ENGLISH TRANSLATION

University of Yaoundé 1 Maths Department

ACADEMY FOR SUCCESS
Faculty of science (ETAS) BIOS- GEOS 1

MOTTO: DETERMINATION, HARDWORK,

FOLLOW UP AND SUCCESS

1st series of tutorials (Probability)

ENGLISH VERSION

Exercise 1

What are the events of the following experiment: extracting simultaneously two balls
from an urn that contains 3 white balls and two black balls? We are going to distinguish the case
where the balls are discernible and the case where the balls are indiscernible.

Exercise 2

An urn contains 3 white balls and 2 black balls. We extract at random two balls

i) We consider the events

A1 - “obtaining two black balls “,

A2 - “obtaining at least one white ball”,
A3 -“obtaining only one white ball”,
A4 - “obtaining only one black ball”.
Determine whether each event on one hand is random, certain or impossible and on the other
hand whether it is composite or elementary.

ii) Find the answer of i) using the sets of events.

Exercise 3

We control the quality of ten products. Let the event A “at least one of the products is defective”
and the event B “at most two of the products are of good quality.
Describe the event AC and BC.
Exercise 4

Let Ω = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐}, A= {𝑎}, B= {𝑏}. List the elements of the following events.

i) 𝑃(Ω) , the power set of Ω

ii) 𝐴C
iii) 𝐵C
iv) 𝐴⋃𝐵
v) 𝐴∩𝐵
vi) 𝐴C∩ 𝐵 C
vii) 𝐴C∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)

Exercise 5

In a batch of 20 coins made, 4 are bad. In how many different ways can we collect 4, such
that?

a) The 4 coins are good.

b) At least one of them is bad.
c) At least two are bad.

Exercise 6

In a class of 30 students, 12 girls and 18 boys have to elect a committee composed of a

president, a vice-president and a secretary.

a) How many committees can we make?

b) How many committees can we make knowing that the post of secretary most be occupy
by a girl?
c) What is the number of committees in which the student X can appear?
d) What is the number of Committees in which the president is a boy and the secretary a
girl?
e) What is the number of committees in which the president and the vice-president are of
different sex?

Exercise 7

A machine produces n coins. Let Ai be the event “the ith coin is defective “ i = 1,…,n.

Write the following events in terms of Ai , I =1,…,n.

i) B1 -“none of the coins are defective”.

ii) B2 -“at least one coin is defective”.
iii) B3 -“only one coin is defective”.
iv) B4 -“two coins are defective “.
v) B5 -“at least two coins are defective”.
vi) B6 –“at most two coins are defective”.

Exercise 8
Consider the experiment that consist of drawing a ball from an urn containing 4 white balls
numbered 1,2,3 and 4 and a black ball numbered.

i) Describe the probable space related to this experiment.

ii) How many events are there in the events space?
iii) List the elementary events.
iv) List the implications of the event {1}.

Exercise 9

A ball is drawn at random from an urn that contains 20 balls numbered from 1 to 20.

Find the probability that the number written on the ball is

i) A prime number
ii) An even number

Exercise 10

A ball is drawn at random from an urn containing 6 white balls and 8 black balls. Find the
probability that the drawn ball is white; the probability that the drawn ball is black.

Exercise 11

An urn contains 10 balls among which 3 are red, 4 are yellow, 1 is blue and 2 are white. The
red, yellow, blue and white balls are marked with 2,5,10 and 20 points respectively. Find the
probability that by drawing two balls without replacement, we get

i) 7 points.
ii) At least 7 points.
iii) A ball having more than 10 points and a ball having less than 10 points.

Exercise 12

Ten students including 5 girls and 5 Boys are randomly assigned two by two to 5 lecterns.
Find the probability that at every lectern, there is a boy and a girl.

Exercise 13

A card is chosen at random out of a series of 18 cards numbered from 1 to 18. What is the
probability that the number is a multiple of 3 or 7?

Exercise 14
 In an urn there are 10 balls including 6 white and 4 black. We draw twice a ball from the urn
without replacing the chosen ball in the urn. Let A be the event “the second ball drawn is
white” and B the event “the first ball drawn is black”. Show that the events A and B are not
independent.

Exercise 15

An urn contains 6 white balls and 8 black balls. A ball is drawn and put aside. Then a second
ball is drawn

i) Knowing that the first ball drawn is white. Find the probability that the second ball
drawn is also white and the probability that the second ball is black.
ii) Without knowing the colour of the first ball drawn. Find the probability that the
second ball drawn is white and the probability that the second ball is black.

Exercise 16

Consider the composition of two urns given by the table below

Urns Number of white balls Number of black balls

U1 2 1

U2 1 5

A ball is drawn from urn U1 and it is introduced in urn U2. Then a ball is drawn from urn U2.
Knowing that the ball drawn from urn U2 is white, find the probability that the transferred ball
was black.

Exercise 17

Knowing that the probability that a student graduates is 0.4, calculate for a group of five students
the probability of the following events.

i) None of the students will graduate.

ii) Only one student will graduate.
iii) Two students will graduate.
iv) At least two students will graduate.
v) All the five students will graduate.

Exercise 18
One hundred tickets are proposed in a lottery. Among those tickets, 5 earn 1000f, 10 earn 500f,
15 earn 200f, 20 earn 100f, and the others earn nothing. A player buys a ticket. Let X be the
random variable representing the “the gain of the player”.

Find

i) The law of probability, the mass function and the distribution function of the random
variable X.
ii) 𝑃(𝑋 > 1).

Exercise 19

A coin is tossed three times successively. Find the probable space related as well as the law of
probability, the mass function and the distribution function of the random variable X, which takes
as value the number of tails obtained in the following case

i) The coin is well equilibrated

ii) The coin is such that its tail is twice more probable than its head.

Exercise 20

Consider the random variable X whose law of probability is given by the following table

X(0.21 2 3
0.4 0.4
)

Calculate the mean value and the variance of the random variable X

Exercise 21

Two balls are drawn at random and at the same time from an urn that contains one white ball,
three black balls and six yellow balls.

i) Give the joint law of probability of the random couple (X,Y) , where X and Y
represents the number of white balls and black balls obtained respectively.
ii) Give the marginal law of probability of the random variables X and Y
iii) Give the joint distribution function of the random (X,Y)
iv) Calculate 𝐶𝑜𝑣(𝑋, 𝑌) ; 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟(𝑋, 𝑌)

Exercise 22

A lottery is launched. One hundred tickets are proposed. Among which 5 earn a price of 1000f
each, 10 earn a price of 500f each, 15 earn a price of 200f each, 10 earn a price of 100f each and
for the rest of the tickets there is no lot. Let the random variable X “gain of a player “.
 i) Give the distribution function of the random variable X.
ii) Calculate 𝑃(𝑋 > 100)
iii) Calculate 𝑃(𝑋 < 200)

Exercise 23

Two dices are rolled. You are asked to look for

i) The probability law of the random variable which represents the sum of numbers
obtained
ii) The law of probability of the random variable which represents the products of the
numbers obtained.