that are required: RWH systems,
geographical conditions, water-related, and demographic data. A more detailed required data is
shown in Table 1. In this step, rearranging, analysing and interpreting of the existing data will be
performed.

4.1.2 Data Processing

In this step, the scorings will be performed by using the MCA application in the GIS environment, then
calculating the ranks based on weighing and scoring for feasibility and efficiency criteria using
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The AHP is a tool from MCA application that provides method for
multi-criteria decision-making. And the use of GIS is to combine the sets of criteria (Adham et al, 2016)
to investigate and select which RWH system is feasible to be implemented in the study area. The steps
to perform the integration between MCA and GIS are mentioned below.

1. The first step will be to build an RWH feasibility and efficiency model using Model Builder in
ArcGIS application. With this tool the RWH feasibility and efficiency model can be generated
into map based on selected criteria. The selection criteria regarding feasibility and efficiency
can be done by choosing one of the tools provided by ArcGIS (Adham et al, 2016) such as
Weighted Overlay Process (WOP). By using WOP, the level of feasibility and efficiency classes
(from high to low level) can be selected.

2. The second step will be to perform the multi-criteria decision-making using AHP. In this step,
the criteria to identify the most feasible RWH system will be selected: topography,
precipitation, temperature (relates to the durability of RWH storage tanks), land use and land
cover, soil type, the location of existing water sources. And also, the criteria for efficiency will
be selected: the types of RWH, the amount of flood discharge, and domestic water supply and
demand. With AHP the weight for each of these criteria can be determined and compared,
also to investigate the relationship between two criteria such as precipitation and slope, using

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 pairwise comparison. The result will be the odd score range between 1 to 9 which indicates
equal to extremely important relationship. For example, if the relationship between
precipitation and slope has a value of 9, then the two component is extremely important to
the feasibility of RWH implementation.

3. The last step will be to integrate between two previous steps (no. 1 and no. 2). From the first
step, the feasibility and efficiency maps which integrated with level of classes, will be
produced, and the scores of the compared criteria will be resulted from the second step. The
level and score from these two results then will be integrated to determine the effectiveness
of RWH implementation in the study area. The integration will be based on expert opinion in
the literatures.

4.2 RESEARCH MATERIALS

Desk research will be conducted to gather the required data for the study, and three different
categories of data will be used in the study: data related to RWH systems, GIS related data, other
related data (Table 1).
Data Source Purpose
RWH Systems: BPPT-Indonesia (Agency for To know how much
1. Storage capacity the Assessment and rainwater that can be
2. Harvest ability Application of Technology) harvested by the systems

Geographical 1. To know the slope

Conditions: 2. To know how much
1. Topography 1, 4 & 5: BIG-Indonesia rainfall during monsoon
(Digital Elevation (Geospatial Information and drought seasons
Model/DEM) Agency) 3. To observe the durability
2. Precipitation of RWH construction
3. Temperature 2 & 3: BMKG-Indonesia 4. To determine water
4. Land use & land (Meteorology, Climatology, demand, to locate feasible
cover and Geophysical Agency) rainwater catchment
5. Soil type areas

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 6. Present water 6: PUSAIR-Indonesia (Water 5. To determine the
sources Resources Research Centre of appropriate type of RWH
Indonesia) (related to percolation)
6. To inventory/to sum up
the recent total water
sources
Water-related: 1. To calculate how much
1. Flood discharge 1: BNPB-Indonesia (The flood discharge can be
2. Water supply National Agency for Disaster reduced by implementing
3. Domestic water Countermeasure) RWH systems
demand 2. To know how much water
2 & 3: PDAM Tirtawening can be supplied by PDAM-
(Water Utilities Company, Bandung for domestic
Bandung) 3. To know much water is
needed by the citizens for
daily us
Demographic: BPS-West Java (Statistics To calculate water
1. Population Indonesia, West Java demand per km2
Province)

Table 1 Required data

The existing DEM data, land use, land cover, soil type, temperature, and existing water sources will be
analysed using WLC or WOC tool in the GIS software (ArcGIS). Population, precipitation, water supply
and demand, and flood discharge data will be included in the calculations which relates to the
efficiency calculation of RWH systems, and also will be used when performing the multi-criteria
decision-making using AHP. Storage capacity and RWH ability to harvest water will be used to calculate
the total amount of rainwater that can be retained in the systems and to assess the durability of the
RWH systems.

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5. DISCUSSION
5.1 EXPECTED RESULTS
The expected results of the study are the feasibility and efficiency map of RWH in the upper part of
the Cikapundung river basin. The feasibility map will be used in the analysis regarding the most feasible
RWH method that can be implemented; why the RWH method is the most suitable one. The efficiency
map will be used for analysing the factors (technical and geographical) that will influence the efficiency
of RWH implementation. Another expected result will be the table of scoring or ranking which of the
selected RWH systems is the most effective for implementation in the upper part of the Cikapundung
river basin, to increase water supply and decrease flooding in Bandung City. Lasty, based on these
results, recommendations about the feasibility or RWH implementation will be elaborated to be
proposed to the water management authority (the Directorate General of Water Resources Minister
for Public Works and Human Settlements of the Republic of Indonesia).

5.2 SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE OF THE RESEARCH

The implementation of RWH in Indonesia is still debatable amidst concern whether this method would
be efficient to reduce flooding and domestic water needs. This dilemma is mainly about the RWH initial
(construction) and maintenance costs, whether it is feasible to be adapted at a regional scale or larger,
and long payback times (Campisano et al, 2017; Sutrisno, 2017; UNEP, n. d.; Juliana, Kusuma et al,
2017; Juliana, Kusuma, Badri et al, 2017). Hence, in this study, the critical analysis of the feasibility in
implementing RWH to prevent flooding and to deliver water for domestic use of Bandung citizens will
be conducted.

There is no prior case study about implementing RWH system in the upper part of the Cikapundung
river basin. Therefore, this will be the first study in identifying which system is the most suitable and
profitable to be implemented throughout the year in the upstream part of the Cikapundung river
basin. There is also a need to investigate how effectively the RWH can distribute water for Bandung
City and the surrounding areas, especially during drought season (less rain) such as in Maribaya and
Gandok subdistrict. In the future, it is expected that this study will become an example for other cities
in Indonesia to also implement and to develop the RWH system, also will contribute to the invention
of low-cost RWH systems which will provide cleaner and healthier water for domestic and other
purposes.

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5.3 SOCIETAL RELEVANCE OF THE RESEARCH
In the extent of sustainability, the study will beneficial for society in the following matters:
a. Raising awareness of Bandung citizens that the city is facing clean water scarcity, so the
citizens will be wiser in using water for domestic needs.
b. Raising awareness of the residents in the upper region of the Cikapundung river basin to
participate to reduce flooding in Bandung City.
c. Informing residents in the regions about the benefits of RWH implementation.
d. Stimulating the authorities to include RWH system into water management policy and to
enforce RWH system to be implemented in the area.
e. Increasing the synergy between communities and authorities to construct and to apply RWH
system, then taste the benefits of the successful RWH implementation

5.4 POSSIBLE LIMITATIONS

Possible limitations that will emerge during the study are mentioned below.
a. The results of the study might not representative to exactly describe the feasibility of RWH
system in the study area. Therefore, the results must be validated with the field-survey
information to state the results are reliable.
b. As the study is a desk research, there is no direct contact with the area of interest. Hence, the
interpretation of the actual conditions will be only based on the gathered secondary data.
c. The economic and health benefits are also important factors in determining the effectiveness
of RWH system, but those benefits will not be included. In this study, water quality is
considerably healthy and clean for people consumption and other daily needs of water.

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 6. TIME PLANNING
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Activities
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Research
Proposal
Literature
Survey
Data
Gathering
Data
Analysis
Data
Processing
Research
Report
Presentation
Preparation
Research
Presentation

7. RESEARCH REPORT OUTLINE

Executive Summary
Chapter
1. Introduction
2. Theory
3. Methodology
4. Results and Analyses
5. Discussion
6. Recommendation
7. Conclusion
Tables
Figures
References
Annexes

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