A2)

In an isothermal case
dE
dS = dq
dT
!G !H " T !S T dE TzF dE
!= = = 1" dq = 1 "
!H !H !H dT !H dT

Using Nernst Potential

RT
E = E0 ! ln K
zF
RT RT aPROD
! = 1+ ln K = 1 + ln
!H !H aREACT
A5.
The formula

dN
= ! N = Activity
dt

P-32 has a half-life 14.29 days which corresponds to a decay constant of

ln(2)
!= = 0.0485 / day
t1/2

dN
= ! N = Activity < AMAX = 3.7 "1010 Bq = 3.7e10 * 3600 * 24 = 3.1968e15 /day
dt

A MAX 3.1968e15
N< = = 6.59e16 atoms
! 0.0485

Transform N (atoms) into Kg

N
m= M P 32
NA

6.59e16
m= 32 = 3.50e-6 gr
6.023e23
A9)
Vcell = Vtot / 32 = 0.875 V
Assuming the fuel ultilization is 100 %. The efficiency is
0.875
!= = 0.7 = 70%
1.25
The maximum Voltage of 1.25 V can be found from
!h f LHV 241.83 *1000
Vmax = = = = 1.25 V
2F 2F 2 * 96485
Compute flow rate of hydrogen per pack
P
P = !mLHV
! " m! = = 0.071mol / s
! LHV
1 mol of H2 corresponds to 1 mol of H2O
m! H 2O,cell = 0.071 mol/s !18 =1.278 g/s " m=4.6
! kg/h

A10)
a) The boundary condition

! (r = R) = 0

can be satisfied by taking

n!
Bn =
R
by taking n=1
!
B=
R
which implies that the radius of the critical sphere
! 2D ! D
R2 = R=
"# f $ # a "# f $ # a
or
b)

The boundary condition

sin ($ r / R )
R R R

P = " q '''dV = " ! f #E4$ r % dr = ! f #E4$ " r2A

2
dr = A! f #E4$ " r sin ($ r / R )
V 0 0
r 0

Integrating by parts
R R R
R R R2 R2 R2
" r sin (! r / R ) = #
r cos (! r / R ) + " cos (! r / R ) = + 2 sin (! r / R ) 0 =
R

0
! 0 0
! ! ! !
P
P = A! f "E4R 2 # A =
4! f "ER 2
B3

a) Mass flow rate main turbine

30 # 10 3
W! = m! 6 ( h6 ! h10 ) " m! 6 = = 44.24Kg / s
(2803 ! 2125)
Similarly on secondary turbine
W! = m! 8 ( h8 ! h11 ) " m! 8 = 3.591Kg / s
b)
Mass balance Condenser

(m11=m8 and m10=m6,m16=m9)

(m4=m12=m14)
m! 6 + m! 16 + m! 8 = m! 4
m! 4 = m! 16 + 47.831

Energy balance heater

m! 4 ( h14 ! h13 ) = m! 16 ( h9 ! h15 )

m! 4 (721 ! 144) = m! 16 (2803 ! 294)
m! 4 577 = m! 16 2509
m! 4 = 4.34 m! 16
which gives:
m16=14.32 Kg/s
m4=62.151 Kg/s

Compute heat steam generator

Q! sg = m! 4 (h4 ! h14 )
Qsg=129 MW

Compute mass flow inner core

Q! sg
m! 1 =
h1 ! h2
m1= 515 Kg/s

c) Efficiency

Pump Work

W! p1 = m! 4 (h13 ! h12 )
Wp1=62*6=0.372 MW
W! p2 = m! 1 (h3 ! h2 )
Wp2=515*3=1.545 MW

Core Heat

Q! sg = m! 1 (h1 ! h3 ) = 127.72MW
 WT + WT 2 ! Wp1 ! Wp2
!= = 23.55%
Q! core

d) Exergy loss condenser

SUM(bin)-SUM(bout)= Exergy loss

BOUT

m12=m4=62.151 kg/s
b12=h12-T0s12=5.672 kJ/kg

BOUT=352.52 kW

BIN
b11=h11-T0s11=198.25 kJ/kg
m11=m8=3.591 kg/s
b16=h16-T0s16=19.614 kJ/kg
m16=14.32 kg/s
b10=h10-T0s10=187.34 kJ/kg
m10=m8=44.24 ks/s

BIN=9280.71 kW
Exergy losses=8.928 MW