Exponents PDF

DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS PAGE NO.
1.) EXPONENTS 1-6F

2.) Laws of Radicals 7-9
3.) Properties of Logarithm 10-27
4.) Quadratic Equations 28-34
5.) Binomial Theorem 35 -47
6.) Mathematical Sequence 48 -55
7.) Mathematical Induction 56 – 65
8.) Sigma Notation 66 – 70
9.) Theory of Equations 71 – 80
10.) Factoring 81 – 85
11.) Proportion and Variation 86 – 98
12.) Work Problems 99 – 116L
13.) Digit Problems 117 – 139
14.) Significant Figures 140 – 142
15.) Rate Problems 143 – 152 –M
16.) Age Problems 152-N – 158
17.) Mixture Problems 159 -163
18.) Partial Fractions 164 – 171
19.) Clock Problems 172 – 179
20.) Investment Problems 180 – 188
21.) Roman Numerals 189 – 190
22.) Arithmetic Progression 191 – 208 – H
23.) Harmonic Progression 209 – 216
24.) Geometric Progression 217 – 237
25.) Infinite Geometric Progression 238 – 247
26.) Determinants 248 – 267
27.) Matrices 268 – 298
28.) Complex Numbers 299 – 320
29.) Vectors, Fourier Series 321 – 334
30.) Permutations, Combination, 335 – 366 – B
Probability
31.) Venn Diagram 367 – 376 - B
1
32.) Triangles 377 – 410
33.) Quadrilaterals 411 – 443
34.) Polygons 444 – 469
35.) Circles 470 – 515
36.) Sectors and Segments of a Circle 516 – 534
37.) Cones 535 – 553
38.) Frustum of a Cone 554 – 559
39.) Pyramids 560 – 571
40.) Frustum of a Pyramid 572 – 583
41.) Prism and Prismatoid 584 – 607
42.) Cube 608 – 616
43.) Sphere and Spherical Segment 617 – 660
44.) Polyhedron 661 - 674

Formulas 675 – 681
45.) Plane Trigonometry 682 - 745
46.) Spherical Trigonometry 746 - 763

47.) Straight Lines 764 – 798 – B
Formulas in Conics 799 – 800
48.) Circle 801 – 821
49.) Parabola 822 – 851
50.) Ellipse 852 – 890
51.) Hyperbola 891 – 917
52.) General Equation of Conics 918 – 922
53.) Tangents and Normal 923 – 944
54.) Diameter of Conics 945 – 958
55.) Translation of Axes 959 – 961
56.) Rotation of Axes 962 – 963
57.) Polar Coordinates 964 – 971
58.) Coordinates in Space 972 – 976
59.) Solid Analytic Geometry 977 – 998
2
1. 8.
2.
9.
3.
10.
4.
11.
⁄ ⁄
5.
12.
6.
13.
7.
14.
1.01 Problem:
If =4 find the value of
a) 160 c) 200
b) 140 d) 120
Solution:
3
Exponents
1.02 ECE Board April 1993:
Evaluate y=
a) 9 c) 6
b) 8 d) 4
Solution:
y=
y=
y=
y=10-1
y=9
1.03 Problem:
Solve for x if x=
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
X=
X=
X=
4
Exponents
1.04 Problem:
Solve for x if and
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Solution:



3x=y+2

6x-2y=y
6x=3y
2x=y
3x=y+2
3x=2x+2
X=2
1.05 Problem:
If , find the value of
a) 9
b) 8
c) 2
d) 4
Solution:
(
(
5
Exponents
1.06 CE Board May 1989

Solve for x;
a) ¼
b) 2
c) ½
d) 3
Solution:
4.4x=3
X= ¼
1.07 Problem:
If what is the value of ?
a) 5
b) 15
c) 25
d) 35
Solution:
9x.9x=5(5)
6
Exponents
1.08 Problem:
If ,find the value of
a) 16
b) 14
c) 18
d) 20
Solution
=256
=16
1.09 Problem:
If =81,find
a) 243
b) 253
c) 323
d) 212
Solution:
=81
=27
X=3
7
Exponents
1.10 Problem:
Public health records indicates that “t”
Weeks after outbreak of SARS (Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
approximately Q= thousands of
people had caught the disease.
How many people had the disease

when it first broke out.
How many had caught the disease by
the end of the 2nd week
 If the trend continues, approximately
how many people in all will contact
disease.
Solution:
 When t=0
Q=
Q= =1
No. of people having a disease when it
first broke out =1000
When t=2
Q=
Q=
Q=7.343
No. of people having the disease =

7,343
 No. of people that contracted the

disease if trend continues:
t=α Ass. t=100
Q= Q=20,000 people
Q=20
8
Exponents
1.11 Problem:
A cool drink is removed from a
refrigerator on a hot summer day and
placed in a room whose temperature is
30 Cesius. According to the law of
physics, the temperature of the drink “t”
minutes later is given by the function of
the form f(x)=30-A , If the
temperature of the drink was 10 Celsius
when it left the refrigerator and 15
Celsius after 20 min.
Find the value of A.

Find the value of K.
Find the temperature of the drink after
40 minutes.
Solution:
 Value of A:
f(t)=30-A
10=30-A
A=20
Value of K:
f(t)=30-A
15=30-20
15=20
=1.333
k=0.0143716
Temp. after 40 min.

f(t)=30-A
t=30-20
t=38.75 Celsius
9
Exponents
1.12 Problem:
The rate at which a postal clerk can sort
mail is a function of clerks experience.
Suppose the post master of a large city
estimates that after “f” months on the job
the average clerk can sort
Q(t)=700-400 letters per hour.
How many letters can a new

employee sort per hour?
How many letters can a clerk with 6
months experience sort per hours?
Approximately how many letters will
the average clerk ultimately be able to
sort per hour?
Solution:
 No. of letters a new employee can
sort:
Q(t)=700-400
Q(0)=700-400
Q=700-400
Q=300 letters
 No. of letters a clerk can sort after 6

months:
Q(6)=700-400
Q(t)=700-400
Q=680
No. of letters an average clerk can

sort per hour:
Q(α)=700-400
Q=700-0
Q=700 letters
10
Exponents
1.13 Problem:
The population density x miles from the

center of a certain city is D(x)=12
Thousand people per square mile.
Population density at the center of the

city:
D(x)=12
Dx=12
Dx=12
Dx=12 thousand
 Population density at 10 miles from

center
D(x)=12
Dx=12
Dx=5.959
Dx=5959
Population at 9000 miles from center

of city:
Dx=12
Dx=12
D=0
11
Properties of Logarithm
Solution:
ln (x2
3.08 Problem:
Solve for x if
a) 4 c) 3
b) 5 d) 6
Solution:
3.09 Problem:
If
Solve for and
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
xy=
12
3.10 Problem:
Given and
① Solve for
② Solve for x if
③ Solve for b if
Solution:
①
3.11 CE Board Nov. 1998

The log of the product MN is equal to
1.62324979 and the log of the quotient
is equal to -0.066946789. Find the
value of N.
a) 7 c) 8
b) 9 d) 6
13
Solution:
Divide ① by ②
3.12 ECE Board April 1998

What is the value of ( to the base 2)
+( to the base 3)
a) 7.39 c) 3.97
b) 3.79 d) 9.37
Solution:
Let
Let
14
3.13 ECE Board Nov 1998

If log of 2 to the base 2 plus log of x to
the base 2 is equal to 2, find the value of
x.
a) 2 c) 3
b) 4 d) 5
Solution:

If (2 log x to the base 4) – (log 9 to the
base 4) = 2, find x.
a) 10 c) 11
b) 13 d) 12
Solution:
2
( )
3.15 Problem:
Solve from the simplified value of
a) c)
b) d)
15
Solution:
3.16 Problem:
Solve for the simplified value of

.
a) c)
d)
Solution:
3.17 EE Board Oct. 1992
Find the value of x.
a) 3 c) 2
b) 4 d) 5
16
Solution:
3.18
3.18ME
MEBoard April 1999
BoardApril 1999
The is equal to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
3.19 ME Board
BoardOct.
Oct 1999
1999
What is the value of
a) 0.0067379
b) -5
c) 0.002456
d) -148.41
Solution:
Let
17
3.20 Problem:
3.20 ME Problem:
Solve for
a) 5 c) 8
b) 6 d) 4
Solution:
3.21
3.21CE
CEBoard
BoardMay
May1994
1994
If what is the value of
a) 4 c) 2
b) 5 d) 6
Solution:
18
3.22
3.22Problem:
Problem:
If , find the value of
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) 5
Solution:
3.23Problem:
3.23 Problem:
Find the value of x if
⁄
a) 1 c)
⁄ ⁄
b) d)
Solution:
3.24Problem:
3.24 Problem:
Solve for x if
a) 1, 100 c) 1, 10
b) 10, 100 d) 2, 10
Solution:
19
3.25
3.25
ECE
ECE
Board
Board
Nov.
Nov.
1991
1991
Evaluate “b” in the following equation:
a) 16 c) 2
b) 2560 d) 4096
Solution :
1024=
= 1.2041
b = 16
3.26
3.26Problem:
Problem:
Solve for x if =
a) 4 c) 5
b) 6 d) 3
Solution :
Let y =
= 2y
( = 2y
= 2y
X=6
20
3.27
3.27ECE
ECEBoard
BoardNov.
Nov.1991
1991
The logarithm of 1 to any base is:
a) one c) infinity
b) zero d) indeterminate
Solution:
1=ax
1=a0
x=0
3.28
3.28ME
MEBoard
BoardApril 1997
April. 1997
What is the value of log to the base 10

of 10003.3
a) 9.9 c) 99.9
b) 10.9 d) 9.5
Solution:
3.3
3.3(3)=9.9
3.29Problem:
3.29 Problem
If the log to the base 3 minus log of 5 to

the base 3 is equal to 2, find the value of
x.
a) 40 c) 38
b) 46 d) 44
Solution:
( )
( )
x=40
21
3.30
3.30ME
MEBoard
BoardApril
April1999
1999
ln 7.1 is equal to:
a) 1.97 xy c) xy
b) 0.86 xy d) 7.18xy
Solution:
ln7.1 =xyln7.18
ln7.1 =1.97xy
3.31 EE
3.31 EE Board
BoardApril
April1986
1986
Evaluate ln
a) c)
b) ln d)
Solution:
ln
ln
3.32Problem
3.32 Problem
If log(9!)=5.5598, what is the log of 10!
a) 6.5598 b) 4.5598
c) 7.5598 d) 8.5598
Solution:
log 10! = log(10.9!)

log 10! = log10 + log9!
log 10! = 1+ 5.5598
log 10!= 6.5598
22
3.33
3.33 ECE
ECE Board
BoardSept.
Sept 1982
1982
Solve for x: log (2x+7) – log (x-1) = log 5
a) 4 c) 5
b) 3 d) 6
Solution:
log (2x+7) – log (x-1) = log 5
2x + 7 = 5x – 5
3x=12
x=4
3.34
3.34 ECE
ECE Board
BoardNov.
Nov 1993
1993
Express tanh-1 in terms of natural

logarithm
a) -ln 3 c) ln e
b) ln 1/3 d) -ln (4/5)
Solution:
Let tanh-1 =x
tanhx= -4/5
23
3.35Problem
3.35 Problem
a) c) ex
b) ln 2 d) e-2x
Solution:
3.36
3.36Problem:
Problem
If solve for x.
a) x2 c) 2lnx
b) ln2 d)
24
Solution:
3.37 Problem
If solve for x.
a) c) e10
10e d) 10e
Solution:
3.38 Problem:
3.38 Problem
If solve for x.
a) 3 c) 5
b) 4 d) 2
Solution:
25
3.39CE
3.39 CEBoard
Board Nov.
Nov. 1995
1995
An earthquake is usually measured by
the magnitude M on the Richter scale.
The intensity I of an earthquake and the
magnitude M are related by the formula
M=logI/Io
Where Io is the intensity of an arbitrary
chosen earthquake. The earthquake
that hit Kobe, Japan, measured 5.7 on
the Richter scale. The earthquake that
hit Baguio, Philippines measured 7.8.
How many times stronger is the
earthquake that hit Baguio?
a) 148 times
b) 126 times
c) 137 times
d) 37 times
Solution
26

4.01Problem
4.01 Problem:
Quadratic Formula
In the eqution , one
root is 6 times the other root. What is
the value of A?
√

a) 2 c) 6
b) 4 d) 8
Solution:
 Properties of Roots
a) Sum of Roots
b) Product of Roots
4. Discriminant
a) When the roots are

equal
4.02 Problem:
Problem:
b) When the roots are In the equation , one

real and equal root is 3 more than the other root. What
are the roots of the equation?
c) When the roots are a) -7,-4 c) 8,5

imaginary b) -6,-3 d) 9,6
27
Solution:
4.03
4.03Problem:
Problem:
Determine the value of k so that the sum

and product of the roots are equal from
the given equation
a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4
Solution:
A= 7
B= (2k-1)
C= -3k+2
28
4.04 ECE
4.04 ECEBoard
BoardMarch
March1996
1996:
The equation of whose roots are the

reciprocal of the roots of
is;
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
The reciprocal of the roots.
( )
( )
4.05
4.05 EE
EE Board
BoardOct.
Oct1990
1990:
Determine k so that the equation

will have just one real
solution.
a) 4 c) 6
b) 5 d) 8
Solution:
(so that it will have one

real value)
29
4.06
4.06Problem:
Problem:
Two engineering students attempt to

solve a problem that reduces to a
quadratic equation. One of the students
made a mistake only in the constant
term of the quadratic equation and gives
an answer of 8 and 2 for the roots. The
other student solving the same problem
made an error in the coefficient of the
first degree term only and gives his
answer as -9 and -1 for the roots. If you
are to check their solutions, what would
be the correct quadratic equations?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
If the constant is wrong, then the

coefficients of the first degree term is B
must be correct:
If the coefficient of first degree term is

wrong, then the constant C must be
correct.
30
4.07Problem:
4.07 Problem:
Find the value of k in the quadratic

equation if 3 is
one of the roots.
a) 3
b) 6
c) 12
d) 18
Solution:
4.028Problem:
4.08 Problem:
Find the value of C from the given

quadratic equation if the
product of roots is -5.
a) -4
b) -5
c) -3
d) 2
Solution:
31
4.09
4.09Problem:
Problem:
Find the value of k from the given

quadratic equation if
the sum of the roots is equal to 4.
a) 8
b) 4
c) 3
d) 5
Solution:
4.10ECE
4.10 ECEBoard
BoardNov.
Nov.1999
1999:
Find the sum of the roots of
a) -1/2
b) 2
c) -2
d) ½
Solution:
32
4.11
4.11Problem:
Problem:
Find the value of h in the equation

so that the sum
of the roots is 2.
a) 4 b) 6 c) 12 d) 18
Solution:
4.12
4.12Problem:
Problem:
Find the value of the constant h in the

quadratic equation
if 3 is one of the
roots.
a) 3 b) 6 c) 12 d) 18
Solution:
4.13
4.13 Problem:
Problem:
Find the value of the constant “h” in the
quadratic equation
so that the
product of the roots is -4.
a) 8 b) 6 c) 4 d) 2
Solution:
33
1. Pascal Triangle 4. Sum of exponents:
Note: These numbers indicate

the coefficients of each term of a
binomial expansion
5. Sum of coefficients:
0
(x+y) 1
(x+y)1 1 1 a) Substitute x and y
(x+y)2 1 2 1
(x+y)3 1 3 3 1
(x+y)4 1 4 6 4 1 b)
(x+y)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
2. The rth term of a binomial expansion 6. Coefficients of the term containing
3. To find the middle term of a binomial

expansion:
34
5.01
5.01Problem:
Problem:
In the expansion of
1. Find the term independent of x

2. Find the 5th term
3. Find the coefficient of the 8th term
Solution:
1. Term independent of x:
Therefore the 6th term is independent of

x.
2. 5th term
Coefficient of the 8th term:
35
5.02
5.02 Problem:
Problem:
In the binomial expansion of
Find the value of “n” if the coefficient

of the 4th and the 13th terms are equal to
each other.
Find the coefficient of the 6th term of
the expansion of
Find the 10th term of the expansion of
Solution
Value of “n”
4th term 13th term
12!(n-12)! = 3!(n-3)!
12(11)(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)=(n-3)(n-
4)(n-5)(n-6)(n-7)(n-8)(n-9)(n-10)(n-11)
n-3=12 n-4=11 n-5=10 n-6=9

n=15 n=15 n=15 n=15
Value of n=15
Coefficient of the 6th term of

=3003
Coefficient=3003
10th term of
5005 (10th term)
36
5.03Problem:
5.03 Problem:
In the expansion of ,find the
term independent of x.
Find the 5th term of the expansion of
.
Find the coefficient of the 8th term of
the expansion of
Solution
 Term independent of x:
=
10-2r=0
r=5
Therefore the 6th term is independent of
x
5th term of the expansion of
Coefficient of 8th term:
=960
37
5.04Problem:
5.04 Problem:
Using distinct linear fractions, resolve its
fractions into partial fractions if
 Compute the value fraction of E

 Compute the value fraction of D
 Compute the value fraction of F
Solution:
 Value of function E:
4 -27x+20=A(x-4)(x+2)+B(x-
3)(x+2)+C(x-3)(x-4)
When x=4
4 -27(4)+20=A(0)+B(1)(6)+C(0)-
24=6B
B=-4
Fraction E=
Fraction E=
Fraction D:
When x=3
4 -27(3)+20=A(-1)(-5)+B(0)+C(0)-
25=-5A
A=5
Fraction D=
 Fraction F:
When x=-2
4 -27(-2)+20=A(0)+B(0)+C(-5)(-6)
90=30C
C=3
Fraction F=
38
5.05
5.05Problem:
Problem:
Find the 6th term in the expansion
Find the coefficient of the 4th term

Find the sum of the exponents of the
expansion of
Solution:
6th term:
Coeff. Of 4th term:
Sum of the exponents:

Sum=n(n+1) average of exponents
Sum= 9(9+1)
Sum=0
5.06Problem:
5.06 Problem:
Find the value of x if the 8th term of the
expansion of is equal to
25952256.
39
Solution:
792
X=2
5.07 Problem:
5.07 Problem:
The 5th term of the expansion of
is 210 . Find the value of “n”
a) 8
b) 12
c) 10
d) 14
Solution
Set 2n-8-4=8
2n=20
n=10
Check:
40
Find the 6th term of the expansion of
(
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution
n= 16 r= 6 m=6-1=5
5.09
5.09 MEMEBoard
Board March
March 1977
1977
Find the term (not only the number but

the numerical and literal coefficient of
the term involving in the expansion of
( .
a) 12870
b) 14620
c) 11480
d) 10680
41
Solution:
34-2r+1-r=8
r=9
5.10
5.10 ECE
ECE Board
Board April
April 1995
1995
What is the sum of the coefficient in the

expansion of (x+y-z
a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4
Solution:
Substitute x=1 y=1 and z=1
Sum of the coefficients=(1+1-1
Sum of the coefficients= (1
Sum of the coefficients=1
5.11
5.11 Problem:
Problem:
Find the coefficient of the binomial
(x+1 containing the term .
a) 120
b) 100
c) 125
d) 130
42
Solution:
n=10
k
5.12Problem:
5.12 Problem:
Find the coefficient of
containing the term .
a) 120
b) 130
c) 125
d) 135
Solution:
43
5.13
5.13 Problem:
Problem:
Find the coefficient of the expansion of
containing the term
a) -1365
b) -1275
c) -1465
d) -1165
Solution:
n=15
m=11
5.14Problem:
5.14 Problem:
Find the coefficient of the expansion of
containing the term
a) 1760 c) 1560
b) 1480 d) 1840
Solution:
Coefficient=1760
44
5.15
5.15Problem
Problem:
What is the 5th term of the expansion of

?
a) 70
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
r=5 n=8
m=r-1
m=5-1=4
=70
=70
5.16Problem
5.16 Problem:
Find the middle term of the expansion of

.
a) 43750
b) 44376
c) 45827
d) 46940
Solution:
Middle term=
Middle term=
Middle term= 43750
45
5.17
5.17Problem:
Problem:
For the expression
 What is the value of the 7thterm

 What is the sum of the coefficient.
 What is the sum of the exponents.
a)
b) 1828214 , 16842,38
c) 2818102 , 14482, 45
d) 3919104 , 19684,45
Solution:
 7thterm :
=3919104
 Sum of the coefficients:
Sub x=1
= 19684
 Sum of exponents:
S=
S=9(9+1)
S=45
46
5.18
5.18Problem
Problem::
From the given expression .
 Find the term involving in the

expansion
 Find the coefficient of the 6th term of

the .
 Find the 7th term of the expression of

the term .
a)
b)
c) 32085
d) 31636
Solution:
 Term involving
=40095
coeff. of 6th term
= -192456
 5th term
47
5.19Problem:
5.19 Problem:
From the expression
 Find the numerical coefficient of the

8th term
 Find the sum of the coefficients.
 Find the sum of the exponents.
a) -198964,5643,80
b) -197842,4096,92
c) -195254,5642,84
d) -192456,4095,78
Solution
 Numerical Coefficients
=-192456
 Sum of the coefficients
Sub x=1
S=(3-1
S=
S=4095
 Sum of the exponents:
S=n(n+1) exp. Ave.
S=(12)(12+1)
S=78
48
6.01Problem:
6.01 Problem:
Find the 6th term of the sequence
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
When n=1 =-
When n=2 =
When n=3
When n=6 =
6.02 Problem:
Find the 8th term of the sequence
-3,4, …
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
When n=1 =-3
When n=2 =4
When n=3 =
When n=8 =
49
6.03
6.03Problem:
Problem:
Find the sum of the first 4 terms in the

sequence of .
a) 15 c) 20
b) 18 d) 22
Solution:
n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4

2 4 8
Sum= 1+2+4+8
Sum= 15
Find the 5th term of the series whose

sum of n term is given by .
a) 1458
b) 2432
c) 1264
d) 1062
Solution :
Ex:2,4,6,8,10,12
The 6th term is 12:
Sum of the 6 terms = 2+4+6+8+10+13
=42
Sum of the 5 terms = 2+4+6+8+10
=30
Diff. =42-30
Diff. =12
Therefore the diff =sum of 6th term

–sum of 5th term
a5=s5-s4
a5=
a5= - =1458
50
6.05Problem
6.05 Problem:
:
In the series of numbers shown,

compute the sum of the first 5 terms, in
the sequence of ,
a) 0.9333
b) 0.8333
c) 0.1033
d) 0.1133
Solution:
n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5

½ 1/6 1/12 1/20 1/30
Sum = ½ +1/6+1/12+1/20+1/30
Sum= 0.8333
6.06
6.06Problem:
Problem:
Find the 6th term of the series

-1, ½ ,3, 13/2 …..
a) 33/2 c) 37/2
b) 21/2 d) 23/2
Solution:
When n=1 ….. =1

When n=2 …..
When n=3 …..
When n=4 …..
When n=6 …..
51
6.07Problem:
6.07 Problem:
Find the absolute value of x if

| |
a) 2,-4 c) 3,-4
b) -2,4 d) 1,-4
Solution:
4+4x=12 4+4x=-12
4x=8 4x=-16
X=2 x=-4
6.08Problem:
6.08 Problem:
Find the area of the curve enclosed by

| | | |
a) 2 c) 4
b) 8 d) 6
Solution:
| | | | when x=0 y=0
x+y=1 y=1 x=1
x+y=-1 when x=0 y=0
A= y=1 x=1
A=2
6.09Problem:
6.09 Problem:
Find the value of “x” in the following

series of numbers 12,13,17,26,x.
a) 42 c) 36
b) 56 d) 48
Solution:
12 13 17 26 x
12+(1 x=26+(4)2
13+(2)2 = 17 x=42
17+(3)2 = 36
52
6.10ECE
6.10 ECEBoard
BoardSept.
Sept. 1982
1982
What follows logically in these series of

numbers 2,3,5,9,17…
a) 33 c) 30
b) 32 d) 28
Solution:
2 3 5 9 17 x
1 2 4 8 16
X=17+16
X=33
6.11
6.11Problem:
Problem:
A closed rectangular box has sides

whose measurements in cm. are
consecutive integers
Find the polynomial that describes the
volume of the box
 What is the volume of the box if the
length of the longest side is 6.
 What is the surface area of the box if
the length of the shortest side is 6 cm.
Solution:
 Polynomial:
V=n(n+1)(n+2)
V=n3+3n2+2n
 Volume
n+2=6
n=4
V= (4)3 + 3(4)2+ 2(4)
V= I2Ocu.cm.
Surface area:
n=6
A =(n+1)(n+2)(2) +n(n+2)(2)
+(n+1)(n)(2)
A = (7)(8)(2) + (6)(8)(2) + (7)(6)(2)
A=292 cm2
53
6.12 Problem
6.12 Problem:
Find the 9th term of the series of

numbers 1,8,27,64,125….
a) 729 c) 673
b) 861 d) 753
Solution:
(1) (8) (27) (64) (125)
(1 (2 (3 (4 (5
9th term = (9 = 729
6.13
6.13Problem
Problem:
Find the term of the series number

1, 16, 81, 256 ,625
a) 4096 c) 4706
b) 4434 d) 4004
Solution:
1 16 81 256 625
(1 (2 (3 (4 (5
9th term = (8 = 4096
6.14Problem
6.14 Problem:
Find the value of x in the following

series of numbers 1, 2 , 6, 25 ,x
a) 41 c) 48
b) 44 d) 36
Solution:
1 2 6 25 x
(1 (2 (3 (4
1+ 1 = 2
2+ 2(2 = 6
6+ 3(3 = 25
25 + 4(4 =41
x = 41
54
6.15
6.15Problem:
Problem:
Find the value of the 6th term of the
following series of numbers
2,3,11,38……
a) 227 c) 233
b) 215 d) 245
Solution:
2 3 11 38 102 227
(1 (2 (3 (4 (5
2 + (1 = 3
3 + (2)3 = 11
11 + (3)3 = 38
38 + (4)3 = 102
102 + (5)3 = 227
6th term is 227
6.16Problem:
6.16 Problem:
Find the 8th term of the following series

of numbers 8,9,11,14,18……
a) 41 c) 48
b) 44 d) 36
Solution:
8 9 11 14 18 23 29 36
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8+1=9
9+2=11
14+4=18
15+5=23
23+6=29
29+7=36
The 8th term is 36
55
6.17 Problem:
6.17 Problem:
Find the value of x of the following
series of numbers 6,8,12,18,26,x
a) 41 c) 48
b) 44 d) 36
Solution:
6 8 12 18 26 36
2 4 6 8 10
6+2=8
8+4=12
12+6=18
18+ 8 = 26
26 + 10=36
X is 36
6.18
6.18Problem:
Problem:
In the given series of numbers

1,1.1/2,1/6,1/24 …..an find the 6th term.
a) 1/120 c) 2/245
b) 1/130 d) 2/300
Solution:
Using Mclaurins Series
The 6th term is
56
7.01Problem:
7.01 Problem:

1 2 3 4 ….x=36
Using 1 2 3…n
a) 6 c) 10
b) 8 d) 12
1 2 3…n
S=
36=
(x+9)(x-8)=0
X=8
7.02
7.02Problem:
Problem:

2+4+6+8+.X=110
Using 2 4 6 ….2n=n(n 1)
a) 18
b) 20
c) 30
d) 28
Solution:
2 4 6 …2n(n 1)
S=n(n+1)
110=n(n+1)
(n-10)(n+11)=0
n=0
x=2n
x=20
57
7.03 Problem:
Find the sum of the series
1 3 5 7 ….. (2n-1)
a) n4 c) n3
b) n2 d) n1
Solution:
The series are in A.P.
a1 = 1
an= 2n-1
s=
s=
s=n2
7.04EE
7.04 EEBoard
BoardOct.
Oct.1999
1999
Determine the sum of the infinite series:

S=
a) 3/2 c) 5/4
b) 2 d) 1
Solution
A= ½
r=
s=
s=
s=1.0
58
7.05
7.05EE
EEBoard
BoardMarch
March1998
1998
Determine the sum of the infinite series

s=
a) 4/5 b) 2/3 c) ¾ d) ½
Solution:
a=1/3 ar=1/9
r=
S=
S=
7.06 Problem:
7.06 Problem:
Solve for x in the following equation

X 3x 5x 7x …..49x=625.
a) 4 c) 3
b) 2 d) 1
Solution:
a1= x
d=2x
an=a1+(n-1)d
49x=x+(n-1)(2x)
49=1+2n-2
50=2n
n=25
s=
625=
625=
625=(25)(25)x
x=1
59
7.07Problem:
7.07 Problem:
Find the value of x in the series of

numbers shown. x 3x 5x 7x …..
15x=128
a) 2
b) 6
c) 4
d) 8
Solution:
a1=x
d=2x
an=15x
an=a1+(n-1)d
15x=x(n-1)(2x)
15x=x+2nx-2x
16x=2nx
n=8
S= ]
128=
128=4(16x)
x=2
7.08
7.08Problem:
Problem:
Find the value of x of the given equation

shown.
x 2x 4x 8x 16 ……256x=1022.
a) 6
b) 4
c) 2
d) 1
60
Solution:
a1=x
7.09 Problem:
7.09 Problem:
Find the sum of the series:
2 4 8 16 32 ……. 2n
a) 2n+1-2
b) n+1-2
c) 2n+1-2
d) 2n+1+2
Solution:
61
7.10Problem:
7.10 Problem:
Find the value of x from the sequence of
numbers shown.
X 2x 3x 4x ……….8x=72
a) 2 b) 6 c) 4 d) 8
Solution:
7.11
7.11Problem:
Problem:
Find the value of x from the series of

numbers shown.
x 3x 9x 27x…..729x=3279
a) 3 b) 6 c) 4 d) 8
Solution:
62
8.0 SIGMA
8.0 Sigma NOTATION
Notation
SIGMA NOTATION FOR SUMS
I = index of summation
n= upper limit of summation
1= lower limit of summation
63
8.01 Problem:
8.01 Problem:
Find the sum of
 a) 2.708 c) 2.952
b) 3.019 d) 3.254
Solution:
8.02
8.02Problem:
Problem:
Find the sum of
64
 a) 30 c) 28
b) 25 d) 32
Solution:
8.03
8.03 Problem:
Problem:
Find the sum of
 a) 15 c) 25
b) 20 d) 30
Solution:
8.04
8.04 Problem:
Problem:
Find the sum of
 a) 35 c) 39
b) 28 d) 33
65
Solution:
8.05
8.05 Problem:
Problem:
Find the following sum:
 a) 10 c) 12
b) 15 d) 17
Solution:
8.06
8.06Problem:
Problem:
Expand the following
 a) 90 c) 80
b) 100 d) 95
Solution:
66
8.07Problem:
8.07 Problem:
Expand the following
 a) 190 c) 180
b) 186 d) 195
Solution:
∑ ( )
∑ ( )
8.08Problem:
8.08 Problem:
Find the sum of
 a) 192 c) 180
b) 186 d) 195
Solution:
∑ ( )
∑ ( )
67
8.09Problem:
8.09 Problem:
Find the sum of
 a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
r=
r=
S=
S=
S=
8.10
8.10Problem:
Problem:
Evaluate
 a) 1550 c) 1660
b) 1450 d) 1360
68
Solution:
when k = 1 k=2
5(1)-3=2 5(2)-3=7
d=7-2=5
k=3 k=25
5(3)-3=12 25(5)-5=122
d=12-7
This is an A.P.
S=
S=
S = 1550
69
9.0 THEORY
9.0 THEORY OFOF EQUATIONS
EQUATIONS
 Remainder Theorem: 9.01

9.01ECE
ECEBoard
BoardApril
April1999
1999
If a polynomial f(x) is divided Given f(x) = (x-4)(x+3)+4, when f(x) is
by x-r, until a remainder free
divided by (x-K), the remainder is K.
of x is obtained, the resulting
Find the value of K.
remainder is equal to f(r).
 a) -12 b) 8 c) 4 d) 2
 Factor Theorem:
Solution:
If r is a root of the polynomial
f(x) = (x-4)(x+3)+4
equation f(x) = 0, then x-r is a
factor of f(x) and conversely if f(K) = (K=4)(K+3)+4 (remainder)
x-r is a factor of f(x), then r is a
root of the equation. K = (K-4)(K+3)+4
K= – K – 12 + 4
– 2K – 8 = 0
(K – 4)(K+2) = 0
K = 4 K = -2
9.02
9.02Problem:
Problem:
If - is divided by
( x-2), the remainder is:
 a) -28 b) -20 c) 28 d) 20
Solution:
f(x)= - -
f(x)= ( -2( -3( -4(2)-8
f(x)= -28
70
9.03
9.03Problem:
Problem:
Using synthetic division, compute the

remainder if we divide + -18x+7 by
x-2
 a) -9 b) -8 c) 7 d) 6
Solution:
2 + 1 -18 +7 2
+ 4+10 - 16
2+5–8-9
The quotient is +5x-8
The remainder is -9
9.04Problem:
9.04 Problem:
If +3x-40 is divided by (x-5), the

remainder is;
 a) 0 c) 2
b) 1 d) 3
Solution:
f(x) = +3x-40
f(5) = ( +5(3)-40
f(5) = 0 ( remainder )
71
9.05
9.05CE
CEBoard
BoardMay
May1999
1999
If -9x- +7 is divided by (2x-3) the

remainder is:
 a) -11 c) 11
b) -15 d) 15
Solution:
-x-6
2x-3 - -9x+7
- -9x
- +3x
-12x+7
-12x+18
-11 (remainder)
9.06CE
9.06 CEBoard
Board Nov.
Nov. 1997
1997
Find the remainder if we divide -

+8y-4 by (2y + 3).
 a) 11 c) 13
b) 10 d) 12
Solution:
+6y-5
2y + 3 - +8y-4
+8y
+18y
72
-10y – 4
-10y – 5
+11 (remainder)
9.07 Problem:
If 8+11a+8a3+18a2 is divided by
4a2+1+3a, the remainder is;
 a) 5 c) -5
b) 8 d) -8
Solution:
2a + 3
4a2+3a+1 8a3+18a2+11a+8
8a3+6a2+2a
+12a2+9a+8
+12a2+9a+3
+5
(remainder)
9.08
9.08Problem:
Problem:
When + -18x+7 is divided by

(x+1), the remainder is -15. Find the
value of a.
 a) 42 c) 52
b) 45 d) 48
Solution:
f(-1) = -a + 2 + 18 + 7
-15= -a + 27 a = 42
73
9.09Problem:
9.09 Problem:
If - -6+11y is divided by -
3y+2, the remainder is:
 a) -2y
b) 2y
c) -3y
d) 3y
Solution:
2y – 3
-3y+2 - +11y-6
- +4y
- +7y-6
- +9y-6
-2y (remainder)
9.10Problem:
9.10 Problem:
If -14x+3 is divided by x-2, the

remainder is:
 a) 15
b) 14
c) 13
d) 16
Solution:
f(x)= -14x+3
when x=2
f(2) = -14(2)+3
f(2) = 15 (remainder)
74
9.11
9.11Problem:
Problem:
The expression + + +bx+6 when

divided by (x-2) leaves the remainder 16
and when divided by (x+1) leaves the
remainder 10. Find the values aandb.
 a) -5,7 c) -4,6
b) -6,8 d) -7,5
Solution:
f(x) = + + +bx+6
when x = 2
f(2) = 16+8z+20+2b+6
16 = 16+8a+20+2b+6
4a+b = -13
When (x = -1)
f(-1) = 1-a+5-a+6
10 = 1-a+5-b+6
a+b = 2
4a+b = -13
-3a= 15
a = -5
b=7
9.12
9.12Problem:
Problem:
The constant remainder when -2x+5
is divided by x + 1.
 a) 8
b) 6
c) 4
d) 2
75
Solution:
f(x) = -2x+5
x = -1
f(x) = ( -2(-1)+5
f(x) = 8 (remainder)
9.13Problem:
9.13 Problem:
Find the upper bounds for the real roots

of the equation - -7x+4=0.
 a) 4
b) 2
c) 3
d) 5
Solution:
By applying synthetic division, and if the

resulting numbers in the third line are
positive then the trial number as its roots
is an upper bound of the real roots.
2 -5 -7 +4 4
+8 +12 +20
2 +3 +5 +24
Note: All signs are positive; therefore 4

is the upper bound.
9.14
9.14Problem:
Problem:
Compute the lower bound of the real

roots of the polynomial equation
+ -5x-6=0
76
 a) -4 c) -5
b) -2 d) -3
Solution:
1 +3 -5 -6 -5
-5 +10 -25
1 -2 +5 -31
Note: When the numbers in the third line

are alternately positive and negative, the
trial number is a lower bound of the real
roots, therefore -5 is the lower bound.
9.15
9.15Problem:
Problem:
If 1 and -2 are rational roots of the
equation + + +6x-12=0. What is
the second depressed equation?
 a) +6=0
b) -3=0
c) +2x-3=0
d) +2x+6=0
Solution:
1 +1 +4 +6 -12 1
+1 +2 +6 +12
1 +2 +6 +12 +0
+ +6x+12=0 (1st depressed

equation)
1 +2 +6 +12 -2
-2 +0 -12
1 +0 +6 +0
+6 = 0 (2nd depressed equation)
77
9.16 Problem:
Problem:
Write a cubic equation whose roots are

(-1,2)
 a) - +2x+8=0
b) - +x-6=0
c) + -3x+10=0
d) - +5x-12=0
Solution:
(x+1) (x-2) (x-4) =0
(x+1) ( -6x+8) = 0
x3- +8x+ -6x+8 = 0
- +2x+8 = 0
9.17 Problem:
9.17 Problem:
What are the rational roots of the
equation + +4 +6x-12=0
 a) 1 and -2
b) -2 and 3
c) -1 and 2
d) 1 and -3
Solution:
Using Synthetic division
1 + 1 + 4 + 6 – 12 1
+1 + 2 + 6 + 12
1 + 2 + 6 + 12 + 0
(x-1) is one of the factors
78
1 + 2 + 6 + 12 -2
-2 0 - 12
1 0 +6+0
(x+2) is one of the factors
(x-1) (x+2) ( +6)
The rational roots are 1 and -2
9.18
9.18 Problem:
Problem:
Which of the following is a factor of

+ -32?
 a) x -2 c) x -1
b) x – 3 d) x – 4
Solution:
f(x) = + -32
when x = 2
f(x) = 3( +2( -32
f(2) = 0
Note: If the remainder is zero, the

number we assume is a factor.
Therefore x-2 is a factor of + -32
9.19 Problem:
9.19 Problem:

+ -
 a) +
b) -
c) +
d) -
79
Solution:
Try +
+ + -
- -
- -
0 (remainder)
Note: + is a factor of + -
9.20
9.20Problem:
Problem:

+ +
 a) +
b) +
c) -
d) -
Solution:
Trial and error:
Divide + + by +
+ + +
+ +
+
0
80
Since the remainder is zero, + is a
factor of + +
9.21 Problem:
9.21 Problem:
+ -32.
 a) x – 2 c) x + 2
b) x – 3 d) x + 3
Solution:
when x = 2
f(x) = + -32
f(2) = 3( +2 -32
f(2) = 0
Therefore x – 2 is a factor of + -32
81
10.0 FACTORING
10.0 FACTORING
 Common Factors
x(a+b) + y(a+b) = (a+b)(x+y)
 Difference of Two squares

- = (x-y) (x+y)
 Perfect Square Trinomial

+2xy+ = (x+y)2
+2xy+ = (x-y)2
 Sum of Two Cubes

+ = (x+y) ( -xy+ )
 Difference of Two Cubes

= (x-y) ( +xy+ )
 Trinomials with distinct factors

acx2+(ac+bc)+bdy2=
(ax+by)(cx+dy)
 Factoring by grouping
3x+3y+ax-ay= (x+y)(3+a)
82
10.01ME
10.01 MEBoard
BoardApril
April 1995
1995
Factor the expression x2+6x+8 as

completely as possible.
 a) (x+4) (x+2)
b) (x-4) (x+2)
c) (x-4) (x-2)
d) (x+6) (x+2)
Solution:
x2+6x+8 = (x+4) (x+2)
10.02ME
10.02 MEBoard
BoardApril
April 1995
1995
Factor the expression 3x3-3x2-18x
 a) 3x(x-3) (x+2)
b) 3x(x+3) (x+2)
c) 3x(x+3) (x-2)
d) 3x(x-3) (x-2)
Solution:
3x3-3x2-18x
3x(x2-x-6)
3x(x-3) (x+2)

Reduce to lowest terms
(b2-4b+16)(b2-16)
b3+64
 a) b-4 c) b+3
b) b-2 d) b+2
83
Solution:
= (b2-4b+16)(b2-16)
b3+64
= (b2-4b+16)(b-4)(b+4)
(b+4) (b2-4b+16)
= b-4
10.04
10.04 ECE
ECE Board
Board April
April 1988
1988
(a-b)3=?
 a) a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3
b) a3+3a2b+3ab2-b3
c) a3-3a2b+3ab2+b3
d) a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3
Solution:
(a-b)3 = (a-b)2(a-b)
(a-b)3 = (a2-2ab+b2)(a-b)
(a-b)3 = a3-2a2b+ab2-a2b+2ab2-b3
(a-b)3 = a3-3a2b+3ab2-b3

Give the factors of a2-x2
 a) 2a-2x
b) (a-x) (a+x)
c) x2-a2
d) 2x-2a
Solution:
a2-x2= (a-x) (a+x)
84
10.06ECE
10.06 ECEBoard
Board April
April 1988
1988
Factor the expression 16-10x+x2
 a) (x+8)(x-2)
b) (x-8)(x+2)
c) (x-8)(x-2)
d) (x+8)(x+2)
Solution:
x2-10x+16
(x-8)(x-2)
10.07Problem:
10.07 Problem:
Factor the expression x3-27
 a) (x-3) (x2+3x+9)
b) (x-3) (x2+6x+12)
c) (x-3) (x2+9x+6)
d) (x-3) (x2+6x+9)
Solution:
x3-27= x3-(3)3
x3-27= (x-3) (x2+3x+9)
10.08Problem:
10.08 Problem:
Factor the expression x4+9x2+81
 a) (x2-3x+9)(x2+3x+9)
b) (x2-3x+-18)(x2+6x+9)
c) (x2-3x-6)(x2+3x+18)
d) (x2+3x+3)(x2+3x+6)
Solution:
x4+9x2+81= (x4+18x2+81)-9x2
85
x4+9x2+81= (x2+9)2-9x2
x4+9x2+81= [(x2+9)-3x](x2+9+3x)
x4+9x2+81= (x2-3x+9)(x2+3x+9)
10.09 Problem:
10.09 Problem:
Find the product of the following

algebraic expression (2x+4)(3x2-2x+4)
 a) 6x3+8x2+16
b) 6x3+16x2+16
c) 6x3+6x2+16
d) 6x3+x2+16
Solution:
(2x+4)(3x2-2x+4)
6x3-4x2+8x+12x2-8x+16
6x3+8x2+16
10.10Problem:
10.10 Problem:
Find the product of the following

algebraic expression (3x3+2x2+x-2)(x+4)
 a) 3x4+14x3+10x2+2x-8
b) 4x4+10x3+9x2+2x-7
c) 5x4+11x3+12x2+2x-9
d) 6x4+15x3+11x2+2x-10
Solution:
(3x3+2x2+x-2)(x+4)
= 3x4+2x3+x2-2x+12x3+8x2+4x-8
= 3x4+14x3+10x2+2x-8
86
11.0PROPORTIONS
11.0 PROPORTIONSAND
ANDVARIATION
VARIATION
 In any proportion the product  If , then

of the means is equal to the
product of the extremes:
 If , then
a; x = x : b
x = mean proportional to “a”  If y varies directly as x

and “b”
y = kx
“a” and “b” are called as the
k = constant of variation or
extremes
constant of proportionality
x2=ab
x = √ means proportional of  If y varies inversely as x:

the numbers “a” and “b”
y=
 lf , then
 If , then
 If , then
87
11.01
11.01 ECE
ECE Board April1999
1999
Board April
Find the mean proportion of 4 and 36.
a) 72
b) 24
c) 12
d) 20
Solution:
x2 = 4(36)
x = 12
11.02 Problem:
11.02 Problem:
The mean proportion between 12 and x

is equal to 6. Find the value of x.
a) 3 c) 4
b) 5 d) 6
Solution:
x=
x=3
11.03 Problem:
11.03 Problem:
Find x if 7 is the fourth proportional to 46

and 28, and x.
a) 6 c) 7
b) 8 d) 9
88
Solution:
x=
x=9
11.04 Problem:
Problem:
Find the third proportional to 16 and 12.
a) 6
b) 8
c) 7
d) 9
Solution:
16x = 144
X=9
11.05 Problem:
11.05 Problem:
Find the fourth proportional to 4,6,8.
a) 12
b) 8
c) 7
d) 9
Solution:
4x = 48
x = 12
89
11.06Problem:
Problem:
11.06
Find the third proportional of the square

of 2 and the cube root of 8.
a) 1 c) 3
b) 2 d) 4
Solution:
√
√
x = 1 (third proportional)
11.07Problem:
11.07 Problem:
The radius of curvature of a given curve

varies directly with x and inversely with
the square of y. When x=2, y=3, the
radius of curvature is 100. Find the
radius of curvature when x=4 and y=6
a) 50
b) 100
c) 80
d) 120
Solution:
r=
100 =
k = 450
r=
r= r = 50
90
11.08EE
11.08 EEBoard
BoardApril
April 1990
1990
A storage battery discharges at a rate

which is proportional to the charge. If
the charge is reduce by 50% of its
original value at the end of 2 days, how
long will it take to reduce the charge to
25% of its original charge?
a) 3 c) 5
b) 4 d) 6
Solution:
D = KC
2 = K(0.50)C
K=
D = KC
D = (0.75)C
D = 3 days
11.09 EE Board Aug. 1976.

11.09 EE Board Aug.1976,
Three transformers are rated 5KVA, 10

KVA and 25 KVA respectively. The total
cost of the transformer is P15,000.00. if
the cost of each transformer is
proportional to its KVA rating multiplied
by the factor 1.0, 0.8 and 0.6
respectively, find the cost of the 10 KVA
rating.
a) P4286
b) P3942
c) P5160
d) P6120
Solution:
91
Total cost = k(5)(1) + k(10)(0.8) +
k(25)(0.6)
1500 = k(5) + 8k +15k
k = 535.71
Cost of 10KVA = 535.71 (10)(0.8)
Cost of 10KVA = P4286
BoardApril
11.10 EE Board April1979,
1979
EE Board Oct.1982
a) 30 m. c) 25 m.
b) 40 m. d) 20 m.
Solution:
R=
30 =
k = 0.46875
R=
25 =
L = 30 m.
11.11 Problem:
11.11 Problem:
The force required to stretched a spring

is proportional to the elongation. If 24 N
stretches a spring 3 mm, find the force
required to stretch the spring 2 mm.
a) 16 c) 14
b) 18 d) 12
92
Solution:
F = kx
24 = k(3)
k=8
F = kx = 8(2)
F = 16 N
11.12 ECE Board Aug. 1973

The intensity of sound varies directly as

the strength of the source and inversely
as the square of the distance from the
source. Write the equation which
describes this relation.
a) I = c) I =
b) I = KSd2 d) I =
Solution:
Iα
I=
11.13ECE
11.13 ECEBoard
Board April
April 1990
1990
The resistance of a wire varies directly

with its length and inversely with its
area. If a certain piece of wire 10 m long
and 0.10 centimeter in diam. has a
resistance of 100 ohms, what will its
resistance be if its uniformly stretched
so that its length becomes 12 m.
assume diameter to be constant after it
is being stretched:
93
a) 120 c) 80
b) 100 d) 140
Solution:
R=
100 =
R=
R = 10(12)
R = 120 ohms
11.14EE
11.14 EEBoard
Board April
April 1988
1988
The volume of hemisphere varies

directly as the cube of its radius. The
volume of the hemisphere with 2.54 cm.
radius is 20.75 cm3. What is the volume
of a sphere with 3.25 cm. radius of the
same kind of material?
a) 43.46 c) 76.95
b) 57.64 d) 86.92
Solution:
V=k r3
20.75 = k (2.54)3
K = 1.266
V= k r3
V = 43.46 cm3 (hemisphere)
V = 2(43.46)
V = 86.92 cm3 (sphere)
94
11.15CE
CEBoard
BoardMay
May1993
1993
11.15
Given that “w” varies directly as the
product of “x” and “y” and inversely as
the square of “z” and that w = 4, when x
= 2, y = 6 and z = 3. Find the value of
“w” when x = 1, y = 4 and z = 2.
a) 2 c) 4
b) 3 d) 5
Solution:
W=
4=
K=3
w=
w=
w=3
11.16Problem:
11.16 Problem
The value of C varies directly with x and

the square of y and conversely with z.
When x=2, y=1 and z=4, C = 100. Find
the value of C when x=3, y=2 and z=5.
a) 480 c) 360
b) 520 d) 240
Solution:
C=
100 =
K = 200
C=
95
C=
C = 480
11.17 Problem:
Problem
11.17
The value of W varies as the square
root of x and inversely as z. when x = 4,
z= 2 and W = 100. Find W if x = 36 and
z = 5.
a) 120 c) 150
b) 140 d) 200
Solution:
√
W=
√
100 =
K = 100
√
W=
√
W=
W = 120
11.18Problem:
11.18 Problem
The electric power which is transmission

line can transmit is proportional to the
product of its design voltage and the
current capacity, and inversely as the
transmission distance. A 240 KV line
rated at 1500 amperes can transmit 250
megawatts over 100 km. How much
power in megawatts can a 500 KV line
rated at 2000 amperes transmit over
300 km?
a) 280 c) 360
b) 520 d) 240
96
Solution:
P=
250 =
K = 0.072
P=
P=
P = 240
11.19 ECEBoard
11.19 ECE BoardNov.1993
Nov. 1993
If x varies directly as y and inversely as

z, and x = 14, when y = 7 and z = 2, find
x when y = 16 and z = 4.
a) 14 c) 16
b) 4 d) 8
Solution:
X=k
14 = k
K=4
x=
x = 16
11.20 ME Board Oct. 1992

The time required for an elevator to lift a
weight varies directly with the weight
and the distance through which it is to
be lifted and inversely as the power of
the motors. If it takes 30 seconds for a
10 HP motor to lift 100 lbs. through 50 ft.
97
what size of motor is required to lift 800
lbs. ib 40 seconds through 40 ft.?
a) 45 c) 30
b) 48 d) 55
Solution:
T=
30 =
K=
40 =
P = 48 kp
11.21 EEBoard
11.21EE Board March
March 1998
1998
The electric power which a transmission
line can transmit is proportional to the
product of its design voltage and current
capacity and inversely to the
transmission distance. A 115 kilovolt line
rated at 1000 amperes can transmit 150
megawatts over 150 km. How much
power in megawatts can a 230 kilovolt
line rated at 1500 amperes transmit over
100 km?
a) 675
b) 485
c) 595
d) 785
Solution:
P=
150 =
K = 0.19565
P=
98
P=
P = 675 megawatts
11.22EE
11.22 EEBoard
BoardOct
Oct1999
1999
The ;electric power which a

transmission line can transmit is
proportional ton the product of its design
voltage and current capacity, and
inversely as the transmission distance.
A 240 KV line rated at 1500 amperes
can transmit 250 megawatts over 1500
amperes can transmit 250 megawatts
over 100 km. how much power in
megawatts, can a 500 KW line rated at
2000 amperes transmit over 300 km?
a) 240
b) 225
c) 200
d) 240
Solution:
P=
250 =
K = 0.072
P=
P=
P = 240
11.23EE
11.23 EEboard
BoardApril
April 1999
1999
The vibration frequency of a string
varies as the square root of the tension
and inversely as the product of the
length and diam. Of the testing. If the
testing is 3 feet long and 0.03 inch
99
diameter vibrates at 720 times per
second under 90 pounds tension, at
what frequency will a 2 ft, 0.025 inch
string vibrate under 50 pounds tension.
a) 966
b) 6210
c) 530
d) 855
Solution:
√
W=
√
720 =
K = 6.8305
√
w=
√
w=
w = 966
100
12.0 WORK PROBLEMS 12.01 ECE Board Feb. 1973
12.0 WORK PROBLEMS 12.01 ECE Board Feb. 1973
A tank is filled with an intake pipe that
will fill it in 4hours and an outlet pipe that
will empty it in 12 hours. If both pipes
are left open, how long will it take to fill
 If a man could finish a job in x
the empty tank?
days, then in one day he ccould
finish only of the job a) 6 c) 8
 If both x and y are the number of b) 4 d) 2
days each man work alone, then
Solution:
if they work together they could
finish it in “t” days.
x = 6 hours
12.02ECE
12.02 ECEBoard
BoardFeb.
Feb.1973
1973
A tank is filled with 2 pipes. The first

pipe can fill the tank in 10 hours. But
after is has been opened for 3
hours,The second pipe is opened and
the tank is filled up in 4 hours more.
How long would it take to second pipe
along to fill the tank? The two pipes
have different diameters.
a) 15 c) 10
b) 17 d) 12
Solution:
(3 ( )+(
+ + =1
x = 15 hours
101
12.03ME
12.03 MEBoard
Board April
April 1998
1998
A pump can pump out a tank in 11

hours. Another pump can pump out the
same tank in 20 hours. How long will it
take both pumps together to pump out
the tank?
a) 7 hrs
b) 6 hrs
c) 7 hrs.
d) 6 hrs.
Solution:
+ =
x = 7.097 hrs.
12.04ECE
12.04 ECEBoard
Board Aug.
Aug. 1973
1973
A laborer can finish a job in 4 days.

Another laborer can finish the same job
in y6 days. If both laborers plus a third
laborer can finish the job in 2 days, how
long will it take for the third laborer to
finish the job alone?
a) 10 c) 8
b) 12 d) 6
Solution:
+ + =
= - -
102
=
x = 12 days
12.05 ME Board April 1995

If A can do the work in “x” days and b in

“y” days, how long will they finish the job
working together?
a) c)
b) d) x+y
Solution:
( (
t=

A and B working together can finish

painting a house in six days. A working
alone, can finish it in five days less than
B. how long will it take each of them to
finish the work alone?
a) 10, 15 c) 6,11
b) 8, 13 d) 12, 17
Solution:
)=
A=B-5
( + )6=1
6(B+B-5) = B(B-5)
103
12B-30 = B2-5B
(B-15)(B-2) = 0
B = 15 B=2
Use B = 15
A = 15 – 5
A = 10
12.07ECE
12.07 ECEboard
Board March
March 1982
1982
CE Board Nov. 1993
It takes butch twice as long as it takes

Dan to do a certain piece of work.
Working together they can do the work
in 6 days. How long would it take Dan to
do it alone?
a) 9 c) 6
b) 8 d) 4
Solution:
(2+1)6 = 2x
x = 9 days
12.08ECE
12.08 ECEBoard
BoardSept.
Sept. 1985
1985
There are three radio-intallation secured

identified as team A, team B and team
C. Team A alone can completely install
the telephone equipment in a certain
number of vehicles in 10 days. Team B
alone can complete the same work in 15
days. The teams working together can
104
do the work in x days. How long will it
take C to finish alone?
a) 30 c) 25
b) 20 d) 35
Solution:
( =
25x+150=30x
x = 30 days ( time C to finish the job

alone )
12.09ECE
12.09 ECEBoard
BoardSept.
Sept. 1987
1987
A 3 man maintenance crew can repaint

an antenna tower in 72 hours whereas
another crew of 5 men can repaint the
same tower in half the time. If the
company desires to hire both crews,
how long will it take the two crews to
repaint the tower together?
a) 24 c) 28
b) 30 d) 32
Solution:
( +
x = 24 hours
12.10ECE
12.10 ECEBoard
BoardNov.
Nov. 1988
1988
In a manufacturing assembly line,

Messrs A, B and C are doing the same
activity. Mr. A alone can complete a
certain number of work units in 20 days.
105
Mr. alone can complete the same
number of work units in 30 days.
Messrs. A,B and C working together can
do the same work units in 10 days. How
long will it take Mr. C alone to do the
same number of work units?
a) 60 c) 45
b) 50 d) 55
Solution:
( )=
5x+60=6x
x = 60 days
(time it would take C alone to finish the

job)
12.11ECE
12.11 ECEBoard
BoardNov.
Nov. 1991
1991
Crew No.1 can finish the installation of

an antenna tower in 200 man-hours
while Crew No.2 can finish the same job
in 300man-hours. How long will it take
both crew to finish the same job,
working together?
a) 120 c) 180
b) 140 d) 160
Solution:
x = 120 man-hours
106
12.12
12.12CE
CEBoard
BoardNov.
Nov. 1984
1984
CE Board Aug. 1967
Eight man can excavate 15 cu.cm. of

open canal in 7 hours. Three men can
backfill 10 cu.cm. in 4 hours. How long
will it take the men to excavate and back
fill 20 cu.m.in the same project?
a) 9.87 hrs
b) 7.95 hrs
c) 8.64 hrs
d) 6.84 hrs
Solution:
For excavation:
No. of man hours to excavate of

drainage =
Total no. of man-hours required to

excavate 20 cu.m. = 3.733 (20)
= 74.667
Total no. of hrs.to excavate 20 cu.m.

with 10 men =
For back fill:
No. of man hours needed to backfill per

cu.m. of drainage =
Total no. of hours to backfill 20

cu.m.with 10 men =
Total time = 7.47+ 2.4
Total time = 9.87 hrs.
107
12.13 EE Board Feb. 1976
12.13 EE Board Feb. 1976
An inexperienced statistical clerk

submitted the following statistics to his
manager on the average rate of
production of transistorized radios in any
assembly line, 1.5 workers produced are
employed in the assembly line working
40 hrs each per week if weekly
production is 480 radios?
a) 10 c) 12
b) 8 d) 14
Solution:
No. of man-hours to produce 3 radios
No. of man-hours to produce 470 radios
By proportion:
x = 12 workers
12.14 Board April 1982

12.14 EE Board April 1982
A statistical clerk submitted the following

reports. The average rate of production
of radios is 1.5 units for every 1.5 hours
work by 1.5 workers. How many radios
were produced in one month by 30 men
working 200 hours during the month?
a) 4000 c) 2500
b) 3800 d) 4200
108
Solution:
No. of man hours to produce x radios
=200(300) = 60000
No. of man hours to produce 1.5 radios
=1.5(1.5)=2.25
By proportion:
x = 4000 radios
12.15EE
12.15 EEBoard
BoardFeb.1976
Feb 1976
A production supervisor submitted the

following report on the average role of
the production of painted circuit
boards(PBC) in an assembly line. 1.5
workers produce 12 PBC‟s in 2 hours.
How many workers are employed in an
assembly line working 40 hours each
week with a weekly production of 8000
PCB‟s?
a) 40
b) 55
c) 60
d) 50
109
12.29 CE
12.29 CE Board
BoardNov.2000
Nov 2000
Twenty eight (28) men can finish the job

in 60 days. At the start of the 16th day 5
men were hired. How many days were
they delayed in finishing the job?
a) 2.27 days
b) 2.45 days
c) 3.67 days
d) 1.25 days
Solution:
28(60) =28(15)+(23)(30)0(33)x
X=17.27 days
Total no. of days they finish the job
=15+30+17.27
=62.27 days
Therefore they were delayed by 2.27

days
12.30 problem:
12.30 Problem
Sixteen(16) men has a contract to finish

the job in 20 days. Twenty (20) men
were hired at the start and four(4) quit
the job after 8 days. Determine the
number of days delayed or ahead of the
scheduled time when they were able to
finish the job.
a) 2 days ahead
b) 10 days ahead
c) 6 days ahead
d) 4 days ahead
Solution:
16(20)=22(8)+(22-10)x
110
X=10
Total number of days to finish the job
=8+10 =18
No. of days ahead =20-18
=2 days
12.31 Problems:
Twenty (20) men has a contract to finish

the job in 15 days. Ten (10) men were
hired at the start and after 6 days 10
men are added. How many days were
they delayed in finishing the job?
a) 3 days
b) 5 days
c) 1 day
d) 4 days
Solution:
20(15) =10(6) + (10+10)x
X=12
Total number of days to finish the job
=12+6 =18 days
They were delayed by 18-15
=3 days
12.32ME
12.32 MEBoard
Board Oct.
Oct. 1994
1994
One one job, two power shovels

excavated 20,000 cubic meters of earth,
the larger shovels working for 40 hours
and the smaller 35 hours. On another
job, they removed 40,000 cubic meters
with the larger shovels working 70 hours
111
and the smaller working for 90 hours.
How much earth can each move in 1
hour working alone?
a) 173.9, 347.8
b) 170.2, 287.6
c) 164.7, 298.2
d) 202.3, 335.7
Solution:
Let x= rate of larger shovel, /hr
Y=rate of smaller shovel, /hr
40(x)+35(y)=20,000
8x+7y=4000
70(x)+90(y) =40,000
 7x +9y =4000
x-2y =0
x=2y
8(2y) +7y =4000
y = 173.9 /hr
x =347.8 /hr
12.33Problem:
12.33 Problem
A contractor hired 28 workers with daily

wage of P150 for a job that could be
finished in 60 days. He wanted to finish
the job earlier so he hired additional 16
workers at the start of the 16th day and
14 more at the start of the 46th day.
 How many days did it take to

complete the job?
 If the contractor were given a bonus

of P500 per day for the number of days
112
he could complete the job earlier, how
much bonus did he get?
 If the daily wage of the additional

workers were P175, how much did the
contractor pay for the salary of all
workers for the completion of the
project.
a) 50, P5000, P259000

b) 48, P2000, P220000
c) 42, P3000, P186000
d) 38, P2000, P179000
Solution:
 No. of days to finish the job:
28(60)= 28(15) + 34(45-15)+48(x-45)
X= 50 days
 Bonus = (60-50) (500)
Bonus = P5000
 Total salary
=28(50)(150)+6(35)(175)+14(5)(175)
=P259,000
12.34 Problem:
12.34 Problem
Thirty laborers can complete the job in

60 days. The contractor hired 40 men at
the start, however after 15 days, 20
laborers quitted and were not replaced.
 Find the total number of days

it took to complete the job
 If the contract specified a
penalty of P5000 per day for
each day the completion has
113
been delayed, how much did the
contractor pay for the penalty.
 If the daily wage for each

worker is P150, how much
labor cost did the contractor
pay?
a) 75, P75000, P270000
b) 60, P64000, P 240000
c) 55, P58000, P180000
d) 65, P42000, P140000
Solution:
 No. of days they complete the

job: 30(60) = 40(15)+(40-
20)(x-15)
X=75 days
 Penalty:
No. of days delayed = 75-60
No. of days delayed = 15 days
Penalty = 15(500)
Penalty = P75,000.00
 Labor cost =
40(15)(150)+20(75-15)(150)
Labor cost = P270,000
114
13.0
13.0 DIGIT
DIGIT PROBLEMS 13.01 Problem:
Problem
PROBLEMS 13.01
 u = units digit A number is expressed by three digits

which are in arithmetical progression. If
 t = ten‟s digit the number is divided by the sum of the
 h = hundred‟s digit digits the quotient will be 26 and if 198
be added to the number, the digits will
 100h + 10t + u = the number be inverted.
 100(3) + 10(4) + 2 = 342 the number  Determine the value of the

ten‟s digits.
 100u + 100t + h = reversed number
 Determine the value of the
 100(2) + 10(4) + 3 = 243 sum of squares all the digits.
 Determine the value of the
product of the ten‟s hundred‟s
and square root of unit‟s digit.
Solution:
 Ten‟s digit:
x-d = hundredths digit
x = tenth‟s digit
x+d = unit digit
100(x-d)+10x(x+d) = A.P.
111x-99d=78x
33x-99d=78x
33x=99d
x=3d
100(x+d)+10x(x-d) = inverted
no.
198+100-100d+10x+x+d
=100x+100d+11x-d
198=198d
D=1
X=3d=3(1) = 3
x-d = 3-1 = 2
therefore the tens digit = 3
 Sum of square of all digits
S = (2)2-(3)2+(4)2
S = 29
115
 Product of ten‟s hundreds and
square root of units:
P = t h√
P = 3(2)√
P = 12
13.02
13.02 Problem
Problems:
The sum of the digits of a number of

three digits is 17, the hundred‟s digit is
twice the unit digit. If 396 be subtracted
from the number the order of the digits
will be reversed.
 Find the units digit.

 Find the remainder if we
divide hundred‟s digit by the
tens digit.
 Find the quotient if we divide
the product of ten‟s digit and
hundreds digit by the units
digit.
Solution:
 Units digit:
u = units digit
t = tens digit
h = hundred digit
u+t+h=17
h=2u
100h+10t+u=the number
100u+10+h=reversed number
100h+10t+u-396=100u+10t+h
99h-99u=396
h-u=4
116
2u-u=4
u=4 (units digit)
 Remainder:
h-u=4
h-4=4
h=8
u+t+h=17
4+t+8=17
t=5
Quotient= =1
Remainder is 3
 Quotient
Q=
Q=10

The sum of two numbers is 35 and their

product is 15. Find the sum of their
reciprocal.
a) b) c) d)
Solution:
x+y =35
xy=15
S=
S=
13.10 Problem
13.10 Problem:
In this year‟s playing season, a baseball

player has been up to bat 140 times and
has hit the ball successfully 35 times
117
 What is the batting average
for the player?
 How many consecutive times
must the player successfully
hit the ball in order to obtain a
batting average of0.30.
 How many consecutive times
must the player successfully
hit the ball in order to obtain a
batting average of 0.3519.
Solution:
 Batting average =
 No. of times the player should
hit the ball:
0.30=
X=10
 No. of times the player should
hit the ball:
0.3519=
x=22
13.11
13.11EEEE
Board April
Board April1993
`1993
Iff eight is added to the product of nine

and the numerical number, the sum is
seventy-one. Find the unknown number.
a) 7
b) 6
c) 5
d) 8
Solution:
8+9x=71
118
9x=63
X=7
13.12ECE
13.12 ECEBoard
Board April
April 1999
1999
If 6 is 4 more than 4x, find 5x – 1=?
a) 14
b) 3
c) 12
d) 5
Solution:
16=(4+4x)
4x=12
X=3
5x-1=5(3)-1=14

One number is 5 less than the other, if

their sum is 135, what are the numbers?
a) 70,45
b) 60,65
c) 65, 70
d) 75, 80
Solution:
X=one number
x-5=other number
x+x-5=135
x=70
x-5=65
119
13.14CE
CEBoard
BoardMay
May2002
2002
13.14
A piece of wire of length 72 cm. is cut

into two unequal parts. Each part is bent
to form a square. It is found that the total
area of the two squares is 194cm2. Find
the difference between the sides of the
squares.
Solution:
4x+4y=72
X+y=18
X+18-y
Y=13 or 15
When y=13
X=18-13
X=5
Diff in sides = 13-5
Diff in sides = 8
13.15Problem:
13.15 Problem
A piece of rope is cut into two segments

and each segment is form into a circle.
The sum of the areas of two circles is
408.41 sq.cm. if the length of the rope is
100.53 cm long.
 Find the radius of smaller

circle
 Find the radius of the bigger
circle.
 Find the difference of the
areas of the two circles.
120
Solution:
Radius of smaller circle:
100.53=2itR1+2itR2 .
Rj +R2= 16
R2= 16-R1
π R12 πR22 = 408.41
π R2 π(16 - Ri)2 = 408.41
R12- 16R1+63=O
(R1-9)(R1-7)=O .
R1=7 R2=9
Use R1 =7
Radius of bigger radius:
R2= 16-R1
R2=16-7
R2 = 9
Dffrrence of areas = 9)2 7)2
Dff of Areas = 100.53 sq.cm.
13.16 GE Board Feb 1992

13.16 G.E Board Feb.1992
The product of and of a number is

500. What is the number.
( x) ( x) =500
X2=500(20) .
x=100 .
121
13.17
13.17G.E
GEBoard
BoardDec.1974
Dec 1974
Number 142 is divided into two parts

suchthat when the greater part ìsdívided
by thesmaller, the quotient is 3 and
theremainder is 14. What are these
parts?
Solution:
X = smaller no.
142 - x = larger no.
142x-x2=3x2+14x
4x2= 128x
x = 32
142-x= 110
13.18
13.18G.E.
GE Board
BoardAug.
Aug 1989
1989
Twelve cubic yards of crushed stone for

surfacing three private roadš of different
lengths is to be distribüted in three piles
so. That the second pile has 20 cu.ft
less than the. First and the third pile has
8 cu.ft. more than twice as much aš the
first . Dëtermine the volume of the
biggest pile in cu.ft
„a) 176 C) 182
b) 148 d) 156
Solution:
x= 1st pile
122
x-20 = 2nd pile
2x + 8 = 3rd pile
12 cu.yd. = 12(3) = 324 cu..ft.
x + x -20+ 2x +8 = 324
x =84 cu.ft.
2x+8=84(2)+8 .
21+8176cU.ft. (larges volume)

The square of a number increased by
16 is the same as 10 times the number.
Find the numbers.
a) 2,8 c) 3,8
b) 3,6 d) 4,6
Solution:
X2+16=10x
X2-10x+16=0
(x-2)(x-8)=0
X=2
X=8

CE Board Nov. 1989
G.E Board Feb. 1992
One proposal in the agragrian reform
program is to have a retentionlimit of 10
hectares. If a landowner was left with 10
hectares fewer than 40% of his land,
after selling 6 hectares more than 70%
123
of his land, what size of land did he
initially owned?
a) 40
b) 50
c) 60
d) 80
Solution:
X= original area he owns
x-(0.70x+6)=0.40x-10
0.30x-6=0.40x-10
0.10x=4
X=40 hectares
13.21 ECE Board March 1996
The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 34
cm. Find the lengths of the two legs if
one leg is 14 cm. longer than the other
leg.
a) 16 and 30
b) 18 and 32
c) 15 and 29
d) 14 and 28
Solution:
(x+14)2+x2=(34)2
2x2+28x-960 =0
(x-16)(x+30)=0
X=16
X+14=30
One leg of a right triangle is 20 cm. and
the hypotenuse is 10 cm. longer than
the other leg. Find the lengths of the
hypotenuse.
a) 25
b) 32
c) 6
d) 12
124
Solution:
(10+x)2=x2+(20)2
100+20x+x2=x2+400
20x=300
X=15
Hypotenuse = 10+15
Hypotenuse = 25
Ten less than four times a certain
number is 14. Determine the number.
a) 4 c) 6
b) 5 d) 7
Solution:
4x-10=14
4x=24
X=6
The sum of the two numbers is 21, and
one number is twice the other. Find the
numbers.
a) 7 and 14 c) 8 and 13
b) 6 and 15 d) 9 and 12
Solution:
X+y=21
X=2y
2y+y=21
Y=7
X=14
13.25 ME Board Oct 1994
Three cities are connected by roads
forming a triangle, all of different
lengths. It is 30 km. around the circuit.
One of the roads is 10 km. long and the
longest is 10km. longer than the
shortest. What are the lengths of the
longest and the shortest of the three
roads?
125
a) 16 and 4
b) 15 and 5
c) 10 and 3
d) 17 and 4
Solution:
10+x+x+10=30
2x=10
X=5 shortest
X+10=15 longest
13.26 Problem:
The sum of the two numbers is 30. If the
larger number is divided by the smaller
number the quotient is equal to the
smaller number. Find the number.
a) 5 and 25
b) 4 and 26
c) 6 and 24
d) 7 and 23
Solution:
X= smaller no.
30-x = larger no.
X2+x-30=0
(x-5)(x+6)=0
X=5
30-x = 25
13.27 Problem
13.27 Problem:
Twice the sum of two numbers is 28.
The sum of the squares of the two
numbers is 100. The product of the two
numbers is:
a) 48
b) 54
c) 40
d) 58
Solution:
X=one no.
Y=other no.
126
2(x+y)=28
X2+y2=100
(14-y)2+y2=100
Y2-14y+48=0
(y-8)(y-6)=0
Y=8 y=6
Xy=8(6) x=8
Xy=48
The sides of a right triangle are 8,15 and
17 units. If each side is doubled, how
many square units will the area of the
new triangle.
a) 240
b) 420
c) 300
d) 200
Solution:
A=
A=240 sq.m.
Standard deviation of the numbers 1,4,7
a) 2.45
b) 3.26
c) 111
d) 3
Solution:
n=3
Arithmetic mean x =
Arithmetic mean =
Variance = ∑
Variance = =9
Standard deviation = √
Standard deviation = 3
127
13.30 Problem
13.30 Problem:
Compute the median of the following set
of numbers 4,5,7,10,14,22,25,30.
a) 10 c) 15
b) 12 d) 14
Solution:
The middle number is 10 and 14
Therefore the median is the average
Of 10 and 14 = 12
13.31 Problem
13.31 Problem:
Compute the mode of the following list
of numbers 2,3,7,7,8,12,15,26.
a) 7 c) 10
b) 8 d) 7.5
Solution:
The median is the average of 7 and 8 =
7.5
Therefore the mode which is the number
that occurs most frequently in a list of
numbers is 7.

The arithmetic mean of 8 numbers is 55.
If two numbers namely 274 and 850 are
removed, what is the arithmetic mean of
the remaining numbers?
a) 42 c) 30
b) 28 d) 32
Solution:
S=4400
A.M=
A.M=42

If two numbers are added to the
progression, the new set of numbers will
128
have an arithmetic mean of 19. What
are the two numbers if their difference is
4.
a) 23,27
b) 22,26
c) 21,25
d) 24,28
Solution:
S=102
X=one no. to be added
X+4=2nd no. to be added
X=23
X+4=27
13.40 EE Board March 1998

A student has a test scores of 75,83 and
78. The final test has a weight equal to
one third of the total grade, what should
the student strive for a minimum
(integral) final test score, so that he gets
a passing minimum average is 80.
a) 83
b) 81
c) 82
d) 84
Solution:
Average=
Average = 78.67
X=final score
(78.67)=80
x=82.66 say 83
129
14.0 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 14.01 ME Board Oct 1996
How many significant digits do 10.097
have?
Rule : a) 2 c) 4
Zeroes between other significant figures b) 3 d) 5
are significant, such values which Solution:
contains 4 significant figures are 11.04, 10.097 have 5 significant digits
34.08, 3006
Rule : Round off 149.691 to two decimal
For values less than one, zeroes places.
immediately to the right of the decimal a) 149.69
are not significant. Samples of 3 b) 149.70
significant figures 0.00123. c) 1.49x102
d) 14.97x10
Rule : Solution:
Zeroes placed at the end of decimal 149.69
number are significant. Samples of 5
significant figures: 152.60,14400, 14.03 ECE Board April 1991
12000,0.12432, 36508 Round off 34.2814 to four significant
figures:
Rule : a) 34.28
Four significant figures 1234, 64.63, b) 34.2814
0.8624, 14.00, 462.0, 0.00001236 c) 0.34x102
d) 34
Rule : Solution:
five significant figures 34.28 has four significant figures
13628, 0.23470, 200, 56.709, 50000,
166.39 14.04 ECE Board April 1991
Round off 0.003086 to two significant
figures.
a) 0.0031
b) 0.003
c) 0.0030
d) 0.3x102
Solution:
0.0031 has two significant figures
130
Round off 149.691 to the nearest
integer.
a) 150
b) 149.7
c) 149.69
d) 149
Solution:
The nearest integer = 150

Round off 0.003086 to three significant
figures.
a) 0.00309
b) 0.003
c) 0.00308
d) 0.31x10-2
Solution:
0.00309 have three significant figures

Round off 149.691 to one decimal place.
a) 149.7 c) 150
b) 149.6 d) 149.69
Solution:
149.7

Round off 30.562 to three significant
figures.
a) 30.6
b) 30.562
c) 30.56
d) 0.0030x10-2
Solution:
30.6 have three significant figures
131
14.09 EE Board Oct.1999
Which of the following is a prime

number?
a) 487 c) 437
b) 417 d) 483
Solution:
Factors:
437 = 19 and 23
483 = 3 and 161
417 = 3 and 139
487 = 1 and 487
Note: A prime number is a positive

integer that has exactly two factors, the
number itself and 1.
132
Distance = Rate x Time 15.01 Problem:
S=Vt
S = distance The boat travels downstream in 2/3 the
V = constant velocity time as it does going upstream. If the
velocity of the river current is 8 kph,
determine the velocity of the boat in the
still water.
40 kph c) 30 kph
50 kph d) 60 kph
Solution:
15.02 Problem:
An airplane could travel a distance of
1000 miles with the wind in the same
time it could travel a distance of 800
miles against the wind. If the wind
velocity is 40 mph, what is the speed of
the plane.
a) 360 mph c) 180 mph

b) 240 mph d) 420 mph
Solution:
10x – 400 = 8x + 320

2x = 720
x = 360 mph
133
Rate Problems
15.03 Problem:
A boat travels upstream in two A and
B. The velocity of the current in river A is
3 kph while that of B is 1 kph. It takes 2
times longer to travel 18 km in river A
than it took to travel 10 km in river B.
Calculate the speed of the boat in still
water.
a) 21 kph
b) 30kph
c) 18kph
d) 15kph
Solution:
2(10)(18)x1x-3
20x-60=18x-18
2x=42
x=21 mph
15.04 CE Board Nov. 1994:
An airplane flying with the wind ,took 2

hours to travel 1000km, and 2.5hrs , in
flying back, what was the wind velocity
in kph?
a) 50kph
b) 60kph
c) 40kph
d) 70kph
Solution:
x=velocityofplane
y = vel. of wind
.5
x – y =400
x + y = 500
-2y = -100
Y = 50kph (vel. Of wind)
134
Rate Problems
15.05 CE Board Sept. 1984:
The velocity of an airplane in still air is

125 kph. The velocity of the wind due
east is 25 kph. If the plane travels east
and returns back to its base again after
4 hours, At what distance does the
plane travel due east?
a) 240 km
b) 320 km
c) 200 km
d) 180 km
Solution:
x = 240 km.
15.06 Problem:
It takes a boat 3 times to travel

upstream against a river current than it
takes the same boat to travel
downstream. If the speed if the boat is
40kph, what is the speed of the current.
a) 10 mph
b) 20mph
c) 30mph
d) 40mph
Solution:
X = 20mph
135
Rate Problems
15.07 CE Board May. 2000:
With a wind velocity of 40kph , it takes

an airplane as long to travel 1,200 km
with the wind as 900 km against it. How
fast can the airplane travel in still air?
a) 280 kph c) 260 kph

b) 140 kph d) 340 kph
Solution:
900V +36000 = 200v – 48000

V = 280 kph
15.08 Problem:
Two turtles A and B start at the same
time towards each other at a distance of
150m. The rate of A is 10m/sec. While
that of B is 20m/s. A fly flies from one
turtle to another at the same time that
the turtle starts to move towards each
other. The speed of the fly is 100m/s.
Find the total distance traveled by the fly
until the turtles meet.
a) 650 m. c) 750 m.
b) 600 m. d) 700 m.
Solution:
The time turtle met = total time of travel
for the fly
20x=1500-10x
X=50m.
t= = 5 sec.
Distance traveled by the fly = 100(5)
Distance traveled by the fly = 600 m.
136
Rate Problems
15.09 Problem:
Two racing cars Mazda and Toyota

compete for a stretched of 10000m,
long. It took 40 min. for Mazda to reach
the finish line and Toyota 50 min. to
reach the finish line. How far was
Toyota behind when Mazda reach the
finish line?
a) 2000m.
b) 1600m.
c) 2600m.
d) 2200m.
Solution:
(vel. of Toyota)
X = 2000m.
15.10 Problem:
Two cars Honda and Pajero run a 10 km
straight stretched. It took Honda 40 min.
to reach the finish line with Pajero 2km,
behind Honda. How long would it take
the Pajero to reach the finish line?
a) 50 min.
b) 40min.
c) 90min.
d) 80min.
137
Rate Problems
Solution :
t=
t=
t=
t= 50 min.
15.11 CE Board May 1999:

At 2:00 P.M. an airplane takes off at a
speed of 340mph on an aircraft carrier.
The aircraft carrier moves due south at
a speedof 25mph in the same direction
as the plane. At 4:05 P.M. the
communication between the plane and
the plane aircraft carrier was cut off
.Compute the communication range
between the plane and the aircraft
carrier.
a) 645.15 miles
b) 536.42 miles
c) 362.48 miles
d) 741.26 miles
Solution:
138
Rate Problems
15.12 Problem:
A 3:00 P.M. reconnaissance plane took

off from an air craft carrier moving due
south at a speed of 400 nautical miles
per hour. The Aircraft carrier is moving
due south at an average speed of 50
nautical miles per hour. The plane and
the aircraft keeps a constant
communication with each other. At what
time will they lost contact if the
communication range of the plane is on
the 100 mile radius.
a) 3:17:8.4
b) 3:15:6.5
c) 3:25:5.6
d) 3:10:7.3
Solution :
t = 0.2857 hrs
t = 17.14 min.
t = 17min. 8.4 sec.
Time : 3:17:8,4
139
Rate Problems
15.13 Problem:
A man left his house at 7:00 AM and
traveled at an average aped of 60kph.
He arrived at his office 10 minutes
before the time he was expected to
report. Had he left at 7:25 AM and
traveled at an average speed of 75kph,
he would have arrived 5 minutes after
the expected time. How far his office
from his house and at what time is was
he expected to report?
a) 50km, 8:00 A.M.

b) 40km, 7:45 A.M.
c) 20km, 7:36 A.M.
d) 60 km, 8:10 A.M.
Solution:
X = distance of his office from his office
Y = time he is expected to arrive at the
office
= (T-7) -
( )
Subs. 2 from 1
15x = 750
X= 50 m.
T= 8
Expected Time to arrive at the office
= 8:00 A.M
140
Rate Problems
15.14 ECE Board April 2000:

A man travels in a motorized banca at
the rate of 15 kph from his barrio to the
poblacion and comes back to his barrio
at the rate of 12 kph. If his total time of
travel back and forth is 3hours, the
distance from the barrio to the poblacion
is:
A. 25 km
B. 35 km
C. 15 km
D. 20 km
Solution:
15.14 CE Board May 2001:

A messenger travels from points A to
B.If he will leave A at 8:00 A.M. and
travel at 2kph, he will arrive at B 3
minutes earlier than his expected time of
arrival. However, if he will leave at 8:30
A.M. and travel at 3kph, he will arrive 6
minutes later than the expected time.
What is the expected time of arrival?
9:06 c) 8:50
9:20 d) 8:44
Solution:
2[( ( ) ( )
[ ]
( )
T= 9.10 hrs.
T= 9:06
141
Rate Problems
15.16 Problem:
Two cars A and B, race around a 1320
meter circular track. With the same
starting point and traveling in opposite
directions, they met for the first time
after two minutes. When traveling at the
same directions and starting at the
point, car A reaches the starting point
with car B 220 meters behind.
❶What is the rate of car B?

❷What is the rate of car A?
❸ When will they meet for the first
time?
Solution:
①Rate of B:
x = rate of A
x = rate of B
S= distance traveled by B until they
met for the first time.
②Rate of A:
142
Digit Problems
③ Time they will met for the first

time:
15.17 Problem:
A train leaves the Cebu City station at

6:00 A.M. bound for Danao City station.
An hour after starting, it meets an
accident which detains it an hour, after
which it proceeds at three fifths of its
former rate and arrives 3 hours after
scheduled time of arrival, but had the
accident happened fifty km farther on
the line, it would have arrived 1.5 hours
sooner.
① Find the original rate of the train in

Kph.
② Find the distance from Cebu City
station to Danao City station in km.
① Find the scheduled time of arrival at
Danao City station.
Solution:
①Original rate of train:
Total time of travel.
2x=8V
143
Rate Problems
② Distance from Cebu City Station to

Danao City Station:
③ Scheduled time of arrival:
15.18 Problem:
A battleship started at 7:00A.M. on a
500 mile voyage on a special mission
but was brought to a full stop an hour
after starting for military reasons,
delaying it fir a full hour, after which it
was ordered to proceed at a reduced
velocity equivalent to 78% of its priginal
speed. The ship arrived at its destination
3 hr. after scheduled time.
① Determine the original speed of

the battleship.
② How far from its destination
should the ship have been ordered
stopped, if it was desired for the ship to
arrived 1 hour sooner?
③ What was the original schedule
arrival time at its declination if it was not
stopped?
144
Digit Problems
Solution:
① Original speed of battleship:
Time to travel AC.
② Distance from its destination

should the ship by stopped in order to
arrive sooner:
Time to travel AC:
500-x=243.225km. from C.
③ Original schedule of arrival if it

was not stopped:
Original schedule of arrival

=
=
145
Rate Problems
15.19 Problem:
A can cover a circular track in 50 sec.
while B can cover the same track in 40
sec. Find the time they will be together
if.
① B gives A a head start of 5 sec.

② A gives B a head start of 5 sec.
③ A and B start at the same time in
the same direction.
Solution:
① Time they will be together if B
gives Aaheadstart if 5 sec.
② Time they will be together if A

gives B a start of 5 sec.
Since B travels fast, if B can cover in 40

sec. A maybe considered to be a head
by 35 sec.
146
Digit Problems
③ Time they will be together:
15.20 Problem:
A troop of soldiers march 15km going to

the concentration camp after they were
forced to surrender, at the same time
that the victorious general who is
supervising the “march” rode from the
near of the troop to the front and back at
once to the near. If the distance covered
by the general is 25km and the rate of
the troop is 3 kph.
① How long is the troop?

② What is the rate of the general?
③ What is the distance traveled by
the general from the year up to the time
he reached the front of the troop.
Solution:
① Length if troop:
Total distance traveled by the
general:
Time of travel by the troop = time

of travel by general
147
Rate Problems
Divide ❷ by ❸
② Rate of general:
③ Distance traveled by general from

rear of the troop up to the front:
D = y+ x
D = 20 km
148
Digit Problems
15.21 Problem:
Two boys A and B went out hunting and
brought home 22 birds. A averages 4
shots per bind at which rate he would
have killed 3 more birds than he did if he
had fired as many times as B. The
product of the number of shots fired by
each exceeds the product of the number
of birds killed by each by 2760.
① Determine the number of birds

killed by A.
② Determine the number of birds
killed by B.
③ Determine the number of shots B
fired per bird.
Solution:
① Number of birds killed by A:
② Number of birds killed by B:
③ Number of shots B fired per bird:
149
Digit Problems
15.22 Problem:
Two roads roller A and B of the samp
traveling speed are dispatched one
seller the other to Cebu City from Argao.
When the road roller A reached Sibonga
town which is 50 km form Cebu City, it
over take a crane which was proceeding
at the rate of 1.5kph on the average.
Two hours later road roller A met a
wagon which water moving at 2.25kph.
B overtook the same crane at km post
45 from Cebu City, and met the same
wagon 2/3 of an hour before it came to
km. post 31.
① Determine the speed of road

roller A ?
② How far behind was B when A
reached Cebu City?
③ At what distance from Cebu City
distance roller B met the wagon.
Solution:
① Speed of road roller A:
150
Digit Problems
② Distance of B from A when A

reaches Cebu City:
③ Distance roller B meet the wagon

for Cebu City:
15.23 Problem:
The number of deaths in an old garrison

during World War II amounts to 6 daily
and allowing for this diminution, their
stock of provisions was sufficient to last
8 days. But on the evening of the 6th day
100 men were killed in a defensive
position to attack the enemy and
afterwards the mortality increased to 10
daily supposing the stock of provisions
unconsumed at the end of the 6th day
could support 6 men for 61 days.
① Determine the number of original

men.
151
Digit Problems
② How long would it support the
garrison in days?
③ Determine the number of men
alive when the provisions were
exhausted.
Solution:
① No. of original men:
Provisions left could support 6 men for

61 days.
② Time to support the garrison:

(10 died everyday)
No. of men left after 6 days

=
③ No. of men alive when the

provisions were exhausted:
M = 86-10(6) = 26 men
152
Digit Problems
15.24 Problem:
In the battle of Iraq, a column of tanks of

the British Army is two km. long
advancing at a constant speed. The
commander ordered a messenger at the
rear of the column to deliver a message
to the captain at the front and to return
to his position without delay. Using a
motorcycle and running at a constant
speed the messenger was able to cover
the trip in the same length of time that
the column advanced 3 km.
① Find the distance traveled by the

messenger.
② Find the velocity of the column of
tanks if it took them 30 min. to cover the
trip.
③ Find the velocity of the
messenger.
Solution:
①Distance traveled by the messenger
❷
Divide by❷
153
Digit Problems
Total distance traveled by the

messenger:
② Velocity of column of tanks
③ Velocity of messenger:
15.25 Problem:
A and B traveled from C to D and back

A starts two hours after B has started. A
overtakes B at a point 4 km from D and
then meets B, 3 hrs. and 12 minutes
thereafter. If A reaches C 4 hours and
40 min. ahead of B.
① Find the rate of B in kph
② Find the rate of A in kph
③Find the distance between C and D
Solution:
① Rate of B:
3hrs. and 12min. = 3.2 hours
4hrs. and 40 mins.- 4 2/3 hrs.
154
Digit Problems
❷ ① When B = 1
A=
A = 1.5
❸
When B =
❹
A=
Use B = 1 kph (rate of B)
B = 0.54 nautical miles/ hr.
② Rate of A:
A=
A=
A = 1.5 kph
A = 0.93 mph
③ Distance between CD:

❺
1.5x = 15
x = 10 km.
x = 5.40 nautical miles
155
16.01 ECE Board Nov, 1995,
CE Board Nov, 1979,
G,E ,Board Aug. 1979
ECE Board April 1999
May is 24 years old. Mary is twice as old

x = present age Ana was when Mary was as old as Anna
x -10 = age 10 yrs, ago How old is Anna?
x+ 5 = age 5 yrs, from now a) 18 c) 15
Note: It is advisable to draw a sketch to b) 16 d) 12
show the relation of past present and Solution:
future time.
and ❷
A = 12 + x
A = 24 – X
2A = 36
A = 18 (age of anna)
16.02 ECE Board Feb. 1973
Roberto is 25 years younger than his

father. However his father will be
twice his age in 10 years. Find the
ages of Roberto and his father.
a) 15,40 c) 18 , 43
b) 12, 37 d) 20 , 45
Solution:
156
Age Problems
16.03 G.E. Board Feb. 1994

Robert is 15 yrs. Older than his brother Stan.
However “y” years ago, Robert was twice as old
as Stan. If Stan is now “b” years old and b>y, find
the value of (b-y).
a) 14
b) 15
c) 16
d) 13
Solution:

Ana is 5 yrs older than Beth. In 5 yrs,
the product of their ages is 1.5 times
the product of their present ages.
How old is Beth now?
a) 18
b) 20
c) 27
d) 25
Solution:
Present Future
A B+5 B + 10
B B B+5
157
Age Problems

A man is 41 yrs. Old and his son is
9. In how many years will he father
be three times as old as his son?
a) 120
b) 320
c) 56
d) 110
Solution:
16.06 Problem:
Bianca is twice as old as Pio and
Meggie is twice as old as Bianca. In
ten years, their combined ages will
by 58. How old is Bianca now?
a) 8
b) 4
c) 6
d) 10
Solution:
158
Age Problems
16.07 Problem:
The sum of the ages of Maria and

Anna is 35. When Maria was two
thirds her present age and Anna was
¾ of her present age, the sum of
their ages was 25. How old is Maria
now?
a) 20 c) 10
b) 25) d) 15
Solution:
16.08 Problem:
A is as old as the combined age of his
two brothers B and C. But C is two
years older than B. The combined age
of the three last year was ¾ their
combined ages at present, how old is B
now?
a) 2 c) 8
b) 4 d) 10
Solution
Combined age at present
Combined ages last year
159
Age Problems
16.09 Problem:
A man is three times as old as his son.
Four years ago, he was four times as
old as his son was at that time. How old
is he son?
a) 10
b) 14
c) 16
d) 12
Solution:
16.10 Problem:
Eight years ago the sum of the ages of
A and B is equal to 26. Five years from
now, B age will be equal to twice A‟s
age less than 35. How old is A and B.
a) 4, 18
b) 26,16
c) 25, 7
d) 24, 15
Solution:
❶
❷
❶
❷
❷
160
Age Problems
16.11 Problem:
The sum of the ages of Fred and
Rodney is equal to 42. Eight years ago,
the difference of their ages is 6. How old
is Fred and Rodney?
Past (8 years) Now
F–8 F a) F = 24, R = 18 c) F = 28, R = 14
R–8 R b) F = 26, R = 16 d) F = 22, R = 20
Solution:
❶
❷
16.12 Problem:
Six (6) years ago, the sum of the ages
of Megie and Vince is equal to 8. Four
(4) years from now, twice Vince age is
equal to megies age plus 28. How old is
Vince and Megie?
a) V =18, M = 12
b) V = 16, M = 14
c) V = 14, M = 16
d) V = 20, M = 12
Solution:
Past (6yrs. Ago) Present (4yrs. Later)
V-6 V V+4
M–6 M M+4
161
Age Problems
16.13 Problem:
Eight (8) years from now, the sum of the
ages of A and B is equal to 52. Six
years ago twice A’s age is equal to B
plus 18. How old is A and B?
a) A = 20, B = 16 c) A = 24, B = 12
b) A = 22, B = 14 d) A = 26, B = 10
Solution:
Past (6 yrs. Ago) Present(4yrs later)
A–6 A A+8
A–6 B B+8
❶A +8 + B+ 8 = 52
A + B = 36
❷ 2(A – 6) = (B-6) + 18
2A-12 = B + 12
2A – B = 24
A + B = 36
3A = 60
A = 20
B = 36 – 20 =16
16.14 Problem:
Ten yrs from now the sum of the ages of
A and B is equal to 50. Six yrs ago, the
difference of their ages is equal to 6.
How old is A and B?
a) A = 18, B = 12 c) A = 16, B = 14
b) A = 20, B = 10 d) A = 22, B = 8
Solution:
Past(6yrs.ago) Present (10yrs. Later) ❶
A–6 A A+10
B–6 B B+10
❷
162
17.1 ECE Board Sept. 1981
A high concentrated solution having a

volume of 100 liters is mixed by 7.5%
alcohol and 25% gasoline. It was found
out that a 50 – 50 percent mixture is
also appropriate in the solution. How
much gasoline should be added to the
high concentrated solution in order to
have a 50 – 50% mixture:
a) 50 liters c) 25 liters
b) 75 liters d) 40 liters
Solutions:

The gasoline tank of a car contains 50
liters of gasoline and alcohol, the
alcohol comprising 25%. Howmuch of
the mixture must be drawn off and
replaced by alcohol so that the tank
contain a mixture of which 50% is
alcohol?
a) 16.67 liters c) 12.67 liters

b) 14.25 liters d) 18.75 liters
Solution:
163
Mixture Problems
17.3 Problem:
For a particular experiment, you
need 5 liters of a 10% solution. You
find 7% and 12% solution on the
shelves. How much of the 7%
solution should you mix with the
appropriate amount of the 12%
solution to get 5 liters of 10%
solution?
a) 1.5
b) 2.5
c) 2
d) 3
Solution:
17.4 Problem:
How many pounds of cream
containing 12% butter fat must be
added to 1800 lb. of milk containing
2% butterfat to obtain a milk having
3% butterfat?
a) 200
b) 100
c) 150
d) 250
Solution:
164
Mixture Problems
17.5 Problem:
Two gallons of 20% salt solution is
mixed with 4 gallons of 50% salt
solution. Determine the percentage
of salt solution in the new mixture.
a) 40% c) 70%
b) 45% d) 60%
Solution:
20% 50% x%
2 + 4 = 6
17.6 Problem:
Two alcohol solutions consist of a 40
gallons of 35% alcohol and other
solution containing 50% alcohol. If
the two solutions are combined
together, they will have a mixture of
40% alcohol. How many gallons of
the solutions containing 50%
alcohol?
a) 18 c) 30
b) 20 d) 28
Solution:
35% 50% 40%

40 + x = 40+x
165
Mixture Problems
17.7 Problem:
A chemist of a distillery
experimented on two alcohol
solutions of different strengths, 35%
of alcohol and 50% alcohol
respectively. How many gallons
containing 35% alcohol must be
used to produce a mixture of 60
gallons that contains 40% alcohol.
a) 40 b)30 c) 20 d) 25
35% 50% 40% Solution:

X + y = 60
17.8 Problem:
A chemical engineer mixed two
chemical solutions of different
strengths 30% and 50% of the
chemical solutions respectively. How
many millimeters of the 30% strength
must be used to produced a mixture
of 50 millimeters that contains 42%
of the chemical solutions.
a) 30 b) 20 c) 40 d) 25
Solution:
30% 50% 42%
X + y = 50
166
Mixture Problems
17.9 Problem:
A chemical engineer mixed 40
milliliters of 35% hydrochloric acid
solution with 20 milliliters of 50%
hydrochloric acid solution. What is
the percentage of the hydrochloric
acid of the new solution?
a) 40% c) 39%
b) 38% d) 41%
35% 50% x%
40 + 20 = 60 Solution:

If 19 kilos of gold losses 1kilo, and
10 kilos of silver losses 1kilo when
weighed in water, find the weight of
gold and silver weighing 106 kilos in
air and 99 kilos is water.
a) 76 c) 82
b) 30 d) 58
Solution:
❶
❷
167
❶Simple Fraction:
Numerator is less than the denominator
❷Improper fraction:
Numerator is greater than the

denominator
❻ Distinct Quadratic Factors:
❸Mixed numbers:
A whole number with a simple fractional

remainder.
❹Distinct Linear Factors:
❺Repeated Linear Factors:
❼Repeated Quadratic Factor:
168
Partial Problems

Solve for B from the given expansion of
partial fractions.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 0
Solution:
When x=1
2+3+7+10 = A (1+
A=2
2=A+B
2=2+B
B=0
18.02 CE Board May. 1996

Find the value of A in the equation
a) ½ c) -1/2
b) -2 d) 2
Solution:
When x= 0
10 = 5 A A=2
169
Partial Problems

Resolve into partial fractions:
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
When x = 3
When x = 4
Resolve into partial fractions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
170
Partial Problems
Solution:
When x = 2
C=5
3=A
B=4
18.05 Problem:
Resolve the following into partial
fractions and compute the sum of A, B,
C, D and E.
a)3 c) 5
b) 4 d) 6
Solution:
When x = -1
-1+ 4 – 5 + 3 = A + 0 + 0
A=1
0=A+B
0=1+B
B = -1
171
Partial Problems
18.06 Problem:
Using distinct linear factors, resolve its
fractions into partial fractions and solve
for A, B and C.
A = 5, B = - 4 , C = 3
A = 4, B = - 5 , C = 4
A = 6, B = - 3 , C = 5
A = 3, B = - 5 , C = 2
Solution:
When x = 4
172
Partial Problems
When x = - 2
C=3
When x = 3
A=5
18.07 Problem:
Resolve into partial fraction whose
denominator are all linear and non
repeated, from the given expansion of
partial fractions:
① Solve for A.
② Solve for B.
③ Solve for C.
a) 3, 4, -5
b) 2, 3, -4
c) 4, 5, -6
d) 1, 2, -3
Solution:
① Solve for A:
When x =1
② Solve for B:
When x = 2
B=5
③ Solve for C:
When x = -3
C= - 6
173
Partial Problems
18.08 Problem:
Using the partial fractions of a repeated
linear factors, solve for the values of :
① A
② B
③ C
a) 6, -2, 1
b) 8, -3 , -2
c) 10, -4, -3
d) 4, -1, 2
Solution:
① Value of A:
When x = - 6
A = 10
② Value of B:
6 = A+ B
6 = 10 + B
B=-4
③ Value of C:
When x = -1
C=-3
174
Partial Problems
18.09 Problem:
Using repeated quadratic factors,
resolve its fractions into partial fractions
and solve for A, B, C, D and E.
a) A = -1, B = 2, C = 0, D =1, E= - 3
b) A = -2, B = 3, C = -1, D =2, E= - 2
c) A = -3, B = 1, C = -2, D =3, E= - 4
d) A = -1, B = 4, C = -3, D =4, E= - 5
Solution:
When x = 3
A = -1
D=1
E=-3
175
❶ One space in the clock is
equivalent to 5 min.
❷ If the minute hand moves a distance

“x”, the hour hand only moves a distance of
“x”/12
❸ One space in the clock is

equivalent to 30° of arc.
176
Clock Problems
19.01 Problem:
At how many minutes after 3 P.M. will

the hands of a clock be.
① Together for the first time.

② Opposite each for the first time.
③ Perpendicular to each other for
the first time.
Solution:
① Time both hands be together
after 3 P.M.
② Time Both hands will be opposite

each other after 3 P. M.
③ Time when both hands are

perpendicular for the first time
after 3 P.M.
177
Clock Problems
19.02 Problem:
It is now between 9 and 10 o’clock.
① At what time after 9 o’clock will

the minute hand and the hour
hand be perpendicular for the first
time?
② In 4 minutes, the hour hand of the
clock will be directly opposite the
position occupied by the minute
hand 3 minutes ago. What time is
it?
③ In a quarter of an hour the minute
hand will be behind the hour
hand by only half as much as it is
now behind it. What time is it?
Solution:
① Time when the hour hand and
minute hand be perpendicular for
the first time:
② Time when the hour hand will be

directly opposite the position
occupied by the minute hand 3
min. ago.
178
Clock Problems
③ time when the minute hand will

still be behind the hour hand by
half as much as it is now behind
it:
19.03 Problem:
It is now between 2 and 3 o’clock.
① In what time will the minute hand

and the hour hand will be
together for the first time after 2
o’clock.
② If a person looking at this watch
mistakes the hour hand for the
minute hand and thinks that the
time of the day is 5 minutes
earlier than it really is. What is
the true time?
179
Clock Problems
③ At what time will the angle

between the hands of the clock
be bisected by the line
connecting the center of the clock
and the 3 o’clock mark?
Solution:
① Time when both minute and hour
hands be together for the first
time:
② True time: if he mistook the hour

hand for the min. hand.
③ Time when the angles between

the hands of the clock be
bisected by the line connecting
the center and the 3 o’clock
mark:
180
Clock Problems
19.04 Problem:
It is now between 9 and 10 o’clock. In 4
min. the hour hand of a clock will be
directly opposite the position occupied
by the minute hand 3 minutes ago. What
time is it?
a) 9:20 c) 9:10
b) 9:30 d) 9:15
Solution:
X = the no. of min. the min. hands
travels after 9 o’clock
the no. of min. the hour hand
travels from the figure θ = β
X = 20 minutes after 9 o’clock.

Therefore the time is 9:20
19.05 Problem:
At what time after 12:00 noon will the
hour hand and minute hands of a clock
first form an angle of 120°?
a) 12:21.818 c) 12:22.818
b) 12:18.818 d) 12:24.818
Solution:
One space of the clock = 360/12 = 30°
30° = 5’ of time
120° = 20’ of time
181
Clock Problems
19.06 Problem:
The time is past 2 o’clock. In 10
minutes, the minute hand will be
as much ahead of the hour hand
as it is now behind it, What time
is it?
a) 2:05.909
b) 2:07.909
c) 2:09.909
d) 2:10.909
Solution:
19.07 Problem:
The hour, minute and second hands
turns around the same center of a
watch. In how many seconds after 4
o’clock will the hour hand be halfway
between the minute and second hands?
a) 39.452
b) 41.452
c) 36.452
d) 43.452
182
Clock Problems
Solution:
X = no. of seconds the second hand
moves
=no. of seconds the min. hand moves
= no. of seconds the hour hand
moves
19.08 Problem:
It is now past 3 o’clock in the afternoon.

The minute hand 3minutes from now will
by directly opposite the hour hand 9
minutes ago. What time is it?
a) 3:45 c) 3:36
b) 3:27 d) 3:30
Solution:
183
Clock Problems
19.09 CE Board Feb 1958:
What time between 2 and 3 o’clock will

the angle between the hands of the
clock be bisected by the line connecting
the center of the clock and the 3 o’clock
mark?
a) 2:18 6/13
b) 2:20 6/13
c) 2:10 6/13
d) 2:22 6/13
Solution:
X = no. of min. after 2o‟clock by which

the angle between the hands of the
clock is bisected.
From the figure:
Therefore the time is 2:18 6/13
19.10 GE Board Feb 1994:
From the time 6:15 P.M. to the time 7:45

P.M. of the same day, the minute hand
of a standard clock described an are of:
a) 30°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 540°
Solution:
360 + 180 = 540°
184
Clock Problems
19.11 Problem:
The second hand of a clock is 4 inches long,

Find the speed of the tip of the second hand.
a) 0.42 in/sec.
b) 0.34 in/sec.
c) 0.55 in/sec.
d) 0.48 in/sec.
Solution:
19.12 Problem:
The hour hand of a clock is 2.5in. long.

Find the speed of the up of the hour
hand.
a) 1.309 in/hr.
b) 1.402 in/hr.
c) 1.234 in/hr.
d) 1.543 in/hr.
Solution:
185
If you owned a sari sari store in Kuwait,

at what price will you mark a small
camera for sale that cost P600 in order
that you may offer 20% discount on the
marked price and still makes a profit of
25% on the selling price?
a) P1000 c) P1500
b) P1200 d) P800
Solution:
X = marked price
A number of Filipino Electrical Engineers

working in Kuwait decided to evacuate due to
the Gulf war. They hired a private car crossing
the desert up to Jordan for P56.00. But for
unknown reasons, two of them were not able
to join the escape so the share of each
remaining group increased by P3.20. How
many were there in the original group?
a) 6 c) 8
b) 7 d) 10
Solution:
X = no. of original group
X=7
186
Investment Problems

The selling price of a TV set is double that of
its net cost. If the TV set is sold to a customer
at a profit of 25% of the net cost, how much
discount was given to the customer?
a) 37.5%
b) 28.5%
c) 15.5%
d) 20.5%
Solution:
X = net cost
2x = selling price
D = discounted price
2x – D = x + 0.25 x
D = 0.75x
The cost of running an electronic shop is

made up the following:
Office rental =40%
Labor =35%
Materials =20%
Miscellaneous =5%
If the office rental increased by 24%, labor
increased by 15%, cost of materials increased
by 20% and the miscellaneous costs are
unchanged, find percentage change in the
cost of running the shop.
a) 18.85%
b) 22.75%
c) 16.75%
d) 24.75%
Solution:
% change = 0.24(40) + 0.15(35)+0.20(20)
% change = 18.85%
187
Investment Problems

A bookstore purchased a bestselling book
price at P200 per copy. At what price should
this book be sold so that giving a 20%
discount, the profit is 30%
a) P357.14
b) P447.14
c) P247.14
d) P647.14
Solution:
X = selling price (w/out discount)
0.80x = discounted selling price
Profit = Income – expenses
0.30 (0.80x) = 0.8x -200
0.24x = 0.8x – 200
X = P 357.14
By selling balut P5 per dozen, a vendor gains

20%. The cost price of the egg rises 12 ½ %.
If he sells at the same price as before, Find
his new gain in percent.
a) 6.6% c) 12.3%
b) 8.7% d) 10.2%
Solution:
X = original price per dozen
X + 0.20x =5
X = 4.17
New selling price of balut = x+0.125x
New selling price of balut = x(1.125)
New selling price of balut = 4.17(1.125)
New selling price of balut = P4.69
New profit = 5 – 4.69 = 0.31
Gain = 6.6%
188
Investment Problems
Jojo bought a second- hand Betamax VCR

and then sold it to Rudy at a profit of 40%.
Rudy then sold the VCR to Noel at a profit
of 20%. If Noel paid P2,856 more than it
cost to Jojo, how much did Jojo paid for
the unit?
a) P4200
b) P3800
c) P5600
d) P6200
Solution:
X = amount of Jojo paid for the unit
1.40x = selling price to rudy
1.20 (1.40x) = selling price to Noel
1.20 (1.40x) – x = 2856
X = P 4200
20.08 Problem:
The average salary for bus drivers in a

private schools between 1975 and 1989
can be approximated by the linear model y
= 5.45 + 0.366t where y represent the
salary in pesos per hour and t represents
the year with t=0 corresponding to 1980.
① During what year was the average

salary equal to P7.28/hr.
② What is the average salary at the year
1956?
③ What was the average annual raise for
the bus drivers during this 15 yrs. Period/
Solution:
① y = 5.45 + 0.366t
7.28 = 5.45 + 0.366t
t=5
1980 + 5 = 1985
189
Investment Problems
2 Ave. salary in 1975 (Note: “t” starts in

1980)
t=-4
y = 5.45 + 0.366 (-4)
y = P 3.986/hr
3 Average annual raise:

when t = 5 (1975)
y = 5.45 + 0.366 (-5)
y = P 3.62/hr
when t = -4
y = 5.45 + 0.366(-4) = P 3.968/hr
Increase = 3.968 – 3.62
Increase = P0.366/hr
A merchant has three items on sale,

namely a radio for P50, a clock for P30
and a flashlight P1.00. At the end of the
day, he has sold a total of 100 of the
three items and has taken exactly
P1000 on the total sales. How many
radios did he sell?
16 c) 18
20 d) 24
Solution:
x = no. of radios sold out
y = no. of clocks sold out
z = no. of flashlights sold out
x + y + z = 100
50x + 30y + 1(z) = 1000
49x + 29y = 900
Try y = 4
49x + 29(4) = 900
x= 16
x + y + z = 100
16 + 4 + z = 100
z = 80
Check: 50(16) + 30(4) + 80 = 1000
1000 = 1000 (ok)
190
Investment Problems

A mechanical engineer bought 24 boxes of
screws for P2200.00. There were three types of
screws bought. Screw A costs P300 per box,
screw B costs 150 and screw C costs P50 per
box. How many boxes of screw did he buy?
a) 2 c) 17
b) 5 d) 14
Solution:
x = no. of boxes of screw A
y = no. of boxes of screw B
z = no. of boxes of screw C
1 ) x + y + z = 24
2) 300x + 150y + 50z = 2200
6x + 3y + z = 44
x + y + z = 24
5x + 2y = 20
Try y = 5
5x + 2(5) = 20
x=2
2 + 5 + z = 24
z = 17
Check:
300x+ 150y+50z=2200
300(2) + 150(5) +17(50) = 2200
2200 = 2200
20.11G.E. Board Feb 1993

A portion of P 500 000.00 was invested at 5% in
the Bank and the remainder at 15% in a survey
contract. If the total income from the money is P
55 000.00. How much is invested at 5% rate?
a) P 200 000
b) P 300 000
c) P 100 000
d) P 400 000
191
Investment Problems
Solution:
Let x = amount invested at 5%
y = amount invested at 15%
❶x + y = 500,00)
0.05x+0.15y = P55, 000.00
❷ x + 3y = 1,100,000
❶and❷
x + 3y = 1,100,000
x + y = 500,000
2y = 600,000
y = P300,000(Amount invested at
15%)
x= 500,000 – 300,000
x= P200,000 (Amount invested at
5%)
20.12 ECE Board Nov. 2001

A man sold a book by mistake at 120%
of the marked price instead of
discounting the market price by 20%. If
he sold the book for P14.40, what was
the price for which he have sold the
book?
a) P10.2
b) P7.8
c) P9.6
d) P8.6
Solution:
x= marked price of the book
0.80x = selling price of the book
1.20x = 14.40
x = P12
Selling price = 0.80(12)
Selling price = P9.6
192
Investment Problems
20.13 GE Board Feb. 1994
If the value of the piece property decreases by

10% while the tax rate on the property increases
by 10%, what is the effect on the taxes?
a) Taxes increase by 10%

b) Taxes increase by 1%
c) There is no change in taxes
d) Taxes decrease by 1%
Solution:
Let x = value of property
x - 0.10x = 0.90x
= decreased value of property
y = orig. tax rate

y + 10y = 1.10y (increased tax rate)
Orig. tax = xy
New tax = (0.90x) (1.1y) = 0.99xy
∴the tax is decreased by 1%
The installation of a diesel generating for a tire

company was put for bids. Two contractors A and
B bidded, with A offering the lower winning bid.
Had A and B reduced their bid price 5% and 10%
respectively, A would have still won the bid but
the difference in their bids would have been
reduced by P30,000. If the sum of the bid is
P900,000 what is the bid of A?
a) 500,000
b) 400,000
c) 300,000
d) 450,000
193
Investment Problems
Solution:
0.90 B - 0.95 A = B - A -3000
0.10 B – 0.05 A = P 30000
0.10 A + 0.10 B = 0.10 (900000)
0.10 B + 0.10 A = 90000
0.10 B - 0.05 A = 30000
0.15 A = 60000
A = 400,000 (bid of A)
Dalisay Corporation‟s gross margin 45%

of sales. Operating expenses such as
sales and administration are 15% of
sales. Dalisay is in 40% tax bracket.
What percent of sales is their profit after
taxes?
a) 18%
b) 5%
c) 24%
d) 0%
Solution:
Gross margin = 45% of sales
Operating expenses = 15% of sales
Net profit = 45-15
Net profit 30% of sales
Tax = 40%
Profit = 0.60 of 30% of sales
194
Investment Problems
20.16 Problem:
A man leaves P60,000 to his children and

grandchildren seven in all. The children receive
1/3 of it, which is P2000 more a piece than what
the grandchildren get.
①How many grandchildren are there?

②How many children are there?
③ How much is the amount received by each
grandchildren?
Solution:
① No. of children:
x = no. of children
y = no. of grandchildren
= 20000 Amount received by the
children
60000 – 20000 = 40000 amount
received by the grandchildren
= + 2000
x+y=7
x=7–y
- = 20000
- =1
10y - 140 + 20y = y (7 - y)
30y - 140 = 7y – y2
y2 - 23y - 140 = 0
(y – 5)(y + 28) = 0
y = 5 (no. of grandchildren)
② No. of children
x+y=7
x=7-5
x = 2 children
③ Amount received by each
grandchildren = = P 8000
Profit = 18% of sales
195
Investment Problems
20.16 Problem:
A certain loan association has invested
P500,000 in three different transactions
First investment is in real estate earning
9% interest annually, second investment
is in loans earning 6% annually and the
third investment in bonds earning 4%
annually. The total annual income in
interest is P34,000 but the annual
interest in loans is 3 times that in bonds.
① How much amount is invested in

real estate?
② How much amount is invested in
loans?
③ How much amount is invested in
bonds?
Solution:
① Amount invested in real estate:
X= amount invested in real estate
Y= amount invested in loans
500000 –x–y = amount invested
in bonds
0.09x +0.06y+ 0.04 (5000000-x-y) =
34,000
9x+6y+2000000-4x-4x=3400000
5x+2y=1400000
0.06y=3(0.04)(500000-x-y)
6y=600000-12x-12y
18y+12x=6000000
3y+2x=1000000 ❷
2y+5x=1400000 ❸
6y+4x=2000000
6y+15x=4200000
X = P 200,000
196
Investment Problems
Amount invested in loans:
2y + 5x = 1,400,000
2y + 5(200,000) = 1,400,000
y = P 200,000
③Amount invested in bonds:

B = 500,000 – 200,000 - 200,000
B = 100,000
20.18 Problem:
A merchant paid P360 for some crates of
Bananas. Four crates were spoiled and had to be
thrown away, but he sold the rest at an increase
in price of P2 per crate, gaining P88.00.
① How many crates did he buy?

② How much was the selling price per
crate?
③ If only 50 crates were sold, how
much did he loss or gain?
Solution:
① No. of crates he bought:
x = no. of crates he bought
= buying price per crate
+ 2 = selling price per crate
x – 4 = actual number of crates sold

Total income = 360 + 88 = 448
( + 2)(x - 4) = 448
(360 + 2x)(x - 4) = 448x
360x – 1440 + 2x2 – 8x = 448x
2x2 + 96x - 1440 = 0
x2+ 48x - 720 = 0
(x – 60)(x + 12) = 0
x = 60 crates
197
Investment Problems
②Selling price per crate:
Selling price = +2
Selling price = P8
③Amount gain if he sold out only 50

crates:
Income = 8(50)
Income =P400
Cost = 6(50)
Cost = P360
Gain = 400-360
Gain = P40
198
1 I
2 II 21.01 Problem:
3 III
4 IV Expressed 2763 in Roman Numerals
5 V
6 VI a) MMDCCLXIII
7 VII b) MMDCLXIII
8 VIII c) MMDLCXIII
9 VIIII or IX d) MMLDCXIII
10 X
11 XI Solution:
12 XII
13 XIII MM DC C LX III
14 XIIII or XIV 2000 600 100 60 3
15 XV
16 XVI MMDCCLXIII = 2000 + 600 + 100 + 60 + 3
17 XVII MMDCCLXIII = 2763
18 XVIII
19 XVIIII or XIX or IXX
20 XX
30 XXX 21.02 ECE Board March 1996
40 XXXX or
50 XL MCMXCIV is a Roman Numeral equivalent to
60 L a) 2974 c) 2174
70 LX b) 3974 d) 1994
80 LXX
90 LXXX
100 LXXXXX or XC Solution:
200 C
300 CC M CM XC IV
400 CCC 1000 900 90 4
500 CCCC or CD
600 D MCMXCIV = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 4
700 DC MCMXCIV = 1994
800 DCC
900 DCCC
1000 DCCCC or CM 21.03 Problem:
2000 M MMDXXVMV is a Roman numeral
3000 MM Equivalent to:
4000 MMM
5000 MMMM or MV a) 1529000
10000 V b) 1439445
25000 X c) 1369005
50000 XXV d) 1369005
100000 L e) 1630000
500000 C
1000000 D
M 199
Investment Problems
Solution:
M D XXV MV
1000000 500 000 2500 4000
MDXXV MV = 1000000 + 500000 +

25000
+4000
MDXXVMV = 1529000
21.04 Problem:
MCMXCVII is a Roman numeral
equivalent to:
e) 1997
f) 5087
g) 3897
h) 2867
Solution:
M CM XC VII
1000 900 90 7
MCMXCVII = 1000 + 900 + 90 + 7
MCMXCVII = 1997
21.05 Problem:
Express 3736 in Roman numeral;

a) MMMDCCXXXVI
b) MMCDCCXXXVI
c) MDCCXXXVI
d) CCMMXXXVI
Solution:
MMM DCC XXX VI
3000 700 30 6
MMMDCCXXXVI = 3000 + 700 + 30 + 6
MMMDCCXXXVI = 3736
200
22.0 Arithmetic Progression 22.01 CE Board Nov. 1994
CE Board May 1994
CE Board May 1993,
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16. ECE Board Aug. 1976
How many terms of the progression 3, 5, 7. . .
must be in order that their sum will be 2600?
Terms: a.) 49 c.) 48
1 2 3 4 5=n  b.) 50 d.) 47
a a+d a+2d a+3d a+4d Solution:
an = a + 4d a=3 d = 5 – 3 =2 S = 2600
an = a + (n-1)d [ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
1. Relation between terms
2. The nth term

an = a+ (n-1)d s (n+50)(n-50) = 0
3. The sum of all terms n = 50
[ ( ) ]
4. Sum of all terms
[ ] What is the sum of progression 4, 9, 14, 19. . up
to the 20th term?
a.) 1045 c.) 1030
b.) 1035 d.) 1040
Solution:
a=4
d=9–4=5
n = 20
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S= 1030
In the recent “Gulf War” in the Middle East
the Allied Force Captured 6400 of Saddam
soldiers and with provisions on hand it will
last for 216 meals while feeding 3 meals a
day. The provision lasted 9 more days
because of daily deaths. At an average,
how many died per day?
 a.) 18 c.) 12
b.) 24 d.) 10
Solution:
Provisions will last for
(originally if no deaths occur)

S = 6400(72)
S = 460800 man-days
Actual number of days the provision lasted =
72 + 9 = 81 days
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( ) ]
d = -17.77
d = -18 (decreasing)
22.04 ECE Board April 1995,

ME Board April 1983
A besiege fortress is held by 5700 men
who have provisions for 66 days. If the
garrison losses 20 men each day, for how
many days can the provision hold out?
a.) 60
b.) 72
 c.) 76
d.) 82
Arithmetic Progression
Solution:
No of man-days = 5700(66)
No. of man-days = 376200
n = no. of days the provision will hold out
d = -20 a = 5700
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
n2 – 571n + 376200 = 0
(n – 76) (n – 495) =0
n = 76 days
22.05 G.E. Board July 1993
A Geodetic Engineering student got a
score of 30% on Test I of the five number
test in Surveying. On the last number he
got 90% in which a constant difference
more on each number than he had on the
immediately preceeding one. What was his
average score in Surveying?
 a.) 60 c.) 80
b.) 70 d.) 65
Solution:
a = 30
an = 90
an = a + (n -1) d
90 = 30 + (n -1) d
d = 15
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S = 300
Average score =
Average = 60%
22.06 ME Board April 1995,

EE Board March 1978
In a pile of logs, each layer contains one
more log than the layer above and the first
contains just one log. If there are 105 logs
in the pile, how many layers are there?
 a.) 14
b.) 12
c.) 10
d.) 8
Solution:
a=1
d=1
S = 105
[ ( ) ( )( )]
210 = 2n + n2 – 2
n2 + n – 210= 0
(n +15) (n-14) = 0
N = 14 (layers)

Find the 30th term of the A.P.
4, 7, 10 …
a.) 75
b.) 90
c.) 88
 d.) 91
Solution:
a1 = 4 d = +3 n = 30
an= a1 + (n – 1) d
an = 4 + (30 – 1) 3
an = 91

The sum of the three numbers in AP is 33,
if the sum of their squares is 461, find the
numbers.
 a.) 4, 11, 18
b.) 3, 10, 28
c.) 5, 12, 16
d.) 6, 10, 17
Solution:
a – d = 1st no.
a = 2nd no.
a + d = 3rd no.
a – d + a + a + d = 33
a = 11
(11 – d)2 + (11)2 + (11 + d)2 = 461
121 – 22d + d2 + 121 +121 + 22d + d2
=461
2d2 = 98
d=7
11 – 7 = 4
11 = 11
11 + 7 = 18
The numbers are 4, 11, 18.
22.09 CE Board Feb 1976
In a racing contest, there are 240 cars
which will have provisions that will last for
15 hours. Assuming, constantly hourly
consumption for each car, how long will
the fuel provisions last if 8 cars withdraw
from the race every hour after the first?
a.) 22
 b.) 25
c.) 18
d.) 30
Solution:
S = 240(15)
S = 3600 car hours
a = 240 d = -8
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
n2 – 61n + 900 = 0
(n -25) (n -36) = 0
n = 25 n = 36

To conserve energy due to the present
energy crises, the Meralco tried to
readjust their charges to electrical energy
users who consume more than 2000 kw-
hrs. For the first 100 kw-hr, they charged
40 centavos and increasing at a constant
rate more than the preceeding one until
the fifth 100 kw-hr, the charge is 76
centavos. How much is the average
charge for the electrical energy per 100
kw-hr?
 a.) 58 c.) 54
b.) 62 d.) 50
Solution:
100 kw-hr 100 kw-hr 100 kw-hr 100 kw-hr 100kw-hr
1 2 3 4 5
40 40+d 40+2d 40+3d 40+4d
40 + 4d = 76
d=9
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S = 290
Average charge =
Average charge = 58 centavos/ 100 kw-
hr.

A new civil Engineer failing to complete
his first building contract worth P70,000 in
specified time is compelled to pay a
penalty of ½ of 1% per day for the first 6
days of extra time required and for each
additional day thereafter, the stipulated
penalty is increased by 10% or P35 each
day. If he pays a total penalty of
P6160.00, how many days did he overrun
his contract time?
 a.) 14
b.) 8
c.) 12
d.) 10
Solution:
For 6 days penalty:
Penalty = ½ of 1% of 70,000
Penalty = ½ (700) = 350
Total penalty for 6 days = 350(6) =
2100
After 6 days the penalty increases by 35.
= 350 + 35 = 385 a day
a = 385
d = 35
Total penalty = 6160
S = 6160 -2100
S = 4060
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
n2 + 21n – 232 = 0
(n – 8) (n + 29) = 0
Total no. of days he overrun the contract
=8+6
= 14 days

An arithmetic progression starts with 1,
has 9 terms and the middle term is 21.
Determine the sum of the first 9 terms.
a.) 148
b.) 112
 c.) 189
d.) 235
Solution:
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
a=1 a+d a+2d a+3d a+4d a+5d a+6d
a+7d a+8d
Middle term = a + 4d
21 = 1 + 4d
d=5
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S = 189

A small line truck hauls poles from a
substation stockyard to pole sites along a
proposed distribution line. The truck can
handle only one pole at a time. The first
pole is 150 m. from the substation and the
poles are to be 50m. apart. Determine the
total distance traveled by the line truck
back and forth, after returning from
delivering the 30th pole?
a.) 37.5 km
b.) 30 km
 c.) 52.5 km
d.) 40 km
Solution:
a1= 150 + 150 = 300
a2 = 200 + 200 = 400
a3 = 250 + 250 = 500
a4 = 300 + 300 = 600
n = 30
a1 = 300
d = 100
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S = 52500 m.
S = 52.5 km
22.14 Problem:
Find the sum of all odd integers between
100 and 1000.
 a.) 247500
b.) 374200
c.) 148500
d.) 454500
Solution:
101, 103. . . 999
a = 101 d = 103 – 101 = 2 an = 999
an = a + (n-1)(2)
999 = 101 + (n -1)(2)
2n = 999 – 101 + 2
n = 450
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S = 247500
22.15 Problem:
Find a positive value of x so that 4x, 5x +
4 and 3x2 – 1 will be an AP.
a.) 2
b.) 4
 c.) 3
d.) 5
Solution:
2nd – 1st = 3rd – 2nd
(5x + 4) – (4x) = (3x2 – 1) – (5x + 4)
x + 4 = 3x2 -5x – 5
3x2 – 6x – 9 =0
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(x-3) (x + 1) = 0
x=3
22.16 Problem:
If the 5th term in AP is 17 and the 3rd term
is 10, what is the 8th term?
 a.) 27.5
b.) 36
c.) 38
d.) 24.5
Solution:
a + 4d = 17
a + 2d = 10
2d = 7
d = 7/2
a + 7d = 8th term
a + 2(7/2) = 10
a=3
a + 7d = 3 + 7(7/2)
a + 7d = 27.5 (8th term)
22.17 Problem:
Find the sum of the first 40 even numbers.
Solution:
2. 4. 6 . . . n=40
a, a+d, a+2d . . .
a=2 d=2 n = 40
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S = 1640
22.18 Problem:
The sum of an AP is 220 and the first term
is 10. If the last term is 30.
1. Find the no. of terms.
2. Find the middle term.
3. Find the 8th term.
Solution:
1. No. of terms:
[ ( ) ]
an = a + (n -1) d
30 = 10 + (n -1) d
(n -1) d = 20
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ]
n = 11
2. Middle term: 6th term
a6= a + (5)d
(n – 1)d = 20
10d = 20
d=2
a6 = 10 + 5(2) = 20 (middle term)
3. 8th term:
a8 = a + (8 -1)d
a8 = 10 + (7)(2) = 24
The arithmetic mean of 6 numbers is 17. If
the two numbers are added to the
progression the new set of number will
have an arithmetic mean of 19. What are
the two numbers if their difference is 4.
 a.) 21,25 c.) 24,28

b.) 23,27 d.) 22,26
Solution:
S= 102
x + y = 50
x = 27
27 – y = 4
y = 23
The numbers are (23, 27).

If the two numbers namely 850 and 250
are removed, what is the arithmetic mean
of the remaining numbers?
 a.) 42.31 c.) 32.34
b.) 36.34 d.) 24.26
Solution:
S = 4400
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) = 42.31

Find the sum of the sequence 25, 30, 35..
a.) 2/5 (n2 + 9n) c.) 9/2 (n2 +
9n)
 b.) 5/2 (n2 + 9n) d.) 9/2 (n2 –
5n)
Solution:
a = 25 d=5
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
( )
S = 5/2 (n2 + 9n)
22.22 ME Board 1998

What is the sum of the following finite
sequence of terms?
18, 25, 32 . . . 67
a.) 234
b.) 213
c.) 181
 d.) 340
Solution:
a = 18
d = 25 -18 = 7
an = a1 + (n-1)d
67 = 18 + (n -1)7
n=8
( )
( )
S =340

A seating section in a certain athletic
stadium has 30 seats in the first row, 32
seats in the second row, 34 seats in the
3rd row for and so on until the tenth row is
reach after which there are 10 rows each
containing 50 seats. Find the total number
of seats in the section.
 a.) 890 c.) 1200
b.) 1100 d.) 920
Solution:
a1 = 30 a2 = 32 a3 = 34
d = 32 -30 = 2 (arithmetic progression)
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( ) ]
Total no. of seats = 390 + 10(5) = 890
22.24 Problem:
Find the quotient of the sum of all even
integers between 999 and 9999 when it
is divided by 9.
a.) 2683400 c.) 2849400
 b.) 2749500 d.) 2594500
Solution:
a1 = 1000 d=2
an = 9998
an = a1 + (n-1)d
9998 = 1000 + (n-1)(2)
n = 4500
( )
( )
Quotient = =2749500

Determine the sum of the odd numbers
from 1 to 61 of the following integers.
 a.) 961 c.) 916
b.) 619 d.) 691
Solution:
a1 = 1
d=2
an = 61
an = 1 + (n-1)2
60 = 2n – 2
n = 31
( )
( )
S = 961
22.26 EE Board Oct 1999

Determine the sum S of the following
series S = 2 + 5 + 8 + 11. . . with 100
terms
 a.) 15050
b.) 14750
c.) 15660
d.) 15350
Solution:
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
S = 15050
22.27 Problem:
Find the sum of the first n even positive
integers.
 a.) n (n +1)
b.) n (n + 2)
c.) n + 1
d.) n2
Solution:
[ ( ) ]
a1 = 2
d=2
[ ( ) ( )( )]
[ ]
( )
S = n (n+1)
22.28 Problem:
Find the sum of the first n positive
integers multiple of 4.
 a.) 2n (n+1)
b.) n (n + 1)
c.) n (n+2)
d.) (n +1) 3n
Solution:
a1 = 4 d=4
[ ( ) ]
[ ( ) ( )( )]
[ ]
S = 2n (n +1)
22.29 Problem:
Find the sum of the numbers divisible by 6
which lie between 75 and 190.
 a.) 2508 c.) 2654
b.) 2480 d.) 2752
Solution:
a1 =78 an = 186
a1 = a1 + (n-1)d
186 = 78 + (n -1)(6)
n =19
( )
( )

A stack of bricks has 61 bricks at the
bottom layer, 58 bricks in the 2nd layer, 55
bricks in the 3rd layer and so on, until the
last layer which has 10 bricks. Determine
the total number of bricks used up.
 a.) 639 c.) 204

b.) 178 d.) 192
Solution:
a = 61
d = -3
an = 10
an = a1 + (n-1)d
10 = 61 + (n -1)(-3)
n = 18
( )
( )
S= 639

Which of the following fraction is wrong in
form an A.P.
a.) 27.5/14 c.) 33/28

b.) 45/28 d.) 17.5/14
Solution:
33/28 , 35/28, 45/28, 55/28
33/28 is wrong it should be 35/28.
22.32 Problem:
If 1/x , 1/y , 1/z are in A.P. then y is equal
to:
a.) z –x
b.) x + z
 c.)
d.)
Solution:
to be in AP
xz – zy = xy – xz
2xz = xy + zy
22.33 Problem:
The last term of an AP is 38 and the
middle term is 13. If the 8th term is 23.
1. Find the 1st term
2. Find the number of terms “n”.
3. Find the sum of all the terms.
 a.) -12 , 11, 143
b.) -8 , 9,120
c.) +10, -10, 136
d.) +6, 8, 116
Solution:
1. First term:
an = a1 + (n-1)d
38 = a + (n-1) d
a8 = a + 7d
23 = a + 7d
Middle term:
( )
( )
( )
38 = a + (n – 1)d
a = -12
2. No. of terms “n”

23 = a + 7d
23 = -12 + 7d
d=5
38 = a + (n -1) d
38 = -12 + (n -1)5
10 = n-1
n = 11 terms
3. Sum of all terms:
( )
( )
S = 143
22.34 Problem:
There are 9 arithmetic means between 4
and 174.
1.) Compute the sum of all terms.
2.) What is the value of the common
difference.
3.) What is the value of the 6th term?
 a.) 979, 17, 89
b.) 863, 16, 91
c.) 974, 18, 94
d.) 815, 15, 86
Solution:
1.) Sum of all terms:
( )
n=2+9
n = 11
( )
S= 979
2.) Value of the common difference:
an = a1 + (n-1)d
174 = 4 + (11 -1) d
d = 17
3.) Value of the 6th term:
an = a1 + (n-1)d
a6 = 4 + (6-1)(17)
a6 = 89
22.35 Problem:
1.) If are in A.P., what is the

value of y?
2.) If are in G.P., what is the

value of y?
3.) If are in H.P., what is the

value of y?
Solution:
1.) Value of y in A.P.
2nd term – 1st term = 3rd term – 2nd term
(x-y)z = (y –z)x
xz – zy = xy –zx
2xz = xy + zy
2xy = y (x + z)
2.) Value of y in G.P.
y2 = xz
3.) Value of y in H.P

Reciprocal are in A.P.
x y z reciprocal
y–x=z–y
2y =x + z
22.36 Problem:
1.) Find a positive value of x so that 5x +
4 and 3x2 -1 will be in A.P.
2.) Find a positive value of x so that x2 –
5, and 2x will be in H.P.
3.) Find a positive value of x so that 2x +
7 and 10x – 7 will be in G.P.
Solution:
1.) Value of x in A.P.
2nd term – 1st term = 3rd term – 2nd term
(5x + 4) – (4x) = (3x2 – 1) – (5x + 4)
x + 4 = 3x2 – 5 - 5x
3x2 – 6x – 9 = 0
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(x – 3) (x + 1) = 0
x=3
3.) Value of x in G.P.
(2x + 7)2 = 10x2 – 7x

4x2 + 28x + 49 = 10x2 – 7x
6x2 – 35x – 49 = 0
(x – 7)(6x + 7) = 0
x=7
22.44 Problem:
The arithmetic mean of two numbers is
117 and its geometric mean is 45.
1.) Find the square root of the biggest
number.
2.) Find the sum of the square root of the
two numbers.
3.) Compute the harmonic mean of the
two numbers.
Solution:
1.) Square root of the biggest:
x + y = 234
√
xy = 2025
y = 234 – x
x(234 – x) = 2025
234x – x2 = 2025
234x – x2 – 2025 = 0
x = 225
y = 234 – 225
y=9
Square root of biggest number
√
=15
2.) Sum of the square root of the two
numbers:
√ √ +3
√ √
3.) Harmonic mean
(HM)(AM) = (GM)2
(HM)(117)=(45)2
HM = 17.31
22.45 Problem:
The number 59, x + 2, 531 form an
Geometric progression.
1.) What is the value of x.
2.) What is the 12th term?
3.) What is the sum of the 12th terms?
Solution:
1.) Value of x:
(x + 2)2 = 31329
x + 2 = 177
x = 175
2.) 12th term:
a12 = arn-1
r=3
a12 = 59(3)”
a12 = 10451673
3.) Sum of the 12 terms:
( )
( )
S = 15677480
Harmonic Progression
23.01 Problem:
Find the harmonic mean between and
The reciprocal is in A.P. a.) c.)

1. 2nd – 1st = 3rd – 2nd
b.) d.)
2. an = ( – )
Solution:
3. Sn = [ ( – ) ] a1 = 2
a3 = 8 in A.P.
2 x 8
x-2 = 8-x
x = 5 (arithmetic mean)
Therefore the harmonic mean =
23.02 Problem
Find the positive value of x so that x, x2 –
5, 2x will be in harmonic progression.
a.) 5 c.) 3
b.) 6 d.) 4
Solution:
in A.P.
2nd – 1st = 3rd – 2nd
( ) ( )
2x – 2x2 + 10 = x2 – 5 – 2x
3x2 – 4x – 15 = 0
(3x + 5) (x – 3) = 0
x=3
23.04 Problem:
Find the value of x if it forms a harmonic
progression.
 a.) 5
b.) 6
c.) 4
d.) 2
Solution:
3–1=x–3
x=5
23.05 Problem:
Find the value of x if the following forms a
harmonic progression.
a.) 7 c.) 9
b.) 8 d.) 10
Solution:
x – 2 = 16 – x
2x = 14
x=7
23.06 Problem:
The 6th term of a harmonic progression is
12, the 10th term is 6, find the 18th term.
 a.) 3
b.) 4
c.) 6
d.) 5
Solution:
1. a + 5d =
12a + 60d = 1
2. a + 9d =
6a + 54d = 1 by 2.
12a + 60d = 1
12a + 108d = 2
12a + 60d = 1
48d = 1
d=
a+9( )=
a= -
a=-
a + 17d = 18th term in A.P.
- + 17 ( ) = =
Therefore the 18th term in harmonic

progression is 3.
23.07 Problem:
The first and second terms of a
progression “a” and “b” respectively. What
is the third term if the progression is
harmonic?
 a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
Solution:
x = third term in H.P.
a b x
23.08 Problem CE Board Nov. 1993

The 3rd term of a harmonic progression is
15 and the 9th term is 6. Find the 11th
term.
a.) 4 c.) 5
b.) 8 d.) 7
Solution:
1.
2.
2.
d=
a+2( )=
a= - =
a + 10d = 11th term in A.P.
= 11th term
11th term in H.P. = 5

Find the fourth term of the progression
a.)
b.)
 c.)
d.)
Solution:
, 0.2 , 0.125
( )
The fourth term is
23.10 Problem:
Find the 12th term of the progression
…..
 a.)
b.)
c.)
d.) Solution:
a=2
d=6–2=4
an = ( – )
an = ( )( )
an =
The 12th term is
23.11 Problem:
Determine the harmonic mean between
“a” and “b”.
 a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
Solution:
23.12 Problem:
The geometric mean and arithmetic mean
of the two numbers are 8 and 17
respectively.
 a.) 32, 2, 3, 765

b.) 30, 1, 2, 425
c.) 28, 3, 1, 482
d.) 24, 4, 0.865
Solution:
1.) Bigger no.:
√
xy = 64
x + y = 34
x + = 34
x2 – 34x + 64 = 0
(x – 32)(x – 2) = 0
x = 32 bigger no.
2.) Smaller no. = 2
3.) Harmonic mean:

(AM)(HM) = (GM)2
17(HM) = (8)2
HM = 3.765
23.13 Problem:
The first and the second terms of a
progression are “a” and “b”, respectively.
What is the third term if the progression is
harmonic?
 a.) c.)
b.) 2b – a d.) b2 – a
Solution:
a b x
Let x =be the third term

harmonic progression
23.14 Problem:
Determine the positive value of x so that
x, x2 – 5 and 2x will be a harmonic
progression.
 a.) 3 c.) 2
b.) 4 d.) 5
Solution:
2x – 2(x2 – 5) = x2 – 5 – 2x
3x2 – 4x – 15 = 0
(x – 3)(3x + 5)
x=3
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
1.) Common ratio: 24.01 CE Board May 2000
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 There are 4 geometric means between 3
and 729. Find the fourth term of the
geometric progression.
 a.) 81 c.) 243
b.) 64 d.) 156
2.) The nth term:
Solution:
1 2 3 4 n
a1 = 3 an = 729 n=6
a ar ar2 ar3 arn-1
an = a1r n-1
an = arn-1
729 = 3(r)5
r=3
3.) Sum of all terms
a4 = a1r 4-1
a.) r < 1
( ) a4 = (3)(3)3
a4 = 81
b.) r > 1
( ) 24.02 CE Board Nov. 1999
There are four geometric mean between
c.) r > 1 3 and 729. Find the sum of the G.P.
 a.) 1092 c.) 986
b.) 1146 d.) 796
d.) r < 1
Solution:
n=6 a=3
an = ar n-1 = 729
4.) Sum of infinite progression ar5 = 729
3r5 = 729
r5 = 243
r=3
( )
( ) ( )
S = 1092

A country has a billion dollars in paper
currency, amounts to 5 million dollars per
day. The government decides to introduce
a new currency, all old paper currency
coming into the banks are being
exchanged for new. How long will it take
for the currency in circulation to become
90% new?
 a.) 460 days
b.) 520 days
c.) 360 days
d.) 180 days
Solution:
a = 1000 million
r = 0.995
an = 0.10 (1000)
an = 100
an = a1r n-1
100 = 1000(0.995)n-1
(n-1)log 0.995 = log 0.10
n -1 = 549
n = 460 days
In a benefit show, a number of wealthy
men agreed that the first one to arrive
would pay 10 centavos to enter and each
later arrival would pay as twice as much
as the preceeding man. The total amount
collected from all of them was
P104.857.50. How many wealthy men
paid?
a.) 15
b.) 25
 c.) 20
d.) 30
Solution:
a = 0.10
ar = 0.10 (2) = 0.20
0.10r = 0.20
r=2
( )
( )
2n – 1 = 1048575
2n = 1048576
(2)n = (2)20
n = 20
24.05 Problem:
The first and the last term of a G.P. is
6 and 486 respectively. If the sum of
all terms is 726
1.) Find the common ratio
2.) Find the number of terms
3.) Determine the number of geometric
mean between 6 and 486.
Solution:
1.) Common ratio:
726r – 726 = 486r – 6

240r = 720
r=3
2.) No. of terms
an = ar n-1
486 = (6) (3)n-1
en-1 = 81
3n-1 = (3)4
n–1=4
n=5
3.) No. of geometric mean = 5 - 2 = 3

The number x, 2x + 7, 10x – 7 form a GP.
Find the value of x.
Solution:
(2x + 7)2 = 10x2 – 7x

6x2 – 35x -49 = 0
(x – 7) (6x + 7) = 0
x=7
24.07 Problem:
The number 28, x + 2, 112 form a GP.
1.) What is the common ratio?
2.) What is the 10th term?
3.) What is the sum of the 10th term?
Solution:
1.) Common ratio
(x + 2)2 = 3136
x + 2 = 56
x = 54x
Common ratio =
2.) The 10th term:

a10 = ar n-1
a10 = 28(2)9
a10 = 14336
3.) Sum of the 10th term:
( )
( )
S = 28644

Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the
geometric progression 2, 4, 8, 16, . . .
 a.) 2046
b.) 1023
c.) 225
d.) 1596
Solution:
a1 = 2
r = 4/2 = 2
( )
( )
S = 2046
24.09 Problem:
The sum of the terms in G.P. is 1820.
How many terms are there if the first term
is 5, the second term is 15 and the third
term is 45?
a.) 5 c.) 7
 b.) 6 d.) 8
Solution:
r = 15/5 = 3
( )
( )
( )
3n = 729
(3)n = 36
n=6
24.10 Problem:
A body dropped from a height falls 16m
during the first second, 48 m. in the next
second; 144m on the third second and so
on. Find how far the body falls during the
7th second.
 a.) 11664
b.) 13200
c.) 18620
d.) 14164
Solution:
a = 16
ar = 48
r = 48/16 = 3
an = ar n-1
an = (16)(3) 7-1
an = (16)(3) 6
an = 11664
24.11 Problem:
Find the value of x from the given
Geometric Progression ...
a.) 10 c.) 12
b.) 5 d.) 15
Solution:
( ) ( )
( )( )
x2 =
x= 15
The fourth term of a GP is 216, and the 6th
term is 1944, find the 8th term.
 a.) 17496
b.) 21644
c.) 18692
d.) 16486
Solution:
r2 = 9
r=3
ar3 = 216
a(3)3 = 216
a= 8
8th term = ar7
8th term = 8(3)7
8th term = 17496
24.13 Problem:
The first term of a G.P. is equal to 16 and
the last term is equal to 11664. If the sum
of the geometric progression is equal to
17488, determine the number of geometric
means between 16 and 11664.
 a.) 5
b.) 6
c.) 7
d.) 8
Solution:
a = 16
ar n-1 = 11664
S = 17488
( )
( )
( )
ar n-1 = 11664
16r n-1 = 11664
rn-1 = 729
rn-1 = rn / r
rn = 729r
( )
( )
729r – 1 = 1093r – 1093

364r = 1092
r=3
rn =729r
(3)n = 729(3)
(3)n = 2187
(3)n = (3)7
n=7
The number of geometric mean is 7 -2 = 5
24.14 Problem: The geometric mean of
two numbers is equal to 20 and the
arithmetic mean is equal to 20.5.
1. Compute the smallest number.
2. Compute the biggest number.
3. Compute the harmonic mean.
 a.) 16, 25, 19.51
b.) 14, 22, 18.42
c.) 12, 20, 16.86
d.) 10, 18, 14.42
Solution:
1.) Smallest no.:
√
xy = 400
x + y =41
x(41 – x) = 400
41x – x2 = 400
x2 – 41x – 400 = 0
x = 16
x = 25
Smallest no. = 16
2.) Biggest no. = 25
3.) Harmonic mean:
(HM)(AM) = (GM)2
HM = 202 / 20.5
HM = 19.51
Two numbers differs by 40 and their
arithmetic mean exceeds their geometric
mean by 2. What are these numbers?
 a.) 81 and 121

b.) 60 and 100
c.) 72 and 112
d.) 65 and 105
Solution:
let x = one no.
x + 40 = the other no.
( )
√ ( )
A.M. – G.M. = 2
x + 20 - √ ( )=2
x + 18 = √ ( )
x2 + 36x + 324 = x2 + 40x

4x = 324
x = 81
x + 40 = 121

The arithmetic mean of 6 numbers is 17. If
two numbers are added to the progression,
the new set of number will have an
arithmetic mean of 19. What are the two
numbers if their difference is 4?
 a.) 23 and 27
b.) 21 and 25
c.) 18 and 22
d.) 16 and 20
Solution:
let x = one number
x + 4 = other number
S = 102
102 + 2x + 4 = 152
x = 23
x + 4 =27
The geometric mean and arithmetic mean
of the two numbers are 8 and 17
respectively. Find one of the numbers.
 a.) 32
b.) 24
c.) 18
d.) 48
Solution:
√
xy = 64
x2 - 34x + 64 = 0
(x – 32)(x – 2) =0
x = 32
If one third of the air in a tank is removed
by each stroke of an air pump, what
fractional part of the total air is removed in
6 strokes?
a.) 0.7122 c.) 0.6122
 b.) 0.9122 d.) 0.8122
Solution:
a1 = amount of remaining air
a1 = 1 – 1/3 =2/3
r = 2/3 n =6
an = a1 rn-1
an = 2/3 (2/3)5
an = 0.088 (remaining air after 6 strokes)
Air removed after 6 strokes:
= 1 – 0.088 = 0.9122
24.19 Problem:
Find the seventh term of a geometric
progression whose fourth term is 4 and
common ratio is 2.
 a.) 32 c.) 30
b.) 28 d.) 26
Solution:
r=2
ar3 = 4 (4th term)
a(2)3 =4
a = 4/8 = ½
ar6 = 7th term
an = ½ (2)6
an =32 (7th term)
24.20 Problem:
If the 3rd term of a G.P. is 20, and the 6th
term is 160, what is the first term?
 a.) 5 c.) 4
b.) 6 d.) 7
Solution:
ar2 = 3rd term
ar5 = 6th term
ar5 =160
r=2
ar2 = 20
a(2)2 = 20
a = 5 first term
24.21 Problem:
The number of bacteria in a certain culture
doubles every 3 hrs. If there are N bacteria
to start with, find the number in 24 hrs.
 a.) 256 N
b.) 316 N
c.) 248 N
d.) 236 N
Solution:
a1 = N
a2 = 2N
a3 = 4N
an = arn-1
a9 = N (2)9 -1
a9 = (2)8 N
a9 = 256 N
24.22 Problem:
If each bacterium in a culture divides into 2
bacteria every hour, how many bacteria
will be present at the end of 6 hours if
there are 4 bacteria from the start?
 a.) 256 c.) 312
b.) 248 d.) 326
Solution:
a1 = 4
r=2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a1 a2 a3 a1r2 a1r3 a1r4 a1r5 a1r6
a6 = a1r6
a6 = 4(2)6
a6 = 256
24.23 Problem:
If the population of an urban city is 2
million and if the rate of increase is 10%
each year, what will be the population at
the end of 6 years?
 a.) 3.22 M
b.) 3.36 M
c.) 2.89 M
d.) 2.62 M
Solution:
a2 =1.10(2) = 2.2 M
a3 = 2.2(1.10) = 2.42
r = 1.10
an = arn-1
a6 = (2)(1.10)6-1
a6 = 3.22M
24.24 Problem:
The population of a city is 30,000. Figuring
that each 5 yrs. the population will increase
by 50% of what it was at the beginning of
the 5 years, find what population will be in
20 years.
 a. ) 151,875
b.) 134,354
c.) 167, 573
d.) 155,645
Solution:
a1 =30000
a2 = 1.5(30000)
a2 = 45000
r = 45000/30000 = 1.5
a5 = a1rn-1
a5 = 30000(1.5)5-1
a5 = 151,875
24.25 Problem:
If a stroke of a vacuum pump removes
10% of the air from container, how much of
the original air remains after 10 strokes?
 a.) 34.867% c.) 38.625%
b.) 42.425% d.) 48.236%
Solution:
a1 = 90% amount of air left after the 1st
stroke
a2 =0.9(90) = 81% amount of air left after
the 2nd stroke.
r = 81/90 = 0.90
an = arn-1
a10 =90 (0.90)10 -1
a10 =90 (0.90)9
a10 =34.867%
24.26 Problem:
There are 5 geometric mean between 4
and 2916.
1. Find the common ratio of the geometric
progression.
2. Find the 5th term of the geometric
progression.
3. Find the sum of the geometric
progression.
Solution:
1.) Common ratio
n=5+2=7
an = arn-1
2916 = 4r6
r=3
2.) 5th term:
a5 = ar4
a5 = 4(3)4
a5 = 324
3.) Sum of geometric progression:
( )
( )
S = 4372
24.27 Problem:
A certain ball when dropped from a height
rebounds 2/3 of the distance from which it
last fell. Find the total distance traveled by
the ball from the time it is dropped from a
height of 60 meters until it strikes the
ground the 5th time.
 a.) 252.59 c.) 259.51
b.) 249.51 d.) 261.32
Solution:
a1 = (2/3)(60)(2) = 80
a2 = (2/3)(40)(2) = 53.33
r= 53.33/80
r = 2/3
( )
( )
S= 192.59 m
Total distance = 60 +192.59
Total distance = 252.59
A piece of paper is 0.05 in thick. Each time
the paper is folded into half, the thickness
is doubled. If the paper was folded 12
times, how thick in feet the folded paper
be?
 a.) 17.07 c.) 12.34
b.) 10.24 d.) 11.25
Solution:
The condition of the problem indicates a
Geometric progression
a1 = 0.05(2) = 0.10 inches
r=2
a12 = a1 rn-1
a12 = 0.10(2)12 - 1
a12 = 0.10 (2)11
a12 = 204.8 in,
a12 = 204.8/12
a12 = 17.07 ft.
24.29 Problem:
There are 5 geometric mean between 4
and 2916.
1. Find the common ratio.
2. Find the 5th term of the progression.
3. Find the sum of all the terms in
progression.
Solution:
1.) Common ratio 3.) Sum of all terms
( )
n=5+2=7
( )
a=4
a7 = 2916 S = 4372
an = arn-1
2916 = 4r6
r=3
2.) 5th term:
a5 =ar4
a5 =4(3)4
a5 =324
24.30 Problem:
The 10th term of a G.P. is 39366 and the
4th term is 54.
2. Find the first term.
3. Find the 7th term.
Solution:
1.) Common Ratio 3.) Seventh
term
ar9 =39366 a7 = ar6
ar3 = 54 a7 = (2)(3)6
r6 = 729 a7 = 1458
r=3
2.) First term:

a7 = a1r6
a(3)3 = 54
a=2
24.31 Problem:
The common ratio of a G.P. is equal to 3. If
the sum of all the terms is 1820 and its first
term is equal to 5. 1. Find the number of
terms. 2. Find the value of the 5th term. 3.
Find the value of the last term.
 a.) 6, 405, 1215
b.) 7, 309, 1162
c.) 5, 386, 982
d.) 8, 294, 864
Solution:
1.) No. of terms:
( )
( )
3n – 1 = 728
3n = 729
n=6
2.) 5th term
a5 =ar4
a5 =5(3)4
a5 =405
3.) Last term
an = arn-1
an = (5)(3)5
an = 1215
24.32 Problem:
The first and the last term of a G.P. are
equal to 16 and 6250000 respectively. If
the sum of all the terms in G.P. is equal to
7812496.
1. Compute the common ratio.
2. Compute the number of terms.
3. Compute the middle term of the G.P.
 a.) 5, 9, 10000
b.) 4, 8, 6000
c.) 3, 6, 8000
d.) 2, 5, 7000
Solution:
1.) Common ratio
7812496r – 7812496 = 6250000r – 16

1562496r = 7812496
r=5
2.) No. of term:
an = arn-1
6250000= (16)(5)n-1
5n-1 = 3905625
n – 1 =8
n=9
3.) Middle term in GP
Middle term = 5th term

a5 =ar4
a5 =16(5)4
a5 =10000
24.33 Problem:
The 6th term of a G.P. is 160 and the 3rd
term is 20.
2. What is the first term.
3. What is the sum of the 10th term.
 a.) 2, 5, 5115
b.) 1, 4, 4216
c.) 1/2, 3, 3811
d.) 2/3, 2, 2432
Solution:
1.) Common ratio:
ar2 = 3rd term
ar5 = 6th term
ar5 =160
r=2
2.) First term

ar2 = 20
a(2)2 = 20
a=5
3.) Sum of 10th term:
( )
( )
S = 5115
25.0 Infinite Geometric
Find the sum of the infinite geometric
progression 6, -2, 2/3 ...
 a.) 9/2 c.) 11/2
b.) 5/2 d.) 7/2
Solution:
a=6
r = -2/6
( )
S = 9/2

Find the ratio of an infinite geometric series
if the sum is 2 and the first term is 1/2.
a.) 1/3 c.) 3/4
b.) 1/2 d.) ¼
Solution:
2 – 2r = ½
4 – 4r = 1
4r = 3
r =3/4
Find the sum of 1, -1/5, 1/25 ........
 a. )5/6
b.) 2/3
c.) 0.84
d.) 0.72
Solution:
( )
S = 5/6

Determine the sum of the infinite series
S = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + ... + (1/2)n
a.) 3/2 c.) 5/4

b.) 2 d.) 1
Solution:
a1 = ½
Determine the sum of the geometric series
with an infinite number of terms:
3 + 3/2 + 3/4 + 3/8 + .....
 a.) 6 c.) 5
b.) 7 d.) 4
Solution:
a=3
S=6

A geometric progression is 1 + z + z^2 + z
^3 + ..... z^n where z < 1 Determine the
sum of the series as n approaches infinity.
a.) c.)
b.) d.)
Solution:
a1 =1 r = z/1 = z2/z = z
EE Board Oct. 1994
A rubber ball is made to fall from a height
of 50 ft. and is observed to rebound 2/3 of
the distance it falls. How far will the ball
travel before coming to rest if the ball
continues to fall in this manner?
 a.) 250 c.) 300
b.) 200 d.) 350
Solution:
a1 = 2/3 (50)(2)
a1 = 66.67
r = 2/3
S = 200
Total Distance = 200 + 50 = 250 ft.
25.08 Problem:
The motion of a particle through a certain
medium is such that it moves two thirds as
far each second as in the preceeding
second. If it moves 6 m. of the first second,
how far will it move before coming to rest?
 a.) 18 c.) 16
b.) 12 d.) 14
Solution:
a=6 r = 2/3
S= 18 cm.
25.09 Problem:
Find the total distance traveled by the tip of
a pendulum if the distance of the first
swing is 6 cm. and the distance of each
succeeding swing is 0.98 of the distance of
the previous swing.
 a.) 300
b.) 200
c.) 250
d.) 350
Solution:
a = 6 cm.
r = 0.98
S = 300
25.10 Problem:
The sides of a square is 6 cm. long. A
second square is inscribed by joining the
midpoints of the sides of the second
square and so on. Find the sum of the
areas of the infinite number of inscribed
squares thus formed.
 a.) 72
b.) 36
c.) 144
d.) 216
Solution:
A1 =6(6)
A1 = 36
( √ )( √ )
A2 = 18
A3 = 3(3)
A3 = 9
r=½
S = 72 sq. cm.
25.11 Problem:
A hamster receives a dose of 3 mg. of a
compound and t hen 2/3 as much as the
previous dose at the end of every 3 hr.
What is the maximum amount of the
compound it will receive?
 a.) 9 mg. c.) 12 mg.
b.) 6 mg. d.) 15 mg.
Solution:
a=3
r = 2/3
S = 9mg.
25.12 Problem:
A man who is on diet losses 24 lb. in 3
months, 16 lb. in the next 3 months and so
on for a long time. What is the maximum
total weight loss?
 a.) 72
b.) 64
c.) 54
d.) 81
Solution:
a = 24
r = 16/24
r = 2/3
S = 72 lb.
25.13 Problem:
Find the sum of the geometric series 1/3 +
2/9 + 4/27 + 8/81 + ...
 a.) 1
b.) 2
c.) 21/121
d.) 5/182
Solution:
a = 1/3 ar = 2/9
( )( )
S=1
25.14 Problem:
Express 3.2181818 as a fraction
 a.) 177/55
b.) 142/44
c.) 106/33
d.) 70/22
Solution:
3.2181818 = 3.2 + 0.018 + 0.00018 +
0.0000018
a= 0.018 1st term
ar = 0.00018 2nd term
( )
r = 0.01
25.15 Problem:
Express 0.444 as a rational number in
lowest terms.
 a.) 4/9 c.) 3/7
b.) 3/8 d.) 5/12
Solution:
a = 0.4 1st term
ar = 0.04 2nd term
ar2 = 0.004 3rd term
0.444 = 0.4 + 0.04 + 0.004
a = 0.4
25.16 Problem:
Suppose a ball rebounds one half the
distance if falls. If it is dropped from a
height of 40 feet, how far does it travel
before coming to stop?
 a.) 120 feet c.) 104 feet
b.) 116 feet d.) 100 feet
Solution:
a1 = ½ (40)(20)
a1 = 40
Total distance the ball has traveled

= 80 +40 = 120 feet.
25.17 Problem:
Suppose that each swing of a pendulum
bob is 80% as long as the preceeding
swing. If the first swing is 20 inches long,
how far does the bob travel before coming
to rest?
 a.) 100 inches c.) 120 inches
b.) 110 inches d.) 90 inches
Solution:
a1 = 20
r = 0.80
S = 100 inches
26.0 Determinants
1.) Determinant of a 2x2 matrix 4.) Cramer’s Rule for a 3x3 system:
| | 2x + 3y + 3z = 10
5x + 6y + 8z = 12
| | =2(5) – 3(4) = -2
x + 7y + 9z = 14
2.) Determinants of 3x3 matrix (Expansion 2 3 3
of minors)
D 5 6 8
1 7 9
2 3 32 3
D 5 6 85 6
= 2| | - 1| | +4| |
1 7 91 7
3.) Sign pattern of any matrix system 10 3 3 10 3

a.) 3x3 matrix Dx  12 6 8 12 6
14 7 9 14 7
  
   2 10 3 2 10
   Dy  5 12 8 5 12
b.) 4x4 matrix 1 14 9 1 14
    2 3 10 2 3
    Dz  5 6 12 5 6
    1 7 14 1 7
   
x= y= z=
c.) nxn matrix
5. Cramer’s Rule for a 2x2 system
     
2x + 4y = 10
     
      3x + 6y = 12
     
* + =2(6) – 3(4)
    
* + ( ) ( )
* + ( ) ( ) c.) Two columns or rows of determinant
are identical the determinant = 0
x= y= 2 2 1
6.) Determinants of a triangular matrix 3 3 5 = 0
4 4 6
a.) Lower Triangular (Square Matrix)
2 0 0 0 d.) Corresponding elements of two

columns or rows are proportional the
4 2 0 0
A determinant = 0
3 6 1 0
1 2 3 4 2 6 5
3 9 4=0
A=2(-2)(1)(4)  4  12 3
A = -16
e.) If the elements of a column or row of a
b.) Upper Triangular (square matrix) determinant are multiplied by “k”, the value
of the determinant is multiplied by k:
3 1 6 4
0 2 4 3 10 15 25 2 3 5
A
0 0 5 1 0 2 1 =5 0 2 1
0 0 0 2 0 4 7 0 4 7
A = 3(2) (5) (2) 8.) Determinant of a 4x4 matrix

A = 60 4 2 1 3
7. Properties of Determinant 3 5 6 7
A
9 8 10 12
a.) Three zeroes on one row the
determinant is 0. 11 4 3 2
By expansion of minors:
=0
5 6 7 3 6 7
A  4 8 10 12  2 9 10 12
4 3 2 11 3 2
b.)Three zeroes on one column, the
determinant = 0 3 5 7 3 5 6
 1 9 8 12  3 9 8 10
=0 11 4 2 11 4 3
26.01 Problem:
Find the determinant of the following 2x2
matrix
A=* +
 a.) 11
b.) 9
c.) 8
d.) 14
Solution:
Determinant A = * +
= 2(4) – (1)(3) = 11
26.02 Problem:
Evaluate the determinant
[ ]
a.) xlnx
 b.) 1 - lnx
c.) lnx + 1
d.) 1/x lnx
Solution:
[ ] = x (1/x) – 1(lnx)
= 1 – lnx
26.03 Problem:
Evaluate the following determinant
* +
 a.) e5x
b.) 6e5x
c.) 3e5x
d.) 635x
Solution:
* +
=e2x(3e3x) – 2e2x(e3x)
=3e5x – 2e5x
= e5x
26.04 Problem:
* +
a.) SinxCosx
b.) Sin2x
 c.) 1
d.) 1 – Cos2x
Solution:
* +
=CosxCosx – (SinxSinx)
=Cos2x + Sin2x
=1
26.05 Problem:
* +
 a.) secx
b.) tanx
c.) 1
d.) secxtanx
Solution:
* +
=secx sec2x – secxtan2x

=secx (sec2x – tan2x)
But sec2x – tan2x = 1
=secx(1)
=secx
26.06 Problem
* +
 a.) x + lnx (x -1)

b.) x - lnx (x +1)
c.) x + ln (x +2)
d.) x - lnx (x +1)
Solution:
* +
=x(1 + lnx) – 1(lnx)

=x + xlnx – lnx
=x + lnx(x-1)
26.07 Problem:
If the determinant of the matrix C = -1,
solve for the value of x:
* +
a.) 2
 b.) 3
c.) 1
d.) 4
Solution:
* +
* +
-1 = (1)(5) – (2)(x)
2x = 6
X =3
26.08 Problem:
Find the determinant of the matrix A by
expanding by minors:
1 1 2
A 0 2 3
3 4 2
a.) 4
 b.) 5
c.) 8
d.) 12
Solution:
By expanding by minors along the first
column and using the sign pattern of
  
  
  
1 1 2 
0 2 3 
3 4 2 
Determinant A = use pattern
A = +(-1) | |-0| |+(3)| |
A = -1[2(2)–4(3)]-[1(2) – 4(2)]+[(1)(3)– 2(2)]

A = -1(-8)-0 + 3(-1)
A=5
26.09 Problem:
Find the determinant x
1 1 2
x 0 2 3
3 4 2
a.) 4
 b.) 5
c.) 8
d.) 12
Solution:
1 1 2 1 1
x 0 2 3 0 2
3 4 2 3 4
x = [(-1)(2)(2)+(1)(3)(3)+(2)(0)(4)] –
[(3)(2)(2) + (4)(3)(-1) + (2)(0)(1)]
x = (-4 + 9 + 0)(12-12 +0)
x=5
26.10 Problem:
Find the equation of a straight line passing
through (-2,1) and (3,-2) using
determinants.
 a.) 3x + 5y + 1 = 0
b.) 2x + 3y + 6 = 0
c.) x + 4y + 2 = 0
d.) 4x + 3y + 1 = 0
Solution:
⌈ ⌉
⌈ ⌉
⌈ ⌉[ ]
( x + 3y + 4) – ( 3 – 2x -2y ) = 0
x + 2x + 3y + 2y + 4 – 3 = 0
3x + 5y + 1 = 0
26.11 Problem:
Find the area of a triangle with given
vertices using determinants
A(0,0) B(3,1) and C(1,5)
a.) 5
b.) 6
 c.) 7
d.) 8
⌈ ⌉
⌈ ⌉
⌈ ⌉[ ]
A = ½ [(0 + 0 + 15) – (1 + 0 + 0)]

A=7
26.12 Problem:
Solve for y from the given equations using
determinants.
1.) 4x – y + z = -5
2.) 2x + 2y + 3z = 10
3.) 5x – 2y + 6z =1
a.) 1
b.) 2
 c.) 3
d.) 4
Solution:
⌈ ⌉[ ]
D = (48 – 15 – 4) – (10 – 24 -12)

D = 55
⌈ ⌉[ ]
Dy = (240 – 75 + 2) – (50 + 12 – 60)

Dy = 165
y=3
Find the value of y in the following
equations:
3x – 2y + w = 11
x + 5y – 2w = -9
2x + y - 3w = -6
a.) 2 c.) 1
 b.) -1 d.) -2
Solution:
⌈ ⌉[ ]
D = [( -45 + 8 + 1) – (10 – 6 + 6)]

D = -46
⌈ ⌉[ ]
D = [(81 – 44 – 6) – (-18 + 36 -33)]

y = -1

Find the value of “w” in the following
equations:
3x – 2y + w = 11
x + 5y – 2w = -9
2x + y – 3w = -6
 a.) 3 c.) 5
b.) 4 d.) 2
Solution:
⌈ ⌉[ ]
D = [( -45 + 8 + 1) – (10 – 6 + 6)]

D = -46
⌈ ⌉[ ]
-46W = ( -90 + 36 + 11) – (10 – 27 + 12)
W=
W=3

Find the determinants of x:
[ ]
a.) -50 c.) -46

b.) -48 d.) -40
Solution:
[ ]
x = (-24 – 6) + 0 + 4 (2-6)
x = -30 – 16
x = -46
26.16 Problem:
Solve for x by determinants:
[ ]
 a.) 3
b.) 2
c.) 4
d.) 1
Solution:
⌈ ⌉[ ]
(x3 – 8x + 8x) – (16 - x3 + 4x2) = 2

x3 – 16 + x3 – 4x2 – 2 = 0
2x3 – 4x2 – 16 = 0
x3 – 2x2 – 9 = 0
x=3

Find the determinant of x:
4 1 2 3
2 0 2 1
x
10 3 0 1
14 2 4 5
 a.) -28
b.) -25
c.) -35
d.) -30
Solution:
-2 0 -2
4 1 2 3
2 0 2 1
x =[ ]
10 3 0 1
14 2 4 5
Considering the second row, make it all
equal to zero:
Find a no. when multiplied by 2nd row, third
column added to that number will give a
value equal to zero.
-2(3)+4=-2 -2(1)+10=8 -2(5)+14=4

0(3)+(-1)=-1 0(1)+3=3 0(5)+2=2
-2(3)+2=-4 -2(1)+0=-2 -2(5)+4=-6
⌈ ⌉[ ]
x = [(36 + 8 -64) – (-48 + 8 + 48)]

x = -28

Find the determinant of x:
4 1 2 3
2 0 2 1
x
10 3 0 1
14 2 4 5
 a.) -28
b.) -25
c.) -35
d.) -30
Solution;
Using Expansion of Minors
4 1 2 3
2 0 2 1
x
10 3 0 1
14 2 4 5
= [ ]— [ ]
[ ] [ ]
⌈ ⌉[ ]
⌈ ⌉[ ]
⌈ ⌉[ ]
⌈ ⌉[ ]
x = 4[( 0 + 4 +12) – (0 + 0 +30)]

+1 [(0+28+40) – (8+100)]
+2[(30+0+20) – (42+4+0)]
x = -56 -40 + 8 + 60
x = -28
26.19 Problem:
Evaluate the determinant x:
2 0 1 3 2
2 1 3 2 1
x 1 0 1 2 3
3 1 2 4 3
1 1 3 2 1
2 -3 -2 1
Considering 2nd row and column, find
numbers that could be multiplied by 1 and
added to the numbers in the 2nd row to
make it zero. The numbers are 2, -3, -2
and 1 as show below.
2(1) + (-2) = 0
-2(1) + 3 = 0
-2(1) + 2 = 0
1(1) + -1 = 0
a.) -130 c.) -135
b.) -140 d.) -120
Solution:
2(0) + 2 = 2 2(0) + 1 = 1
-3(0) + 1 = 1 -3(0) + (-1) = -1
-2(0) + 3 = 3 -2(0) + 2 = 2
1(0) + (-2) = -2 1(0) + 3 = 3
2(-1) + 3 =1 2(1) + 1 = 3
-3(-1) + 2 = 5 -3(0) + 3 = 0
-2(-1) + 4 = 6 -2(1) + 2 = 0
1(-1) +(-3) = -4 1(1) + 0 = 1
2 1 3 2
1 1 2 3
x
1 5 6 4
3 0 0 1
-3 0 0
-3(-2) + 2 = 8 -3(3)+1 = -8 -3(-4)+1=-8
0(-2) + 1 = 1 0(3)+(-1)=-1 0(-4)+5 = 5
0(-2) + 3 = 3 0(3)+2 = 2 0(-4)+6 = 6
[ ]
[ ][ ]
x = [(-48+26-120) – (-39 + 80 – 48)]

x = -135
26.19-A Problem:
Given the determinants of A and B.
[ ]
1 0 1 1
2 1 0 1
B
0 0 2 0
3 2 1 1
1.) Compute the cofactor A21 of the

determinant of A.
2.) Compute the cofactor A34 of the
determinant of B
3. Compute the product of A and B.
Solution:
1.) Cofactor of A21 of the determinant of A.
[ ] ( ) * +
=(-1)3 [2(2) – 0(1)]

=-4
2.) Cofactor A34 of the determinant of B
1 0 1 1
2 1 0 1
B =(-1)3+4 [ ]
0 0 2 0
3 2 1 1
=(-1)7 [ ][ ]
=(-1)7 [(-1 + 0 + 4) – (-3 + 0 + 0)]

=(-1)(3 + 3)
= -6
3.) Compute the product of A and B.
[ ][ ]
A = (-6 – 4 + 0) – (-2 + 0 + 0)
A = -8
1 0 1 1
2 1 0 1
B
0 0 2 0
3 2 1 1
B = (12 + 0 + 0) – (0 + 0 + 4)
B=8
Product of A and B = -8(8)
Product of A and b = -64
26.20 Problem:
Find the determinant of an upper triangular
matrix:
[ ]
 a.) -12
b.) -15
c.) -10
d.) -20
Solution:
The determinant of an upper triangular
matrix is equal to the product of the
diagonal.
Determinant = 3(-1)(4)
Determinant = -12
26.12 Problem:
Find the determinant of the given matrix:
2 0 0 0
4 2 0 0
B
5 6 1 0
1 5 3 3
a.) -15
b.) -10
 c.) -12
d.) -14
Solution:
A = 2(-2)(1)(30
A = -12
26.22 Problem:
1 0 0 0 0
0 3 0 0 0
A 0 0 2 0 0
0 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 2
a.) 50
 b.) 48
c.) 45
d.) 52
Solution:
A = (-1)(3)(2)(4)(-2)
A = 48
26.23 Problem:
[ ]
 a.) -66
b.) -60
c.) -70
d.) -55
Solution:
A = (-3)(11)(2)
A = -66
26.24 Problem:
1 2 3 1
0 2 9 2
A
0 0 3 1
0 0 0 1
 a.) 6 c.) 10
b.) 4 d.) 8
Solution:
A = (1)(2)(-3)(-1)
A=6
26.25 Problem:
The straight line whose equation below
passes through a point (a,7). Find the
value of “a”.
[ ]
 a.) 4 c.) 2
b.) 3 d.) 5
Solution:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ][ ]
(3a + 28 + 14) – (-12 + 7a + 14) = 0

-4a + 16 = 0
a=4
26.26 Problem:
Considering the elements of the 2nd row

in the given data shown:
| |
1. Compute the minor 3.

2. Considering the elements of the first
row, compute the co-factor of 2.
3. Compute the determinants.
Solution:
 Minor of 3:
| | | |
 Co-factor of 2:
| | | |
 Determinants:
| |
26.27 Problem:
From the given elements of the first row.
| |
1. Compute the minor of 4
2. Compute the co-factor of 2.
3. Compute the determinants of all the

elements.
Solution:
 Minor of 4:
| |
 Co-factor of 2:
| | [ ]
 Determinants of all elements:
| || |
26.28 Problem:
Evaluate the determinant:
| |
a) 8 c) 9
b) 6 d) 7
Solution:
| | | || |
[ ]
Matrix= a rectangular array of real Relation Between System linear
numbers equations, coefficient matrix and
augmented matrix.
Square matrix= a matrix with the same
number of rows and columns System Coefficient matrix
a) 2x2 matrix
| |
| |
b) 2x3 matrix
Augmented Matrix
| |
c) 3x2 matrix | |
| |
Augmented matrix = a matrix derived
from a system of linear equations each
d) 3x3 matrix written in standard form with the
constant term on the right side.
| |
Coefficient matrix = a matrix derived
from a system of linear equation written
e) 4x4 matrix in standard form which does not include
constant terms.
| |
27.01 Problem:
From the given matrix, considering the

elements of the first row 2,4,1, compute
the minor 4:
| |
a) 15 c) 10
b) 12 d) 16
Solution:
| |
Minor of 4 =| |
27.02 Problem:
From the given matrix, considering the

elements of the first row 2,4,1, compute
the co-factor of 2.
| |
a) 4 c) 2
b) 6 d) 8
Solution:
| |
| |
[ ]
Co factor of 2 = 4
Determine the eigenvalues of the

following matrix:| |
a) 3,4
b) 2,5
c) 1,6
d) 4,1
Solution:
Let x = eigenvalue
| |
27.04 Problem:
Find the eigen vector of

| |
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
Compute first the eigen value
| |
Using x=4
| || |
| || |
27.05 Problem:
Solve for x in the equation

Where:
| | | |
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
Solution:
| | | |
| |
| |
If | |
And | |
What is A times B?
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
Solution:
| | | |
| |
| |
27.07 Problem
Find the product AB if
| | | |
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
Solution
| || | | |
| || | | |
27.08 Problem:
Find the product AB if
| | | |
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
27.20 Problem:
Evaluate the product of
[ ][ ]
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
Solution:
[ ][ ] | |
[ ][ ] | |
27.11 Problem:
Evaluate the product of
[ ]* +
a)
b) 716 820
c) 730 850
d) 706 819
Solution:
[ ]* + [ ]
[ ]* + [ ]
27.11-A Problem:
Given the following elements of matrix A

and B
Elements of matrix A=| |
Elements of matrix B=| |
1. Find the elements of the sum of two

matrices A+B
2. Find the elements of the difference of

the two matrices A-B
3. Find the elements of the product of

the two matrices, matrix AB
27.14 Problem
If A=* + B=* +
Find A+B
a) * + c) * +
b) * + d) * +
Solution:
A+B=* + * +
A+B=* +
A+B=* +
27.15 Problem:
A=* + B=* +
Find A+B
a) * + c) * +
b) * + d) * +
Solution:
A-B=* + * +
A-B=[ ]
A-B=* +
27.16 Problem:
If C=* + B=* +
a) * + c) * +
b) * + d) * +
Solution:
CD=* +* +
CD=* +
CD=* +
27.17 Problem:
If A=* + and B=* +
1. What is the minor 5.

2. What is the co-factor of 2.
3. What is A times B.
Solution:
1. Minor of 5
* + * +
2. Co-factor of 2:
| | [ ]
3. A times B
* + * +
=* + * +
27.18 Problem:
Given the matrix equation, solve for x &

y
| |* + * +
Solution:
27.19 Problem:
From the given matrix equation, solve

for x,y,z.
| |* + [ ]
a) 1,2,3 c) 2,1,1
b) 1,2,2 d) 1,3,1
Solution:
1.
2.
3.
1 and 2
2 and 3
27.20 Problem:
Solve for x and y from the given matrix

expansion:
* + * +* +
a) 6,-6
b) 5,-5
c) 6,-7
d) 5,5
Solution:
* + [ ]
* + * +
* + * +
27.21 problem:
Solve for x,y,z and w from the given

matrix equation.
* + * +
a) 2,-3,2,-1
b) 2,-2,3,-1
c) 1,-3,1,-1
d) 3,-2,3,-2
Solution:
27.22 Problem:
Solve for x,y,z from the given matrix

equation.
[ ]
[ ]
a) 10,2,6
b) 11,2,5
c) 10,2,4
d) 9,2,7
Solution:
1.
2.
3.
1 and 2
27.23 Problem:
If A=* +
B=* + * +
;
Find the value of A(BC)
a) * +
b) * +
c) * +
d) * +
Solution:
(BC)= * + * +
(BC)=| |
(BC)=* +
A(BC)=* +* +
A(BC)=| |
A(BC)= * +
27.24 Problem:
Find the matrix “x” that satisfies the

equation:
[ ] [ ]
a) [ ]
b) [ ]
c) [ ]
d) [ ]
Solution:
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
27.25 Problem:
If
A=| | | |
Find A+B:
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
Solution:
| | | |
| |
A+B | |
27.26 Problem:
If
A=* + | |
Find AB:
a) * +
b) * +
c) * +
d) * +
Solution:
AB=* + B=| |
AB=[ ]
AB=* +
27.27 Problem:
If A=[ ] [ ]
Find CD:
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
Solution:
CD=[ ] [ ]
CD=| |
CD=| |
27.28 Problem:
If A=* + [ ]
Find AB:
a) [ ]
b) [ ]
c) [ ]
d) [ ]
Solution:
AB=* + [ ]
AB=[ ]
AB=[ ]
27.29 Problem :
Find the values of a,b,c,and d from the

given equation.
* +* + * +
a) 2,1,3,-2
b) 2,2,2,-1
c) 1,1,1,-3
d) 3,2,3-1
Solution:
27.30 Problem:
Find the adjoint matrix of

* +
a) * +
b) * +
c) * +
d) * +
Solution:
* +
A11 (co factor of 1st row and 1st column)

A12 (co factor of 1st row and 2nd column)
A21 (co factor of 2nd row and 1stcolumn)
A22 (co factor of 2nd row and 2nd
column)
For A11,i=1,j=1
* +
For A12, i=1, j=2
* +
For A21, i=2, j=1
* +
For A22, i=2, j=2
* +
* +
* +
27.31 Problem:
Find the inverse matrix of
* +
a) * +
b) * +
c) * +
d) * +
Solution:
[ ]
[ ]
| |
[ ]
[ ]
| |
[ ] * +
[ ] [ ]
[ ] * +
| | * +
| |
* +
[ ]
[ ] * +
27.32 Problem:
Determine the inverse matrix of
* +
a) * +
b) * +
c) * +
d) * +
Solution:
[ ]
[ ]
| |
[ ] * +
[ ] [ ]
[ ] * +
| | * +
| |
| |
[ ]
[ ]
| |
* +
[ ]
[ ] * +
27.33 Problem:
Find the adjoint of the matrix
| |
a) | |
b) | |
c) | |
d) | |
Solution:
[ ] | |
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
* +
[ ]
27.33 A CE Board Nov. 2006
Given :
A=| |
And its inverse
B= | |
1. Find the value of x

2. Find the value of y
3. Find the value of z
Solution:
The product of a matrix and its inverse

is equal to the identity matrix, that is,
| |
[A] [B]=[1]
| || |
| |
1. To find x, operate the 1st row and 1st

column.
( ) ( ) ( )
2. To find y, operate the 1st row and 3rd
column.
( ) ( ) ( )
3. To find z , operate the 3rd row and 2nd

column.
( ) ( ) ( )
27.34 Problem:
Given the following elements of matrices
Elements of matrix A=* +
Elements of matrix B=| |
Elements of matrix C=* +
If [ ][ ]
1. Find the value of x.

2. Find the value of y.
3. Find the value of z.
Solution:
* +| |* +
1. Solve for x:
2. Solve for y:
1(4) + (x0) + 3(1) =y
Y=7
3. Solve for z:
1(2) + 0(0)+ 3(-1) = 2
Z= -1
27.35 Problem:
From the given matrices, solve for

x,y,and z
[ ][ ] | |
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z.
Solution:
1. Solve for x:
2. Solve for y:
3. Solve for z:
27. 36 Problem:
Elements of matrix A = * +
Elements of matrix B = * +
Elements of matrix C= * +
If A+B = C
1. Find the value of X:
2. Find the value of Y:
3. Find the value of Z:

Solution:
1. Find the value of x:
* +* + * +
3. Find the value of z
27.35 Problem:
The elements of matrix A=* +
And elements of matrix B=* +
If the elements of matrix B is equal to

the inverse matrix of A.
1. Find the value of X:

2. Find the value of Y:
3. Find the value of Z:
Solution:
1. Solve for x:
* +* + * +
2. Solve for y:
* +* + * +
3. Solve for z:
* +* + * +
27.38 Problem:
The elements of matrix A=* +
And elements of matrix B=* +

If the elements of matrix B is the adjoint
of matrix A
1. Compute the value of x.

2. Compute the value of y.
3. Compute the value of z.
Solution:
1. Value of x:
Inverse of matrix A=
* +
D=* +
D=6+2=8
Inverse of A= [ ]
* +[ ] * +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Value of x = 3
2. Value of y = 2
3. Value of z = -1
27.39 Problem:
The elements of matrix A=| |
And elements of matrix B=| |
If the elements of matrix B is the adjoint

of matrix A.
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z
Solution:
1. Solve for x.
| || |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
2. Solve for y.
( ) ( ) ( )
3. Solve for z.
( ) ( ) ( )
27.40 Problem:
The elements of matrix A= * +

And elements of matrix B= * +
If the elements of matrix B is the inverse
matrix of A.
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z
Solution:
1. Solve for x
* +* + * +
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z.
27.41 Problem
Given the following elements of matrices
Elements of matrix B=* +
Elements of matrix C=* +

If [A].[B]=[C]
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z.
Solution:
1. Solve for x.
* +* + * +
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z.
27.42 Problem:
From the given matrix equations:
| |[ ] * +
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z.
Solution:
1. Solve for x.
2(2)+(-1)(3)+2(1)=x
X=3
2. Solve for y.
1(2)+2(3)-1(1)=y
Y=7
3. Solve for z.
1(2)-1(3)-(1)=z
Z=-2
27.43 Problem:
From the given matrix equations:
* +* + [ ]
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z
Solution
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z.
27.44 Problem;
If B is the adjoint of matrix A
1. Solve for x.
2. Solve for y.
3. Solve for z
Solution:
1. Value of x.
* +
[ ]
* +[ ] * +
( ) ( )
2. Value of y.
( ) ( )
3. Value of z=1
27.45 Problem:
If B is the inverse of matrix A.
1. Compute the value of x.

3. Compute the eigen value of matrix A.
Solution:
1. Value of x
* +* + * +
( )
2. Value of y.
)=0
3. Eigen value of matrix A.
* +
27.46 Problem:
Given A=| |
And its inverse B=| |
1. Find x.
2. Find y.
3. Find z.
Solution:
The product of the matrix
and its inverse is equal to the
identity matrix,
That is,
| || | | |
1. To find x: Multiply the elements of the

1st row and the 2nd column of the
matrices.
2. To solve for y: Operate the 1st row

and 1st column.
3. To solve for z : Operate the 1st row

and 3rd column:
27.47 Problem:
If matrix A=| | has an inverse
Equal to matrix B=| |
1. Find x.
2. Find y.
3. Find z.
Solution;
The product of the matrix and its inverse
is equal to the identity matrix, that is,
| || | | |
1. To find x: Operate the 1st row to the

3rd column.
2. To solve for y: Operate the 2nd row to

any column (say 3rd column).
3. To solve for z: Operate the 3rd row to

any column (say 3rd column)
28.03 Problem:
Find the sum of 5-4i and -2+8i
a) 3+4i
b) 2+6i
c) 3+5i
d) 7+12i
Solution:
(5-4i)+(-2+8i)
[5+(-2)]+[(-4i+8i)]=3+4i
28.04 Problem:
Find the product of (4-2i) and (4+3i)
a) 22+4i
b) 16+6i
c) 18+3i
d) 20+3i
Solution:
(4-2i)(4+3i)
16-8i+12i-6i2
Note: i2=-1
=16+4i-6i2
=16+4i-6(-1)
=22+4i
If A=-2-i3 and B=3+i4. What is ?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
[ ][ ]
But
Rationalize
a) 1+2i
b)
c)
d) 2+2i
Solution:
[ ][ ]=
=
=1+2i
What is the quotient when 4+8i is

divided by
a) 8-4i
b) 8+4i
c) -8+4i
d) -8-4i
Solution:
Note:
28.08 Problem:
Subtract (5-2i) from (3-5i)

a) -2-3i
b) 4-2i
c) 2-7i
d) 2+3i
Solution:
= (3-5i)-(5-2i)
= (3-5)+[-5-(-2)]i
=-2-3i
Solve for that satisfy the equation
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
28.10 Problem:
Express 3+4i in trigonometric form
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
√
√
28.11 Problem:
Express in
algebraic form.
a) √
b) √
c)
d) 2+i
Solution :
1. Trigonometric form:
2. Algebraic form:
3. 4th principal in polar form
4th principal
28.14 Problem:
Expand
Solution:
28.15 Problem
Find the amount

Solution:
28.16 Problem:
[ ] is equal to
Solution:
[ ]
28.17 Problem:
Express in the following

form.
1. Cis form
2. Polar form
3. Rectangular coordinate form.
Solution:
1. Cis form:
2. Polar form:
2Cis30=2<30
3. Rectangular coordinate form:
√
( )
28.18 Problem
A complex number is expressed in

trigonometric form as
1. Express this in polar form
2. express the 4th principal of the given
complex numbers in terms of cis
3. Express the 3rd principal of the given
complex number in polar form.
Solution:
1. Polar form
2. 4th principal in cis form:
3. 3rd principal in polar form:
28.19 Problem:
Find the value of (1+i)5 where I is an

imaginary number.
Solution:
√
√ √
√ [
28.20 Problem:
A complex number is expressed in
algebraic form as 2+8i
1. Find the absolute value of 2+8i
2. Express the complex number 2 + 8i
in cis form.
3. Compute the 4th principal 2+8i
Solution:
1. Absolute value
2. Cis form:
3. 4th Principal of 2+8i:
28.21 Problem:
Given the expression of a complex

number as
1. Expressed this in the polar form.
2. Expressed the 3rd principal of the
given complex number in terms of Cis
3. Compute the 5th principal of the given
complex number in the polar form.
Solution:
1. Polar form:
2.3rd principal in terms of cis
3. 5th principal in polar form:
<30
28.22 Problem:
Find the product of

and
a)
b)
c)
d) [ ]
Solution:
[ ]
28.23 Problem:
Solve for the value of x and y from the

given equation:
a) 2,-5 c) 3,√
b) 5,2 d) 3,5
Solution:
28.24 Problem:
Solve for the value of x and y from the

given equation
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
1.
2.
If (x+iy)(2-4i)=14-8i, find x.
a) 2
b) 5
c) 4
d) 3
Solution:
Thus, 

and: 5x=15
Evaluate
a) 1.77+j0.843
b) 1.95+j0.122
c) 1.61+j0.927
d) 1.46+j0.102
Solution:
√
√
28.27 Problem:
The absolute value of a modulus of a

given complex number is equal to
6.403.

2. Compute the value of the amplitude
of the given complex number.
3. Express the given complex number
in Cosine I sine form.
Solution:
1. value of y:
2. Amplitude:
3. Cis form:
28.28 Problem:
Compute the value of
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
Perform the indicated operation:

√ √
a) 21
b) 21i
c) -21i
d) -21
Solution:
√ √
What is
a) -8i c) -8
b) 8i d) -8(i)2
Solution:
[ ][ ]
Evaluate the expression

where I is an imaginary number.
a) 1
b) 0
c) 10
d) -1
Solution:
Write in the form of a + bi the expression

i3219-i427+i18
a) i
b) -i
c) -1
d) 1
Solution:
Simplify
a) 3i
b) 1-i
c) 1+i
d) 2i
Solution:
What is the value of
a) 0
b) 1+i
c) -i
d) 1-i
Solution:
Where n= is any number

Euler’s Equation 28.35 Problem:
Express the exponential form of the

Polar Form: complex numbers 6+8i.
1. a)
b)
2. c)
d)
3.
Solution:
4. √
28.36 Problem:
What is the rectangular form of the
Complex number 8.6 e
a) 1.04+8.54i
b) .87+7.62i
c) 1.36+9.24i
d) 0.98+8.61i
Solution:
( )
28. 37 Problem:
What is the product of the complex

numbers and
a) 40 c)
b) 24 d)
Solution:
√
( ) ( )
28.38 Problem:
Expressed in the polar form.
a) c) √
b) d) √
Solution:
√
√
√
√
28.39 Problem:
Expressed to rectangular form.
a) 2.817+4.131i
b) 5+4.131i
c) 3+4i
d) 3+5i
Solution:
28.40 Problem:
Find the value of Sin if
a) 0.80
b) 0.60
c) 0.40
d) 0.50
Solution:
28.41 Problem:
Using Euler’s equation, Find the value of

cos 30 + isin 30.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solution:
Evaluate
a) 0.707
b) 1.41+j0.866
c) 0.5+j0.707
d) j0.707
Solution:
But from Euler’s Equation
( )( )
Evaluate
a) 0.5+j 1.732
b) j 0.866
c) j 1.732
d) 0.5 + j 0.866
Solution:
( )
But from Euler’s Equation:
( )
( )
28.44 Problem
The value of is equal to:
a) -8i c) -12i
b) 4i d) 6i
Solution:
Using Euler Equation
√
√
28.45 Problem:
From the given equation:

3. Find the value of (x+yi)(1-2i)
Solution:
1. Value of y.
2. Value of x
3. Value of (x+yi)(1-2i)
28.46 Problem:

3. Find the value of (x+yi) (1-2i)
Solution:
1 Value of x
2. Value of y.
3. Value of (x+yi) (1-2i)
But
(-1-12i)
28.47 Problem:

Solution:
1. Value of x.
2. Value of y
3. Value of (x+yi)(2-3i)
( )
28.48 Problem :
From the equation:

Solution:
1. Value of x.
2. Value of y.
3. value of (x+yi) (3-2i)

28. 49 Problem:
The expressions 3 + 4i a complex

number.
1. Compute the amplitude of the given

complex number.
2. Compute the principal argument of

the given complex number.
3. Compute the absolute value of a

modulus.
Solution:
1. Amplitude
2. Principal argument:
3. Absolute value of a modulus:

28.50 Problem:
If A = 5-4i
B = -2+8i
1. Find A+B
2. Find AB
3. Find A/B
Solution:
1. Value of A+B
2. Value of AB.
AB=
3. Value of
( )
28.51 Problem:
If

3. Find the value of (x+yi) (4-i)
Solution:
1. Value of y.
2. Value of x
3. Value of (x+yi)(4-i)
28.52 Problem
Given the equation of a complex

number as 6+8i
1. Expressed the equation in

trigonometric form.
2. Expressed the equation in the polr
form.
3. Expressed the equation in the
exponential form.
Solution:
1. Trigonometric form
2. Polar form.
3. Exponential Form
28.53 Problem:
Given a complex number in exponential

form as
1. Expressed in trigonometric form.

2. Expressed in Cis form.
3. Expressed in rectangular or algebraic
form.
Solution:
1. Trigonometric form.
2. Cis form.
3. Rectangular of algebraic form.

28.54 Problem:
Expressed the expansion of in
the following form.
1. Exponential form.
3. Algebraic or rectangular form.
Solution:
1. Exponential form.
3. Algebraic or rectangular form.
(0-i)
28.55 Problem
From the given complex number
and
1. Expressed in exponential
form
2. Expressed in Cis form.
3. What is the product of the two
complex numbers?
Solution:
1. Exponential form
2. Cis form.
3. Product of the two complex numbers
( )( )
( )( )
28.56 Problem
Given a complex numbers in Cis form
and
1. Find the value of
Solution:
1. Value of
[ ]
2. Value of
3. Value of
28.57 Problem:
Given two complex number A and B.
1. Find the value if
2. Find the value if A x B.

3. Find the value of A – B.
Solution:
1. Value if
and
2. Value if A x B.
3. Value of A – B.
28.58 Problem:
1. Find the value of in algebraic
form.
⁄
2. Find the first root of in
algebraic form.
3. Find the value of in
algebraic form.
Solution:
1. Value of in algebraic form.
√
√
⁄
2. First root of in algebraic
form.
√
⁄ ( )
√
3. Value of in algebraic form.

 Value of y.
- 4y = 8
y=-2
 Value of (x + y )(1+2 ).
(- 5 – 2 )(1+2 )
- 5 – 2 – 10 –
but = - 1
- 5 - 12 + 4
(- 1 - 12 )
28.47 Problem

(x + y )(1 - 2 ) = (7 - 4
 Find the value of x.

 Find the value of y.
 Find the value of (x + y )(2 - 3 ).
Solution:
 Value of x.
(x + y )(1 - 2 ) = x + y – 2x – 2
=-1
(x + y )(1 - 2 ) = x + y – 2x + 2y
x + y – 2x + 2y = 7 – 4i
(x + 2y) – (2x – y) I = 7 – 4i
x + 2y = 7
by 
x=3
 Value of y.
x + 2y = 7
3 + 2y = 7
2y = 2
Complex Numbers  Value of (x + yi)(2 – 3i).
(3 + 2i)(2 – 3i)
6 + 4i – 9i – 6
=-1
6 – 5i + 6
(12 – 5i)
28.48 Problems:
(3x + 2y) – (3x + 3y) i = 5 – 9i
 Solve for x.
 Solve for y.
 Find the value of (x + yi)(3 – 2i)
Solution:
 Value of x.
3x + 2y = 5
y=4
3x + 2(4) = 5
X=-1
 Value of y.
y=4
 Value of (x + yi)(3 – 2i)
(- 1 +4i)(3 – 2i)
- 3 + 12i + 2i – 8
=1
-3 + 14i + 8
(5 + 14i)
Complex Numbers
28.49 Problem:
The expression 3 + 4i is a complex number.
 Compute the amplitude of the given

complex number.
 Compute the principal argument of
the given complex number.
 Compute the absolute value of a
modulus.
Solution:
 Amplitude:
= 53.13°
 Principal argument:
= 53.13°
 Absolute value of a modulus
= +
r=5
Complex Numbers
28.50 Problem:
If A = 5 – 4i
B = 2 + 8i
 Find A + B
 Find AB.

Solution:
 Value of A + B.
A + B = (5 – 4i)(- 2 + 8i)
A + B = 3 + 4i
 Value of AB
AB = (5 – 4i)(- 2 + 8i)
AB = - 10 + 8i + 40i - 32
=-1
AB = - 10 + 48i + 32
AB = 22 + 48i
 Value of
Complex Numbers
28.51 Problem:
If (x +yi)(3 – 2i)= 16 – 2i
 Find the value of y.

 Find the value of x.
 Find the value of (x + yi)(4 – i)
Solution:
 Value of y.
(x + yi)(3 -2i) = 16 – 2i
3x +3yi – 2xi – 2 = 16 – 2i
3x +3yi – 2xi – 2(y)(-1) = 16 – 2i
(3x + 2y) – (2x – 3y)i = 16 – 2i
3x + 2y = 16
2x – 3y = 2
6x + 4y = 32
y=2
 Value of x.
2x – 3y = 2
2x – 3(2) = 2
2x = 8
X=4
 Value of (x + yi)(4 – i)
(4 + 2i)(4 – i)
16 + 8i – 4i - 2
16 + 4i – 2(-1)
(18 +4i)
Complex Numbers
28.52 Problem:
Given the equation of a complex number as

6 + 8i.
 Expressed the equation in trigonometric

form.
 Expressed the equation in the Polar
form.
 Expressed the equation in the
exponential form.
Solution:
 Trigonometric form.
(x + yi) = r
x=6
y=8
= 53.13°
= +
r = 10
(6 + 8i) = 10(Cos 53.13° + i Sin 53.13
 Polar form.
(x + yi) = ∠
6 + 8i = 10 ∠53.13
 Exponential form.
(x + yi) = r
(6 + 8i) = 10
= 0.9273 rad
= 10
Complex Numbers
28.53 Problem
Given a complex number in exponential form

as 5
 Expressed in trigonometric form.

 Expressed in Cis form.
 Expressed in rectangular of algebraic
form.
Solution:
 Trigonometric form.
= r (Cos + i Sin
= 53.13°
= 5(Cos 53.13° + I Sin 53.13°)
 Cis Form.
= r Cis
 Rectangular or algebraic form.

x + yi = r
x = 5 Cos 53.13°
x=3
y = 5 Sin 53.13°
y=4
Complex Numbers
28.54 Problems:
Expressed the expansion of (1 + in the

following form.
 Exponential form.
 Trigonometric form.
 Algebraic or rectangular form.
Solution:
 Exponential form.
x + yi =
x=1 y=1
= 45°
= 0.7854 rad
=( +(
r=√
(1 + i) =
=
(1 + 1 = (√
(1 + =
 Trigonometric form.
x = yi = r (Cos + I Sin )
(1 + i = (Cos 6 + I Sin 6 )
6
6 = 270°
(1+ = (√ (Cos 270° + i Sin 270°)
(1+i = 8 (Cos 270° + i Sin 270°)
 Algebraic or rectangular form.

(1 + = 8 (Cos 270° + i Sin 270°)
(1 + = 8 (0 – i)
(1 + = - 8i
Complex Numbers
28.55 Problem:
From the given complex number

3 -4i and
 Expressed 3 – 4i in exponential form

 Expressed in Cis form.
 What is the product of the complex
numbers?
Solution:
 Exponential form of 3 – 4i
= -53.13°
=
= - 0.9273
= (3 + (4
r=5
x + yi = r
(3 – 4i) = 5
 Cis form.
= r Cis
= 8 Cis 53.13°
 Product of the two complex numbers.

(3 – 4i) (8)
(5 ) (8 = 40 e°
(5 ) (8 = 40
Complex Numbers
28.56 Problem:
Given a complex numbers in Cis form

8 Cis 40° and 2 Cis - 40°
 Find the value of

 Find the value of (8Cis 40°)(2Cis -40°)
 Find the value of (8 Cis 40
Solution:
 Value of
= Cis 40° - Cis - 40°)
= 4 [ (Cis (40 + 40) ]
= 4 Cis 80°
 Value of (8Cis 40°)(2Cis -40°)

( ( = (Cis (
(8Cis 40)(2 Cis-40) = 8(2) Cis(40 – 40)
(8Cis 40)(2Cis-40) = 8(2) Cis (40-40)
(8Cis 40)(2 Cis-40) = 16 Cis 0°
Cis = Cos + i Sin
Cis = Cos 0° + i Sin 0°
Cis 0° = 1
(8 Cis 40°)(2 Cis - 40°) = 16
 Value of (8 Cis 40
(r Cis ° = Cis 2
(8 Cis 40° = (8 Cis 2(40)
(8 Cis 40° =64 Cis 80°
Complex Numbers
28.57 Problem:
Given two complex number A and B.

A=8
B=2
 Find the value if

 Find the value if A x B.
 Find the value of A – B.
Solution:
 Value if
r = r(Cos + i Sin )
= =
= 30° = 60°
8 = 8 Cis 30° and
2 = 2 Cis 60°
= Cis ( )
= 4 Cis (30) – (60)

= 4 (Cos - 30° + i Sin - 30°)
= 3.464 – 2i
 Value if A x B.
( )( )=
8 Cis 30° 2 Cis 60 = 8(2) Cis (30+60)
= 16 Cis 90
16 (Cos +i Sin ) = 16 (Cos90+i Sin 90)
16 (Cos +i Sin = 16i
 Value of A – B.
8 Cis 30° - 2 Cis 60°
8(Cos30° + i Sin30°)-2(Cos60+i Sin 60)
6.928 + 2.268 i
Complex Numbers
28.58 Problem:
 Find the value of (1 + in algebraic

form.
 Find the first root of (1 + in
algebraic form.
 Find the value of 8 in
algebraic form.
Solution:
 Value of (1 + in algebraic form.
(1 + i) =
= (1 + (1
r=√
= 45°
= 0.7854 rad
1+i=√
(1 + i = √
(1 + i = 5.66
= 225
(1+i = r (cos + i Sin )
(1+i = 5.66(Cos 225° + i Sin 225°
(1+i = - 4 – 4i
Complex Numbers  First root of (1 + i in algebraic form.
1+i=√
(1 + √
= 1.072
= 9°
= r (Cos + i Sin
= 1.072 (Cos 9° + i Sin 9°)
= 1.06 + 0.168i (first root)
 Value of 8 in algebraic form.
= 60°
8 = r (Cos + i Sin )
8 = 8 (Cos 60° + i Sin 60°)
8 = 4 + 6.928i
29.0 VECTORS
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force

F = 3i + 4j + 12k
a) 14 c) 13
b) 15 d) 15
Solution:
F = 3i + 4j + 12k
√
F = 13
Assume the three force vectors intersect at a

single point F sub 1 = i + 3j + 4k
F sub 2 = 2i + 7j – k
F sub 3 = - I + 4j + 2k
What is the magnitude of the resultant force
vector, R?
a) 15
b) 13.23
c) 14.73
d) 16.16
Solution:
Add , and 
 F sub 1 = I + 3j + 4k
 F sub 2 = 2i + 7j - k
 F sub 3 = -i + 4j + 2k
R = 2i + 14j + 5k
Then, R = √
R = 15
VECTORS
Find the length of the vector (2,1, 4).
a) √ c) √
b) √ d) √
Solution:
R=√
R=√
Find the length of the vector (2, 4, 5)
a) 7 c) 6
b) 8.75 d) 5.18
Solution:
D=√
D = 6.0
Add the given vectors (-4, 7) + (5,-9).

a) (1, 16)
b) (1, -2)
c) (9, 2)
d) (1, 2)
Solution:
For x:
X = -4 + 5 = 1
For y:
y=7–9=-2
Thus,
Sum of the vectors is at (1, -2)
VECTORS
Evaluate the value of: √ √
a) Imaginary
b) -√
c) √
d) √
Solution:
√ =i = -1
√ √ =√ √
√ √ =√
√ √ =-√
Write the equivalent polar form of the vector 3

+ j4.
a) 6 I 53.1°
b) 10 I 53.1°
c) 5 I 53.1°
d) 8 I 53.1°
Solution:
3 + j4
x =3
y=4
r=√
r=√ =5
Polar form: 5 I 53.1°

VECTORS
Convert from rectangular to polar from the

vector 3 + j2.
a) 3.606 ∠33.69° c , ∠
b) ∠ c ∠
Solution:
x + jy
x=3 y=2
= 33.69°
r=√
r=√
r = 3.606
x + jy = r ∠
j ∠
What is the cross product A – B of the vectors?

A = I + 4j + 6k
B = 2i + 3i + 5k
a) 2i + 7j – 5k c) 2i + 7j + 5k
b) i – j – k d) – i + j + k
Solution:
i j k i j k i
l 4 6 = l 4 6 l
2 3 5 2 3 5 2
[i(4)(5) + j (6)(2) + k(1)(3)]

-[2(4)k + 3(6)I + 5(1)j]
=2i + 7j – 5k
VECTORS
29.10 Problem:
Find the area of a parallelogram with two sides

identified by vectors from the origin to the
points (3, 4) and (8,0).
a) 32 c) 12
b) 24 d) 36
Solution:
A = 3 i + 4j + 0 k
i j k i j
AxB = 3 4 0 3 4
8 0 0 8 0
A x B = (0 + 0 + 0) – (32 k + 0 + 0)
A x B = -32k
AxB=√
A x B = 32
29.11 Problem:
Compute the resultant of the position vectors

for the points (2, 4, 3) and (1, -5, 2) of a
rectangular coordinate system in terms of the
unit vectors i, j, k.
a) 3i – j + 5k
b) 2i – 3j + 2k
c) 4i – 5j + 3k
d) 5i – 2j + 4k
Solution:
At (2, 4, 3)
= 2i + 4j + 3k
At (1, -5, 2)
= i – 5j + 2k
R= +
R = (2i + 4j + 3k) + (i – 5j + 2k)
R = 3i – j + 5k
VECTORS
29.12 Problem:
Find the magnitude of the vector having initial

point A (2, 4, 5) and terminal point B (3, 2, 1)
a) 4.58
b) 5.39
c) 3.68
d) 5.17
Solution:
= 2i + 4j + 5k
= 3i + 2j+k
AB = -
AB = (3i + 2j + k) – (2i + 5k)
AB = i – 2j – 4k
AB = √
AB = 4.58
29.13 Problem:
Which of the following are vectors?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Electric field intensity
c) Entropy
d) Work
29.14 Problem:
Which of the following are scalars?
a) Temperature
b) Gravitational potential
c) Charge
d) All of the above
VECTORS
What is the angle between two vectors A and

B?
A = 4i + 12j + 6k
B = 24i – 8j + 6k
a) 84.32° c) 75.29°
b) 85.28° d) 70.92°
Solution:
OA = √
OA = 14
OB = √
OB = 26
OA = √
AB = 28.28
By Cosine Law:
= 84.3°
29.15 Problem
Compute the value of “b” if A and B are

perpendicular.
A = 2i + bj + k
B = 4i – 2j – 2k
a) 3 c) 1
b) 2 d) 4
Solution:
So that A and B will be perpendicular
A•B=0
A • B = 2(4) + (b)(-2) + (1)(-2) = 0
8 – 2b – 2 = 0
2b = 6
b=6
VECTORS
Determine the divergence of the vector.

V= y + j(-xy) + k(xyz)
At coordinates (3, 2, 1).
a) 9 c) 12
b) 7 d) 15
Solution:
F = Li + Mj + K
div. F =
div. F =
dif. F = 2xy – x + xy
div F = 2(3)(2) – 2 + 3(2)
div. F = 12 – 3 +6
div. F = 15
Determine the gredient of the function f(x, y, z)

= at point (1, 2, 3). Give the
magnitude of the gradient of f.
a) 7.48
b) 8.25
c) 6.00
d) 7.21
Solution:
F(x, y, z) =
grad f = 2xi + 2yj + 2zk

grad f = 2(1)I + 2(2)j + 2(3)k
grad f = 2i + 4j + 6l
grad f = √
grad f = 7.48
VECTORS
29.19 Problem:
Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are

P(2, -1, 3), Q(1, 2, 4) and R (3, 1, 1).
a) 9.49
b) 10.3
c) 8.38
d) 7.74
Solution:
The two sides of the triangle are represented

by the vectors.
A = PQ
A = (1-2)i + (2 + 1) j + (4 – 3)k
A = -I + 3j + k
B = PR
B = (3 – 2) I + (1 + 1)j + (1 – 3)k
B = i + 2j – 2k
Area of triangle = A x B
i j k
A x B = -1 3 1
l 2 -2
i j k i j
A x B = -1 3 1 -1 3
1 2 -2 1 2
A x B = (-6i + j – 2k) – (3k + 2i +2j)

A x B = -8i – j – 5k
AxB=√
A x B = 9.49 sq. units
VECTORS
29.20 Problem:
Find the point on the y-axis which is equidistant

from (2, 5, -3) and (-3, 6, 1).
a) 0, 4, 0
b) 0, 3, 1
c) 0, 2, 0
d) 0, 3, 2
Solution:
√ .
=√
4 + y2 – 10y + 25 9
=9+ – 12y + 36 + 1
2y = 8
y=4
The point is at (0, 4, 0)
29.20 Problem:
Find the gradient

f(x, y, z) = xy + xz + yz at P (-1, 3, 5)
a) 9.17
b) 8.84
c) 7.73
d) 10.68
Vectors Solution:
f(x, y, z) = xy + xz + yz
grad f = yi + zi + xj + zj + xk + yk
grad f = (y + z)i + (x + z)j + (x + y)k
grad f = (3 + 5)i + (-1+5)j + (-1 + 3)k
grad f = 8i + 4j + 2k
grad f = √
grad f = 9.17
29.22 Problem:
Find the gradient of
F(x, y, z) = at P(1, -1, 5)
a) 0.454
b) 0.384
c) 0.534
d) 0.412
Solution:
f(x, y, z) =
grad f = i + j - k
grad f = -
grad f =
grad f = √
grad f = 0.454
Vectors
29.23 Problem:
Evaluate (2i – 3j) [(i + j – k) x (3i – k)]

a) 3 c) 6
b) 4 d) 5
Solution:
(2i – 3j) [(i + j – k) x (3i – k)]
A (B x C) =
2 -3 0 2 -3
A (B x C) = 1 1 -1 1 1
3 0 -1 3 0
A (B x C) = 4
29.24 Problem:
Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose

edges are represented by A = 2i -3j + 4k
B = i + 2j – k and C = 3i – j + 2k.
a) 7 c) 8
b) 6 d) 5
Solution:
A (B x C) =
2 -3 4 2 -3
A (B x C) = 1 +2 -2 1 2
3 -1 2 3 -1
A (B x C) = (8 + 9 – 4) – (24 + 2 – 6)
A (B x C) = - 7
Vol. = 7
Fourier Series
Given the Fourier series in cosine form f( ) = 5

cos 20 + 2 cos 40 + cos 80 .
What is the fundamental frequency?
a) 20
b) 40
c) 10
d) 60
Solution:
f( ) = 5 cos 20 + 2 cos 40 + cos 80
f(t) = 5 cos (20) + 2 cos 2(20)
+cos 4(20)
Fundamental frequency is 20
Evaluate the terms of a Fourier Series

+ at t = 1.
a) 2 + j
b) 2
c) 4
d) 2 + j2
Solution:
+
= cos + j Sin
= cos - j Sin
= 2(cos 10 + j sin 10
+ 2(cos 10 – j sin 10 )
= 4 cos 10
= 4 cos 10 (1)
=4
Fourier Series 29.27 EE Board Oct. 1997
The term of a Fourier series in cosine form is

10 cos 40 . Write it in exponential form.
a)
b) +
c)
d)
Solution:
10 cos 40
= 5 cos 40 + 5 cos 40
= 5 cos 40 - 5 cos 40 + 5j sin 40
+ 5 cos 40
= 5 (cos 40 + j Sin 40 )
+ 5 (Cos 40 - j Sin 40 )
But = Cos + j Sin
= Cos - j Sin
= +
Given the Fourier Series in Cosine form.

F (t) = 10 Cos 40 + 2 Cos 40 .
What is f (1)?
a) 12 c) -12
b) 3.25 d) 8
Solution:
F (t) = 10 Cos 40 + Cos (80)
F (1) = 10 Cos 40 (1) + 2 Cos (80) (1)
F (1) = 10 Cos 40 + 2 Cos (80)
F (1) = 10 Cos
F (1) = 10(1) + 2(1)

F (1) = 10 + 2
F (1) =12
Fourier Serie
29.29 Problem:
If A = 2i – 3j – k
B = i + 4j – 2k
 Find A + B
 Find A - B
 Find A x B
Solution:
 Find A + B.
(A + B) = (2i – 3i – k) – (i + 4j – 2k)
A + B = 3i + j – 3k
 Find A – B.
(A - B) = (2i – 3i – k) – (i + 4j – 2k)
A - B = 3i + j + 3k
 Find the A x B.
A x B = (2i – 3i – k) – (i + 4j – 2k)
i j k i j
AxB= 2 -3 -1 2 -3
1 4 -2 1 4
A x B = (+6i – j + 8k) – (-3k – 4i – 4j)
A x B = 10i + 3j 11k
29.30 Problem:
Given = 3i – 2j + k
= 2i – 4j – 3k
= -1 + 2j + 2k
 Find the magnitude of .

 Find the magnitude of + + .
 Find the magnitude of - .
Vectors Solution:
Values of a, b and c.
Solution:
= + +
 Find the magnitude of .
= a(2i – j + k) + b(i + 3j – 2k) + c
= i + 2j + 2k
(2i + j – 3k)
=√ = 2ai + bi – 2ci – aj + 3bj + cj
=3 + ak – 2bk – 3ck
 Find the magnitude of + + = (2a + b – 2c)i + (- a + 3b + c)j
+ + = (3i – 2j + k) (2i – 4j – 3k) + k(a – 2b – 3c)
+ (-i + 2j + 2k But = 3i + 2j + 5k
+ + = 4i – 4j
+ + =√
+ + =√
+ + = √
 Find the magnitude of - - .
- - = 2(3i – 2j + k) – 3(2i – 4j
– 3k) – 5(-i + 2j + 2k)
- - = 6i – 4j + 2k – 6i + 12j +
9k + 5i – 10j – 10k
- - = 5i – 2j + k
- - =√
- - =√
29.31 Problem:
Given: = 2i – j – k
= i + 3j – 2k
= -2i + j – 3k
= 3i + 2j + 5k
If = + +
 Find the value of a.
 Find the value of b.
 Find the value of c.
Vectors
(2a + b – 2c) = 3
(-a + 3b + c) = 2
(a – 2b – 3c) = 5
a – 2b – 3c = 5
b – 2c =7
2a + b – 2c =3
- 2a + 6b + 2c = 4
7b = 7
b=1
b – 2c = 7
2c = - 7 + 1
c=-3
a – 2b – 3c = 5
a – 2(1) -3(-3)=5
a–2+9=5
a = -2
 Value of a = -2
 Value of b = 1
 Value of c = -3
29.32 Problem:
If A = 2i + 2j – k
B = 6i – 3j + 2k
 Find A  B.
 Find AB.
 Find the angle between A and B.
Solution:
 A  B. (Do or scalar product
A  B = 2(6) + 2(-3) + (-1)(2)
A  B = 12 – 6 – 2
AB=4
 AB.
A=√ =3
B=√ =7
AB = 3(7)
AB = 21
Vectors  Angle between A and B.
A  B = AB Cos
4 = 21 Cos
= 79.02
29.33 Problems:
A = 2i – 3j
B=i+j–k
C = 3i – k
 Find A x B.
 Find magnitude of A + C + C.
 Find A  (B x C)
Solution:
 AxB
A = 2i – 3j
B=i+j–k
i j k
AxB= 2 -3 0
1 1 -1
i j k i j
AxB= 2 -3 0 2 -3
1 1 -1 1 1
A x B = (3i + 0j + 2k) – (- 3k + 0i – 2)
A x B = 3i + 2j + 5k
 Magnitude of A + B + C.
A + B + C = 6i – 2j – 2k
A+B+C=√
A + B + C = = 6.63
 Value of A  (B x C)
i j k
A  (B x C) = 2 -3 0
1 1 -1
i j k i j
A  (B x C) = 2 -3 0 2 -3
1 1 -1 1 1
A  (B x C) = (-2) + 9 + 0) – (0 + 0 – 9)
A  (B x C) = 4
Vectors
29.34 Problems:
Evacuate:
 k (i + j)
 (i – 2k)  (j + 3k)
 (2i – j + 3k)  (3i + 2j – k)
Solution:
 k (i + j)
A=0+0+k
B=I+j+0
A  B = 0(1) + 0(1) + 1(0)
AB=0
 (i – 2k)  (j + 3k)
A = i + 0 – 2k
B = 0 + j + 2k
A  B = 1(0) + 0(1) – 2(3)
AB=-6
 (2i – j + 3k)  (3i + 2j – k)
A = (2i – j + 3k)
B = 3i + 2j – k
A  B = 2(3) – 1(2) + 3(-1)
AB=6–2–3
AB=1
29.35 Problems:
If A = i + 3j – 2k
B = 4i – 2j + 4k
 Find A.
 Find A  B.
 Find 3A + 2B.
Solution:
 Value of A:
A = i + 3j – 2k
A=√
A=√
Vectors  Value of A  B.
A = i + 3j – 2k
B = 4i – 2j + 4k
A  B = 1(4) + 3(-2)
A  B = -10
 Find 3A + 2B.
3A + 2B = 3(i+3j – 2k) + 2(4i – 2j+4k)
3A + 2B = 11i + 5j + 2k
3A + 2B = √
3A + 2B = √
3A + 2B = √
29.36 Problem:
If A = 3i + 2j – 6k
B = 4i – 3j + k
 Find A  B.
 Find AB.
 Find A x B.
Solution:
 Find A  B.
A = 3i + 2j – 6k
B = 4i – 3j + k
A  B = 3(4) + 2(-3) -6(1)
AB=0
 Find AB.
A = 3i + 2j – 6k
A=√
A=7
B = 4i – 3j + k
B=√
B=√
AB = 7√
AB = 35.69
Vectors
 Find A x B.
A = 3i + 2j – 6k
B = 4i – 3j + k
i j k
AxB= 3 2 -6
4 -3 1
i j k i j
AxB= 3 2 -6 -3 2
4 -3 1 4 -3
A x B = (2i – 24 – 9k) – (8k + 18i + 3j)
A x B = - 16i - 27j – 17ks
29.37 Problem:
If A = i – 2j – 3k
B = 2i + j – k
C = i + 3j – 2k
 Find the value of | (A x B) x C |

 Find the value of | A x (B x C) |
 Find he value of A  (B x C).
Solution:
 Find the value of | (A x B) x C |
i j k i j
AxB= 1 -2 -3 1 -2
2 1 -1 2 1
A x B = (2i – 6j + k) – (-4k – 3i – j)
A x B = 5i – 5j + 5k
i j k i j
AxBxC= 5 -5 5 5 -5
1 3 -2 1 3
= (10i + 5j + 15k) - -5k + 15i – 10j
= - 5i + 15 + 20k
=√
=√
= 5√
Vectors  Find the value of | A x (B x C) |
i j k i j
BxC= 2 1 -1 2 1
1 3 2 1 3
B x C = (- 2i – j + 6k) – (k – 3i – 4j)
B x C = i + 3j + 5k
A = i – 2j – 3k
i j k i j
| A x (B x C) | = 1 -2 -3 1 -2
1 3 5 1 3
A x (B x C) = (-10i-3j+3k)-(-2k-9+5j)
A x (B x C) = - i – 8j + 5k
A x (B x C) = √
A x (B x C) = 3√
 Find he value of A  (B x C).
A = i – 2j – 3k
B x C = i 3j + 5k
A  (B x C) = 1(1) – 2(3) – 3(5)
A  (B x C) = -20
29.38 Problem:
If A = 3i – j – 2k
B = 2i + 3j + k
 Find the value of A x B.
 Find the value of | (A x B) x (A – B) |
 Find the value of | (A+2B) x (2A-B) |
Solution:
 Value of A x B.
i j k i j
AxB= 3 1 -2 3 -1
2 3 1 2 3
A x B = (-i - 4j + 9k) – (-2k – 6i +3j)
A x B = 5i – 7i + 11k
AxB=√
AxB=√
Vectors  Value of | (A x B) x (A – B) |
A + B = (3i – j 2k) + (2i + 3j + k)
A + B = 5i + 2j – k
A – B = i – 4i – 3k
i j k i j
(A+B) x (B-C) = 5 2 -1 5 2
1 -4 5 1 -4
(A+B) x (B-C) = (-6i-j-20k)-(2k+4i-15j)
(A+B) x (B-C) = - 10i + 14j – 22k
(A+B) x (B-C) =√
(A+B) x (B-C) = √
 Value of | (A+2B) x (2A-B) |

A + 2B = (3i – j – 2k) + 2(2i + 3j + 3k
A + 2B = 7i + 5j + 0k
2A – B = 2(3i – j – 2k) – (2i + 3j + k)
2A – B = 6i – 2j – 4k – 2i – 3j – k
2A – B = 4i – 5i – 5k
i j k i j
(A+2B)x(2A-B) = 7 5 0 7 5
4 -5 -5 4 -5
= (- 25i + 0j – 35k) – (20k + 0i – 35j)
= - 25i + 35j – 55
=√
=√
=5√
Vectors
29.39 Problem:
Evaluate the following:
 2y x (3i – 4k)
 (i + 2j) x k
 (2i – 4k) x (i + 2j)
Solution:
 Value of 2y x (3i – 4k)
i j k i j
= 0 2 0 0 2
3 0 -4 3 0
= (- 8i + 0 + 0) – (6k + 0 + 0)
= - 8i – 6k
 Value of (i + 2j) x k
i j k i j
= 1 2 0 1 2
0 0 1 0 0
= (2i + 0 + 0) – (0 + 0 + j)
= 2i – j
 Value of (2i – 4k) x (i + 2j)
i j k i j
= 2 0 -4 2 0
1 2 0 1 2
= (0 – 4j + 4k) – (0 – 8i + 0)
= 8i – 4j + 4k
Vectors

Given the vector A and vector B.
A = 6.7i + 8.35j
B = -2.53i – 5.55j
Find the following:

 Magnitude of the resultant of vector.
 Horizontal and vertical components of
the resultant vector.
 The angle that the vector makes with
the horizontal.
Solution:
 Magnitude of the resultant of vector:
R=A+B
R = (6.71 – 2.53)I + (8.35 – 5.55)j
R = 4.18i + 2.8j
|R| = √ = 5.03
 Horizontal and vertical components of

the resultant vector:
R = 4.18i + 2.8j
= 4.18
= 2.8
 The angle that the vector makes with

the horizontal:
cos =
cos =
= 33.8°
Vectors
29.41 Problem:
The position vectors of point P and are give by

A = 2i + 3j – k and B = 4i – 3j + 2k.
 Compute the magnitude of vector A.

 Compute the value of distance PQ
terms of i, j and k.
 Compute the magnitude of PQ.
Solution:
 Magnitude of vector A:
Magnitude = √
Magnitude = 3.74
 Value of PQ:
PQ = B – A
PQ = (4 – 2)I + (-3 – 3)j + (2 + 1)
PQ = 2i – 6j + 3k
 Magnitude of PQ:
PQ = √
PQ = 7
Vectors
29.42 Problem:
The following forces measured in Newtons act
on a particle P.
= 2i + 3j – 5k
= - 5i + j + 3k
= i – 2j + 4k
= 4i – 3j – 2k
 Find the resultant of the forces.

 Find the magnitude of the resultant.
 Find the angle that the resultant makes
with the x-axis.
Solution:
 Resultant of the forces:
Resultant force =
Resultant force = (2 – 5 + 1 + 4)i
+ (3 + 1 – 2 – 3)j + (- 5 + 3 + 4 – 2)k
Resultant force = 2i – j + 0
Resultant force = 2i – j
 Magnitude of the resultant:

R=√
R=√
 Angle that the resultant makes with the

x-axis:
cos
√
= 26.57°
Vectors
29.43 Problem:
Given vector A = 3i – 6j + 2k.
 Compute the angle which the vector

makes with the x-axis.
 Compute the angle which the vector
makes with the y-axis.
 Compute the angle which the vector
makes with the z-axis.
Solution:
 Angle which the vector makes with the
x-axis:
R=√
R=
cos =
= 64.6°
 Angle which the vector makes with the

y-axis:
cos =
= 149°
 Angle which the vector makes with the

z-axis:
cos =
= 73.4°
Vectors
29.44 Problems:
Given two forces one and two and its resultant
force.
Force one = 45 N (horizontal force)

Force two = 60 N (inclined force)
Resultant force = 90 N
 Find the angle between the two forces

for the given magnitude of their sum.
 Compute the horizontal component of
the 60 N force.
 Compute the vertical component of the
60 N force.
Solution:
 Angle between the two forces for the
given magnitude of their sum:
u = 45i (vector for 45 N force)
v = 60 Cos + 60 Sin
(vector for the 60 N force)
Resultant force = u + v
Resultant force = 45i + 60 Cos + 60 Sin
Resultant force = (45+60 Cos )i +60 Sin
Magnitude of the resultant force:

R=√
90 = √
8100 = (45+60 Cos + (60 Sin
8100 = 2025 + 5400 Cos
+3600 Co + 3600 Si
6075 = 5400 Cos + 3600 (Co + Si )
6075 = 5400 Cos + 3600 (1)
2475 = 5400 Cos
= 62.7°
Vectors  Horizontal component of the 60 N force:
V = 60Cos 62.7°i + 60 Sin 62.7°j
= 60 Cos 62.7°
= 27.52 N
 Vertical component of the 60 N force:

= 60 Sin 62.7°
= 53.32 N
29.45 Problems:
A quadrilateral ABCD has masses of 1, 2, 3
and 4 units locate at its vertices A (-1, -2, 2),
B(3, 2, -1), C(1, -2, 4) and D(3, 1, 2).
 Find the value of centroid x.

 Find the value of centroid y.
 Find the value of centroid z.
Solution:
 Value of x:
x=
x=
x=2
 Value of y:
y=
y=0
Vectors  Value of z:
z=
z=2

The expressions below are the components of
the acceleration from t 0 to t = 10 seconds.
= 0.8t = 2 – 0.3t =5
 Find the total distance traveled, S after

6 = 10 sec.
 Find he velocity, V at t = 10 sec.
 Find the resultant acceleration when
t = 10sec.
Solution:
 Distance traveled, S after 6 = 10 sec.;
= 0.8t
= 0.80t
= 0.40
=
Vectors
= 133.33 m
= 2 – 0.3t
d = 2 – 0.3t
* +
= 50 m
=5
∫
= 5t
+
Vectors
√ ( )
√
S = 287.71 m
 Velocity at t = 10 sec:
= 0.8t
= 0.8t
* +
0.40
40 m/s
2 – 0.3t
= 2 – 0.3t
* +
5 m/s
Vectors =5
=5
∫
[
= 5(10)
= 50 m/s
√ ( )
√
V = 64.23 m/s
 Acceleration when t = 10 sec:

= 0.80t
= 2 – 0.3t
a=√ ( )
a=√
a = 9.49 m/
Vectors
29.47 Problem:
A particle moves along the curve x = 2 Sin 3t, y
=2 Cos 3t, z = 8t at any time “t” 0.
 Find the acceleration at any “t”

 Find the magnitude of the velocity at
t = 0.
 Find the magnitude of the acceleration
at = 0.
Solution:
 Acceleration at any “t”:
r = xi + yj + zk
r = 2 Sin 3ti + 2 Cos 3tj + 8tk
= 6 Cos 3ti – 6 Sin 3tj + 8k
= - 18 Sin 3ti – 18 Cos 3tj
a = - 18 Sin 3t I – 18 Cos 3tj
 Magnitude of the velocity at t = 0:
= 6 Cos 3ti – 6 Sin 3tj + 8k
= 6 Cos 0°i – 6 Sin 0°j + 8k
= 6i – 0 + 8k
V =√
V = 10 m/s
 Magnitude of the acceleration at = 0:
= - 18 Sin 3ti – 18 Cos 3tj
= - 18(0)I – 18 Cos 0°j
= -18j
a= √ = 18 m/
Vectors
29.48 Problem:
A particle moves along a curve whose
parametric equations are x = , y = 2 Cos 3t,
z = 2 Sin 3t where t is the time in sec.
 Determine the acceleration at any
time “t”.
 Determine the magnitude of the velocity
at t = 0
 Determine the magnitude of any
acceleration at t = 0.
Solution:
 Acceleration at any time “t”:
let r = position vector of the particle
r = xi + yj + zk
r= + 2 Cos 3tj + 2 Sin 3tk
V=
=- - 6 Sin 3tj + 6 Cos 3tk
a= =
= -18 Cos 3tj – 18 Sin 3tk
 Velocity at t = 0:
= – 6 Sin 0°j + 6 Cos 0°k
= -i + 6k
V=√ 6.08 m/s

 Acceleration at t = 0:
= – 18 Cos 3tj – 18 Sin 3tk
= – Cos 0°j – 18 Sin 0°k
= i – 18j
a=√ 18.03
Vectors
29.49 Problem:
A 100 N force passes from the origin through
point (2, -4, 1).
 Determine the x-component of the

100 N force.
 Determine the y-component of the
100 N force.
 Express the vector in terms of the
unit vectors i, j, and k.
Solution:
 X-component of the 100 N force:
d=√
d = 4.58
(100)
= 43.7 N
 Y-component of the 100 N force:

(100)
= -87.3 N
 Vector in force P:
(100)
= 21.8 N
Vector P = 43.7i – 87.3j + 21.8k
29.50 Problem:
Determine the resultant of the three forces =
2i + 3.3j – 2.6k, = - I + 5.2j – 2.9k, and
= 8.3i – 6.6j + 5.8k which are concurrent at the

point (2, 2, 5).
Vectors Solution:
R=
R = (2i – I + 8.3i) + (3.3j + 5.2j – 6.6j)
+ (-2.6k – 2.9k + 5.8k)
R = 9.3i + 1.9 + 0.3k
29.51 Problem:
Determine the unit vector along the line which
originates at the point (2, 3, -2) and passes
through the point (1, 0, 5).
Solution:
= unit vector:
V = (1 – 2)I + (0 – 3)j + (5 + 2)k

V = - I – 3j + 7k
=
√
= - 0.13i – 0.391j + 0.911k
29.52 Problem:
Express in terms of the unit vectors if the k the
force of 200 N that starting the point (2, 5, -3)
and passes through the point (-3, 2, 1).
Solution:
V = (- 3 – 2)i + (2 – 5)j + (1 + 3)k
V = - 5i – 3j + 4k
=
√
= - 0.707i – 0.424j + 0.566k
F = 200(- 0.707i – 0.424j + 0.566k)

F = - 141.4i – 84.8j + 113.2k
Vectors
29.53 Problem:
A force F = 2.63i + 4.28j – 5.92k N acts
through the origin.
 What is the magnitude of this force?

 What angle does it make with the x-
axis?
 What angle does it make with the y-
axis?
 What angle does it make with the z-
axis?
Solution:
 Magnitude of this force:
F = 2.63i + 4.28j – 5.92k
F=√
F = 7.76 N
 Angle it makes with the x-axis:
Cos
= 70.2°
 Angle it makes with the y-axis:
Cos
= 56.5°
 Angle it makes with the z-axis:
Cos
= 139.7°
Vectors 29.54 Problem:
Find the dot product of P = 3i – 2j + 8k and
Q = - 1 – 2j -3k.
Solution:
P.Q =
P. Q = 3(-1) + (-2)(-2) + (8)(-3)
P.Q. = - 23
29.55 Problem:
Find the cross product of P = 3i = 2j + 8k
and Q = - 1 – 2j – 3k.
Solution:
3 -1 i
PxQ= -2 -2 j
8 -3 k
3 -1 i 3 -1
PxQ= -2 -2 j -2 -2
8 -3 k 8 -3
P x Q = (-6k – 8j + 6i) – (- 16 – 9j + 2k)

P x Q = 22i + j – 8k
29.56 Problem:
At the time t = 2 sec. a point moving on a curve
has coordinates (3, -5, 2). At the time t = 3 sec.
the coordinates of the point are (1, -2, 0). What
is the change in the position vector?
Solution:
= change in position vector
= (1 – 3)i + (-2 + 5)j + (0 – 2) k
= - 2i + 3j – 2k
Vectors
29.57 Problem:
Determine the component of the vector P
1.52i – 2.63j + 0.83k on the line which
originates at the point (2, 3, -2) and passes
through the point (1, 0, 5).
Solution:
P = 1.52i – 263j + 0.83k
Unit vector along line passing through

A(2, 3, 2) and B(1, 0, 5).
=1–2=-1
= 0 – 3 = -3
= 5 – (-2) = 7
d=√
d=√
u=-
√ √ √
Component of P along line AB
= P  u (dot product)
= 1.52 ( ) ( )
√ √
+ 0.83( )
√
= 1.5857 say 1.59
29.58 Problem:
Determine the projection of the velocity vector
v = 4i – 6j + k in the direction of the vector n =
3i + 2j – 5k. Express distance in m and t in sec.
Vectors Solution:
Unit vector in the desired direction:
u=
√
u=
√
Projection of v on n:
=
√
= - 0.81 m/s
29.59 Problem:
Determine the projection of the velocity vector
v = 1.62i -3.87j + 2.8k on the line originating at
point (2, 3, 5) and passing through point (4, -2,
6).
Solution:
Direction of vector at pt. (2, 3, 5) and passing
through point (4, -2, 6).
n = (4 – 2)i + (-2 -3)j + (6 – 5)k

n = 2i – 5j + k
Unit vector in the desired direction:
u=
√
u=
√
Projection of v on n:
=
√
= 4.64
30.0 PERMUTATIONS, COMBINATIONS,
PROBABILITY
PERMUTATIONS
How many 4 digit numbers can be formed by
As arrangement of objects in a definite order. the use of digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 if one digit is
used only once in one number?
Permutations of different things:
a) 360 c) 400
The number of permutations of “n” different
b) 320 d) 420
things taken “r” at a time.
Solution:
nPr = n (n-1)(n-2) (n-r+1) P= =

P = 360 four digits
if no repetition occurs:

P (n, r) = How many four-digit numbers can be formed
by use of digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 if one digit is
used only once in one number?
If n = r P = a) 240 c) 280
b) 320 d) 360
P= = n!
Solution:
P= =
Permutations of n things not all different:
P= = 360
The permutation of “n” things taken “n” at a
time in which “q” are alike, “r” are alike and so
on:
How many four digit numbers can be formed
P= by the use of digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 without
repeating any digits.
a) 120 c) 280
Cyclical Permutations b) 320 d) 360
Solutions:
Cyclical permutations of “n” different things
P=
taken “n” at a time is P = (n-1)!
5 (4) (3) (2) = 120
Permutations
30.04 Problem:
How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from
the digits 2, 4, 6, 8 and 9 if repetitions are
allowed?
a) 125 ways
b) 2400 ways
c) 3940 ways
d) 4010 ways
Solution:
Since repetitions are allowed each of that three
digits can be filled in 5 ways. Since there are
three digit numbers,
P=5.5.5
P = 125 ways
30.05 Problem:
In how many ways can 4 persons be seated in
a room where there are 9 seats?
a) 3024 ways
b) 2400 ways
c) 3940 ways
d) 4010 ways
Solution:
P=
P=
P = 3024 ways

Determine the number of permutations of it
distinct objects taken 3 at a time.
a) 503 c) 210
b) 336 d) 120
Permutations Solution:
P= =
P = 336

The permutation for two letters taken two at
time say P and Q are PQ and QP. Four letters
MNOP taken four at a time gives four
permutations say MNOP, NOPM, OPMN and
PMNO. How many permutations are there for 9
letters taken 9 at a time?
a) 9
b) 8
c) 11
d) 10
Solutions:
P= =
30.08 EE Board June 1990

How many permutations are there if the letters
PNRCSE are taken six at a time?
a) 730
b) 720
c) 710
d) 750
Solution:
P=
P= =
P = 720
Permutations
Four different colored flags can be hung in a
row to make a coded signal. How many signals
can be made if a signal consist of the display of
one or more flags?
a) 64 c) 68
b) 66 d) 62
Solution:
For 1 flag : P (4,1) = =4
For 2 flags : P (4,2) = = 12
For 3 flags : P (4,3) = = 24
For 4 flags : P (4,4) = = = 24
Total signal = 4 + 12 + 24 +24 = 64

A permutation is an ordered arrangement of
any number of things. There are two
permutations of the letters m and n taken two
at a time, mn and nm, six permutations of the
letter o, p, q taken three at a time, opq, oqp,
poq, pqo, qop and qpo, 24 permutations of the
letters r, s, t, v taken four at a time. How many
permutations are there of the six letters r, s, t,
u, v, w taken six at a time?
a) 720 c) 120
b) 640 d) 540
Solution:
P=
n=r
P= =
No. of permutations = 720

Permutations

A factory building has 8 entrance doors. In how
many was can a person enter and leave.
 By any door
 By different door
a) 64, 56 c) 70, 50
b) 66, 45 d) 68, 46
Solution:
 Total ways he can enter and leave by
any door = 8 . 8 = 64 ways
 No. of ways he can enter = 8
No. of ways he can leave =7
Total number of ways = 8 . 7 = 56
30.12 Problem:
How many permutations can be made out of
the letters in the word COMPUTER taken at a
time.
a) 336 c) 6720
b) 1680 d) 20160
Solution:
P=
n=8 r=4
P (8, 4) =
P = 1680

What is the number of permutations of the
letters in the word BANANA/
a) 36 c) 52
b) 60 d) 42
Permutations Solution:
There are 6 letters in the word BANANA with
3As’ and 2Ns’
P= =
P = 60
30.14 Problem:
Find the number of permutations which can be
formed from the letter PHILIPPINES.
a) 1, 108, 800
b) 2, 104 297
c) 1, 837, 286
d) 937, 590
Solution:
There are 11 letters, 3Ps’ and 3Is’
P= =
P=
P = 1, 108,800
30.15 Problem:
How many permutations can be made out of
the letters in the word BESAVILLA
a) 90720 c) 6720
b) 1680 d) 20160
Solution:
Letter A = 2
Letter L = 2
n = 9 letters
P= =
P = 90720
Permutations
30.16 Problem:
How many different signal each consisting of 6
flags hung in a vertical line can be formed from
4 identical red flags and 2 identical blue flags?
a) 15 c) 11
b) 17 d) 13
Solutions:
n=6 4 red and 2 blue
P=
P=
P = 15
30.17 Problem:
Three copies of Mathematics books, 4 copies
of Surveying books and 5 copies of Hydraulics
books are covered with covers of different
colors of each kind of book. In how many ways
they can be placed on a shelf?
a) 27720 ways
b) 22170 ways
c) 10330 ways
d) 32490 ways
Solutions:
There are 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 books in all
They can be placed on the shelves in the
following ways:
P=
P=
P = 27720 ways
Permutations
30.18 Problem:
In how many ways can 9 books, of
Mathematics and 3 Design be arranged on a
shelf if Design books are not to be separated.
a) 30240 ways
b) 23300 ways
c) 23034 ways
d) 32012 ways
Solution:
M M M M M M (D D D) = 7
P = 7! 3! = 30240 ways
30.19 Problem:
In how many ways can people be seated in a
round table with 6 seats?
a) 120 c) 100
b) 140 d) 160
Solutions:
P = (n – 1)!
P = (6 – 1)!
P = 120 ways
30.20 Problem:
Eight children join hands. In how many ways
can they form a circle?
a) 5040 c) 4100
b) 7140 d) 5160
Solution:
P = (n – 1)!
P = (8 – 1)!
P = 5040 ways
Permutations
30.21 Problem:
Four couples are to eat at a round table with
the men and women alternating. If the hostess
reserves a place for herself, in how many ways
can she assign seats to the others?
a) 120 c) 100
b) 144 d) 160
Solution:
P = (3 – 1)! 4!
P = 144 ways
30.22 Problem:
How many different ways can 5 people line up
to pay their telephone bills at the Meralco office
in any order?
a) 120 c) 100
b) 140 d) 160
Solution:
P = n!
P = 5!
P = 120 ways
30.23 Problem:
Six boys join hands. In how many ways can
they form straight line?
a) 720 c) 100
b) 140 d) 160
Solution:
P = n!
P = 6!
P = 720 ways
Combinations
30.24 Problem:
COMBINATIONS How many combinations can be made and of
A set of things is a group of all or of any part of the letters ABCD and E two at a time.
the things in this group. a) 10 c) 11
b) 12 d) 12
 Combinations of “n” different things taken Solution:
“r” at a time.  C (5, 2) =

,
C (n, r) = C (5, 2) = 10
C (n, r) =
30.25 Problem:
How many triangles are determined by a
 Combinations of Mutually Exclusive Events.. points, no three of which are collinear?
When two sets of “h” ways and “k” ways, a) 56 c) 58

respectively are known to include no b) 58 d) 54
duplications, the total number of ways is (h + k)
Solution:
A triangle is defined by 3 points hence,
C (8, 3) =
Probability in Single Event.
If an event can happen in “h” ways and may fail C (8, 3) = 56
in “f” ways then the probability that it will
happen is
P=
There are four balls of different colors. Two
balls at a time are taken and arranged in any
and the probability that it will fail is ways. How many such combinations are
possible?
q=
a) 36 c) 3
then b) 6 d) 12
P+q=1 Solution:
=6
Combinations
30.26-a Problem
From the given digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
and 9, find the number of six digit combination.
a) 210
b) 120
c) 250
d) 220
Solution:
= 210
30.26-b Problem
From the given digits, 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8,
find the number of 4 digit combination.
a) 24
b) 58
c) 54
d) 12
Solution:
= 24
Combinations
30.26-c Problem
Compute the number of 12 and combination of
all letters in alphabet.
a) 9657700
b) 9834000
c) 9945900
d) 9762200
Solution:
Note: there are 26 letters in an alphabet.
= 9657700
30.26-d Problem
Compute the number of 8 and combination in
alphabet.
a) 1562275
b) 1453485
c) 1343465
d) 1873625
Solution:
= 1562275
Combinations

How many 6 number combinations can be
generated from the numbers from 1 to 42
inclusive, without repetition and with no
regards to the order of the numbers?
a) 6, 850, 668 c) 5, 242, 786
b) 5, 785, 744 d) 4, 465, 839
Solution:
= 5, 245, 786

In how many ways can you invite one or more
five friends in a party?
a) 31 c) 36
b) 15 d) 25
Solution:
No. of combinations: nC =
= =1
= =5
= = 10
= = 10
= =5
Total No. of ways = 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5

= 31 ways
Combinations
How many committees can be formed
choosing 4 men from an organization of
membership of 15 men?
a) 1365 c) 1455
b) 1234 d) 1555
Solution:
= 1364

A semiconductor company will hire 9 men and
4 women. In how many ways can the company
choose from 9 men and 6 women who qualified
for the position?
a) 540 c) 565
b) 534 d) 750
Solution:
Number of ways of hiring men:
=
= 36 ways
Number of ways of hiring women:
= 15 ways
n = number of ways
n = 15 (36)
n = 540 ways
Combinations 30.31 ECE Board April 1994
There are 13 teams in a tournament. Each
team is to play with each other only once. What
is the minimum number of days can they all
play without any team playing more than once
gam in any day?
a) 10 c) 11
b) 12 d) 13
Solution:
Total number of games is =
Total number of games is =
Total number of game is = 78

Number of games that can be played each day
= = 6.5 say 7 games
Number of days needed to complete the

tournament = = 11.14 say 12 days

The lotto uses numbers 1 – 42. A winning
number consists six (6) different numbers in
any order. What are your chances of winning
it?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
= 5, 245, 786
Chances of winning is
Probability
PROBABILITY 30.33 EE Board April 1991

There are 50 tickets in a lottery in which there
are first and second prize. What is the
Probability of Independent Event probability of a man drawing a prize if he owns
- Two or more events are said to be 5 tickets?
independent, if the happening of one
does not affect the probability of the a) c)
happening of the other.
b) d)
Note: The probability that two or more
independent events may happen is the Solution:
products of their individual probabilities.
P=
P=
Mutually Exclusive Probability
- No Common outcome or no
duplication. 30.34 EE Board Oct. 1992
= probability an event may happen. A provincial chapter of PSME held a lottery to

raise funds for the organization, with P10, 000
= probability an event may fail. top prize and with 2,000 tickets printed and
sold. What is the mathematical expectation of a
or = + member if he bought 10 tickets.
a) P100
b) P150
c) P50
Mutually Inclusive Probability with d) P200
- With common outcome Solution:

For 10 tickets:
= probability an event may happen. Probability of winning
= probability an event may fail.

Probability of winning =
or = + (E and F)
Mathematical Expectation
= (P 10,000)
Expectation = P50
Probability
30.35 Problem:
From the given digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and
9, find the numbers of six digit combination.
a) 200
b) 220
c) 210
d) 250
Solution:
= 210
30.36 Problem:
Compute the number of 12 letter combination
of all letters in alphabet.
a) 9657700
b) 9753300
c) 9554300
d) 9456700
Solution:
Note: There are 26 letters in an alphabet
= 9657700
Probability

How many different committees can be by
choosing 4 men from an organization has a
membership of 15 men?
a) 1390
b) 1240
c) 1435
d) 1365
Solution:
No. of different committees formed:
C (15, 4) =
= 1365
30.38 Problem:
A certain organization consists of 8 lawyers 10
engineers and 12 accountants. How many
ways can a committee of 4 members can be
formed?
a) 27405
b) 26302
c) 24401
d) 25306
Solution:
Total numbers = 8 + 10 + 2
Total number = 30
30 =
= 27405 ways
Probability

How many triangles are determined by 10
points, no three of which are collinear?
a) 120 c) 10
b) 90 d) 100
Solution:
C (10, 3) =
C (10, 3) =
C (10, 3) = 120

How many line segments can be formed with
10 distinct points, no two of which are
collinear?
a) 45 c) 10
b) 90 d) 100
Solution:
Note:
A line segment is determined by 2
points No. of line segments:

In a licensure examination, an examinee may
select 7 problems from a set of 10 questions.
In how many ways can he make his choice?
a) 100 ways c) 50 ways
b) 150 ways d) 120 ways
Probability
Solution:
C (10, 7) =
C (10, 7) = 120 ways

The probability of getting a credit in an
examination is 1/3. If three students are
selected at random, what is the probability that
at least one of them got a credit?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
Probability of getting a credit =
Probability of not getting any credit =
= probability that only one student gets a

credit
P=n
n=3 r=1
= ( ) ( )
= probability that two students get a credit
n=3 r=2
= ( ) ( )
Probability = probability that all three students get a
credit
n=3 r=3
= ( ) ( )
Probability that at least one student gets a

credit =
P=

Roll a pair of dice one time. What is the
probability that the sum of two numbers is 9.
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
Probability that the sum is 9:
(3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4) ----> 4 ways
Probability =
Probability =
30.44 Problem6
Find the probability of obtaining an even
number in one roll of dice.
a) 0.5 c) 1
b) 2 d) 0.25
Solution:
There are three possible even numbers
(2, 4 and 6)
Probability = = 0.5
Probability

In a dice game, one fair die is used. The player
wins P20 if he rolls either a 1 or a 6. He loses
P10 if he turns if he turns up any other face.
What is the expected winning for one roll of the
die?
a) P0 c) P5.00
b) P3.33 d) P6.67
Solution:
The probability of any face turning up for a fair
die is .
The expected winning value is
20 (2)( ) – 10 (4) ( ) = 0
- =0

A coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability
of getting 3 heads?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
P=
where h = 1 ; f = 1
First tossed P = =
For 3 tossed P =  
P=
Probability 30.47 Problem:
A coin is tossed 3 times. What is the probability
of getting 1 head and 2 tails?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
Case 1 (1-H, 2-T, 3-T) P=   =
Case 2 (1-T, 2-H, 3-T) P=   =
Case 3 (1-T, 2-T, 3-T) P=   =
P= (3)
P=
30.48 Problem:
If a coin is tossed 5 times, find the probability
of getting 3 heads.
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
Probability of getting a head =
Probability of getting a tail =
Probability of getting 3 heads

n=5
r=3
P= ( ) ( )
P=
Probability 30.49 EE Board April 1996
The probability of getting at least 2 heads when
a coin is tossed four times.
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
P=
n=4
r=2
P= ( ) ( )
P=

A bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If two balls are
drawn in succession without replacement, what is the
probability that both balls are black?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
1st draw
2nd draw
P= 
Probability = ( )
Probability =
Probability
30.51 Problem:
A bag contains 3 yellow and 5 black balls. If 2
balls are drawn in succession without
replacement, find the probability that the two
balls drawn are both yellow.
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
P= ( )
P=
30.52 Problem:
A bag contain 3 yellow and 5 black balls. If 2
balls are drawn in succession without
replacement, find the probability that the balls
drawn is one yellow and one black ball.
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
P= ( )+ ( )
P=
Probability 30.53 EE Board Oct. 1990
From a bag containing 4 black balls and 5
white balls, two balls are drawn one at a time.
Find the probability that both balls are black.
Assume that the first ball is returned before the
second ball is drawn.
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
P= 
P=

From a bag containing 4 block balls and 5
white balls, two balls are drawn one at a time.
Find the probability that one ball is white and
one ball is black. Assume that the first ball is
returned before the second ball is drawn.
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
P= 
P= 
P=
Probability

A person draws 3 balls in succession from a
box containing 5 red balls, 6 yellows balls and
7 green balls. Find the probability of drawing
the balls in the order red, yellow and green.
a) 0.04289
b) 0.3894
c) 0.0894
d) 0.3489
Solution:
P=( )( )( )
P = 0.04289

An urn contains 4 black balls and 6 white balls.
What is the probability of getting 1 black ball
and 1 white ball in two consecutive draws from
the urn?
a) 0.24
b) 0.27
c) 0.53
d) 0.04
Solution:
Draw black followed by white:
( ) 0.267
Draw white followed by black:
( ) 0.267
P= +
P = 0.267 + 0.267
P = 0.534
Probability

A bag contains 4 red balls, 3 green balls and 5
blue balls. The probability not getting a red ball
in the first draw is:
a) 2 c) 1
b) d)
Solution:
Probability =
Probability =
Probability =
30.58 Problem:
On a deck of playing cards, 2 cards are draws
at random. What is the probability of getting an
A and a King?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
A playing cards has 52 cards, 4 of each kind.
Case 1:
1st The probability of getting an A is =

2nd The probability of getting a King is
= 
=
Probability Case 2:
1st draw = K : = =
2nd draw = A : = =
=  =
P= +
30.59 Problem:
On a deck of playing cards, 2 cards are drawn
at random. What is the probability of getting 2
A’s?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
= 

In the ECE Board examinations, the probability
that an examinee will pass in each subject is
0.80. What is the probability that an examinee
will pass at least 2 subjects.
a) 0.64
b) 0.52
c) 0.75
d) 0.82
Probability Solution:
There are 3 subjects in the ECE Board Exams
Probably of passing two subjects and failing in
one subject:
= 0.8 (0.8) (0.2) = 0.128
Probability of passing three subjects:
= 0.8 (0.80) (0.80)
= 0.512
Probability of passing at least two subjects:
P= +
P = 0.128 + 0.512
P = 0.64

A group of 3 people enter a theater after the
lights head dimmed. They are shown to the
correct group of 3 seats by the usher. Each
person holds a number stub. What is the
probability that each is in the correct seat
according to the numbers on seat and stub?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution:
Total number of arrangements of 3 persons
= 3! = 6
There is only one correct seating arrangement,
therefore the probability that each is correct
seat is =

Find the probability of getting exactly 12 of 30
questions on a true or false questions.
a) 0.12 c) 0.15
b) 0.08 d) 0.04
= probability of getting the correct answer

in a question =
= probability of getting the failed answer in
a question =
P = C (n, r)
P = C (30, 12)
P= ( ) ( )
P = 0.08

Of 3000 college women enrolled, the personal
records indicate that 250 are of heights
exceeding 5 ft. 6 inches. What is the probability
that a randomly selected coed is of height not
exceeding 5 ft. 6 inches?
a) 0.698
b) 0.929
c) 0.844
d) 0.767
Solution:
No. of women not exceeding
5 ft. 6 inches
= 3500 – 250
= 3250
(probability) P =
= 3250
Probability
30.64 Problem:
An item’s cost distribution is given as a function
of the probability. What is the expected cost?
Cost in Pesos Probability

1 0.20
2 0.28
3 0.18
4 0.23
5 0.11
a) P3.20
b) P2.77
c) P5.31
d) P4.18
Solution:
Expected cost = 1(0.20) + 2(0.28)
+ 3(0.18) + 4(0.23) + 5(0.11)
Expected cost = 2.77
30.65 Problem:
An engineer wishes to determine the risk of fire
loss for his P2, 000, 000 home. From the fire
rating bureau he obtains the following data.
Outcome Probability
No fire loss 0.986
P100, 000 0.010
P400, 000 0.003
P200, 000 0.001
Find the expected fire loss.
a) P2, 400 c) P2, 000
b) P2, 800 d) P3, 000
Solution:
Expected fireloss = 100000(0.01)
+ 400000(0.003) + 200000(0.001)
Expected fireloss = P2400
Probability
30.66 Problem:
Numbers 12 4 -6
Probability 0.31 0.48 0.21
Find the mean value of given numbers shown.
a) 4.38 c) 3.45
b) 5.23 d) 4.76
Solution:
Mean value = 12(0.31) + 4(0.48) + (-6)(0.21)
Mean value = 4.38

With 50 examination questions each of which
has a given answers, how many possible
answer patterns are there?
a) 1.27 x
b) 1.23 x
c) 2.22 x
d) 1.87 x
Solution:
No. of patterns =
No. of patterns = 1.27 x

If 15 people won prizes in the state lottery
(assuming that there are no ties) how many
ways can these 15 people win first, second,
third, fourth and fifth prizes?
a) 4845
b) 116280
c) 360360
d) 3003
N = 15(14)(13)(12)(11)
N = 360360

From the following tabulation, calculate or
correlate coefficient between x and y.
x 80 84 88 92 98 104
y 4 8 10 8 12 14
a) 0.9216
b) 0.8521
c) 0.8862
d) 0.585
Solution:
x y 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
80 4 80-91 = -11 4-9.33 = -5.33 121 28.41 -11(-5.33) = +58.33
84 8 84-91 = -7 8-9.33 = -1.33 44 1.77 -7(-1.33) = +9.33
88 10 88-91 = -3 10-9.33 = 0.67 9 0.45 -3(0.67) = -2.01
92 8 92-91 = 1 8 – 9.33 = -1.33 1 1.77 1(-1.33) = -1.33
98 12 98 – 91 12 – 9.33 = 2.67 49 7.13 7(2.67) = +18.64
104 14 104-91 = 13 14 – 9.33 = 4.67 169 21.81 13(4.67) = +60.71
546 56 𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑦𝑦 𝑆𝑥𝑦
x= = 91
x= = 9.33
Correlation coefficient = r
r=
√
r=
√
r = 0.9216
Compute the mean value of the numbers from
the tabulated values shown.
(Numbers) (Probability)
4.5 0.32
1.2 0.51
-2.3 0.71
a) 1.661
b) 2.452
c) 3.692
d) 2.815
Solution:
Mean value = 4.5(0.32) + (1.2)(0.51)
+ (-2.3)(0.17)
Mean value = 1.661
30.71 Problem:
The mean value of the given set of numbers is
4.38. Find the value of x.
Numbers 12 x -6
Probability 0.31 0.48 0.21
a) 4
b) 8
c) 10
d) -5
Solution:
Mean value = 12(0.31) + x(0.48) + (-6)(0.21)
4.38 = 12(031) + 0.48x – 6(0.21)
x=4
Compute the standard deviation of the
following sets of numbers as shown.
Frequency : 1 3 4 6
Numbers : 30 35 40 45
a) 4.96 c) 3.69
b) 2.45 d) 5.81
Solution:
Arithmetic mean
= 40.36
Standard deviation
=√
Standard deviation = 4.96
30.73 Problem:
A Mathematics professor gives the following
scores to her students. Complete the arithmetic
mean.
Frequency : 1 2 4 6
Numbers : 30 42 50 60
a) 51.85 c) 45.35
b) 55.75 d) 64.25
Solution:
Arithmetic mean =
Arithmetic mean = 51.85

31.0 VENN DIAGRAM

In a class of 40 students, 27 like Calculus and
25 like Chemistry. How many like both
Calculus and Chemistry?
a) 12
b) 10
c) 14
d) 8
Solution:
x = no. of students who like both Calculus and
Chemistry
27 – x + x + 25 – x = 40
x = 12 (students)

A club of 40 executives, 33 like to smoke
Marlboro, and 20 like to smoke Philip Morris.
How many like both?
a) 13
b) 10
c) 11
d) 12
Solution:
33 – x + 20 – x + x = 40
x = 33 + 20 – 40
x = 13
Venn Diagram
31.03 G.E. Board Feb 1994

A survey of 100 persons revealed that 72 of
them had eaten at restaurant P and that 52 of
them had eaten at restaurant Q. Which of the
following could not be the number of persons in
the surveyed group who had eaten at both P
and Q?
a) 24
b) 20
c) 30
d) 50
Solution:
72 – x + x + 52 – x = 100
x = 124 – 100
x = 24
31.04 Problem:
Two problems in Mathematics came on the
latest licensure exams about Projectile and
Economics. How many were able to solve both
problems if only 55% of the examinee solve the
projectile problem and 70% solved the
economics problem? The only numbers of
examinees is 100.
a) 60
b) 40
c) 50
d) 25
Solution
55 – x + x + 70 – x = 100
x = 25%
Venn Diagram
31.05 Problem:
The Rotary Club and the Jaycees Club had a
joint Christmas party. 120 members of the
Rotary Club attended and 100 members of the
Jaycees Club also attended but 30 of those
who attended are members of both clubs. How
many persons attended the Christmas party.
a) 190
b) 220
c) 250
d) 150
Solution:
The total number of persons who attended the
party = 90 + 30 + 70
= 190
31.06 Problem:
In a certain party each one of the group drinks
coke or beer or whisky or all. Also 400 drink
coke, 500 drink beer and 300 drink whisky. 100
drinks coke and beer and 200 drink beer and
whisky. One who drinks whisky does not drink
coke. How many are in the group.
a) 900
b) 800
c) 700
d) 850
Solution:
No. of persons in the group
= 100 + 200 + 200 + 100 + 300
= 900
Venn Diagram 31.07 Problem:
A survey of 100 students reported that the
number of those enrolled in various
Mathematics subjects were Algebra, Geometry
and Calculus, 20; Algebra and Geometry, 30;
Algebra and Calculus, 35; Geometry and
Calculus, 35; Algebra, 70; Calculus, 60: How
many enrolled in Geometry?
a) 50 c) 40
b) 45 d) 55
Solution:
x + 20 + 10 + 15 + 10 + 15 + 25 = 100
x=5
Total no. of enrollees in Geometry
= 5 + 20 + 10 + 15
= 50 students
31.08 ME Board Aug. 1979

A certain part can be defective because it has
one or more out of three possible defects
insufficient tensile strength, a burr or a
diameter outside of tolerance limits. In a lot of
500 pieces:
19 have a tensile strength defect
17 have a burr
11 have an unacceptable diameter
12 have tensile strength and burr defects
7 have tensile strength and diameter defects
5 have burr and diameter defects
2 have all three defects
How many of the pieces have no defects?
a) 450 c) 475
b) 500 d) 425
Solution:
500 – 25 = 475 have no defects
Venn Diagram
31.09 ME Board Feb. 1975

In a Board Examination for Certified Plant
Mechanic, 119 examinees took the Shop
Machinery Subject, 104 examinees took the
Power Plant Machinery subject, and 115
examinees took the Industrial Plant Machinery
subject. Seventy eight (78) conditioned
examinees took only Shop Machinery and
Power Plant Machinery Subjects. Seventy one
(71) conditioned examinees took only the
Power Plant Machinery Subject and the
Industrial Machinery Subject. Eighty five (85)
conditioned examinees took only the Industrial
Machinery subject. Fifty four (54) all the three
subjects. How many examinees took the
Certified Plant Mechanic Board Examination?
a) 158 c) 200
b) 140 d) 134
Solution:
Total no. of examinees
= 10 + 31 + 54 + 24 + 17 + 13 + 9
Total no. of examinees = 158
31.10 CE Board Aug. 1968

In a survey concerning the smoking habits of
consumer it was found that 55% smoke
cigarette A, 50% smoke cigarette B, 40%
smoke cigarette C, 30% smoke cigarette A and
B, 20% smoke cigarettes A and C, 12% smoke
cigarettes B and C only 10% all three
cigarettes. What percentage of the population
did not smoke?
a) 10% c) 15%
b) 7% d) 5%
Solution:
Percentage of those who smoke
= 15 + 20 + 10 + 10 + 2 + 18 + 18
= 93%
Therefore only 7% did not smoke.
Venn Diagram

Prior to the last IBP electrions, a survey was
conducted in a certain barangay in Metro
Manila to find out which of the three political
parties they like best. The results indicated that
320 liked KBL, 250 liked LABAN and 180 liked
INDEPENDENTS. But of these, 160 liked both
KBL and LABAN, 100 liked both LABAN and
INDEPENDENTS and 70 liked both KBL and
INDEPEDENTS. Only 30 said they liked all the
three parties and none admitted that they did
not like any party. How many voters are there
in the barangay?
a) 450 c) 500
b) 400 d) 475
Solution:
Total number of voters:
x = 120 + 130 + 30 + 40 + 20 + 70 + 40
x = 450 voters
31.12 Problem:
There are 20 seniors serving the students
council of the Cebu Institute of Technology this
year. Of these, 3 have not served before, 10
served on the Sophomore years, and 11 in
their Freshman years. There are 5 who served
during both their Sophomore and Junior years.
6 during both their Freshman and Junior years
and 4 during both their Freshman and
Sophomore years. How many Seniors served
on the student council during each of the four
years in high school?
a) 3 c) 4
b) 2 d) 5
Venn Diagram Solution:
x = no. of seniors who have served during each
of the four years in high school
20 – 3 = 17 no. of seniors who have served in
the council.
6 – x = the no. of seniors who served during
Freshman and Junior.
5 – x = the no. of seniors who served both
Junior and Senior.
4 – x = the no. of seniors who served both
Freshman and Seniors
The no. of Seniors who served for Juniors only

10 – (6 – x + x + 5 – x) = (x – 1)
The no. of Seniors who served Sophomores
only 9 – (4 – x + x + 5 – x) = x
The no. of seniors who served the council
during the four years in high school.
17 = x – 1 + x + 1 + x + 4 – x + x + 6 – x + 5 – x
17 = x + 15
x = 2 seniors
31.13 Problem:
The President just recently appointed 25
Generals of the Phil. Army. Of these 14 have
already served in the war of Korea, 12 in the
war of Vietnam and 10 in the war of Japan.
There are 4 who have served both in Korea
and Japan, 6 have served both in Vietnam and
Korea and 3 have served both in Japan and
Vietnam. How many have served in Japan,
Korea and Vietnam?
a) 4
b) 3
c) 2
d) 5
Venn Diagram Solution:
No. of generals who served in Korea only:
14 – [(4 – x) + (6 – x) + x] = 4 + x
No. of generals who served in Japan only:
10 – [(4 – x) + (3 – x) + x] = 3 + x
No. of generals who served in Vietnam only:
12 – [(3 – x) + (6 – x) + x] = 3 + x
x = no. of Generals who served in three
countries.
3 + x + 3 – x + 3 + x + 6 – x + 4 – x+4+x+x=25
x = 2 generals
31.14 Problem:
In a certain election precinct in the barangay of
Punt Princesa shows the following results in
the 1985 elections. 300 voted in the favor of
KBL and PDP, 420 in favor of UNIDO and
PDP, 240 voted in favor of KBL and UNIDO.
Only 50 voted in favor of UNIDO, KBL and
PDP. Statistics shows that there are 600 KBL
diehards, 770 PDP diehards and 700 UNIDO
diehards. If there are 1300 registered voters in
that precinct, how many percent did not vote in
that election?
a) 10.8%
b) 14.6%
c) 15.7%
d) 20.2%
Solution:
Total number of those who participated in that
election:
110 + 190 + 50 + 250 + 370 + 100 + 90 = 1150
Total number of those who did not vote:
1300 – 1160 = 140
Percentage of those who did not vote:
= 100 = 10.8%
Venn Diagram

A survey of 500 television viewers produced
the following results.
285 watch football games

195 watch hockey games
115 watch basketball and
basketball games
70 watch football and hockey games
50 watch hockey and
basketball games
50 do not watch any of the three games
How many watch Hockey games only?
a) 110
b) 80
c) 95
d) 65
Solution:
Basketball only:
115 – (50 – x + x + 45 – x) = 20 + x
Football only:
285 – (45 – x + x + 70 – x) = 170 + x
Hockey only:
195 – (50 – x + x + 70 – x) = 75 + x
Only 500 – 50 = 450 watch the games
450 = 20 + x + 50 – x + x + 45 – x
+ 170 + x + 75+ x + 70 – x
450 = 430 – x
x = 20
75 + x = 95 watch Hockey games only
Venn Diagram 31.16 EE Board Oct. 1999
In a restaurant, 100 tables had been served. Of
these tables. 15 had dish A only, 20 had dish B
only, 15 had dish C only, 10 had dishes A and
B only, 15 had dishes B and C only, 15 had
dishes C and A only and 10 had all these
dishes. In how many tables can dishes A or C
be found?
a) 90 c) 80
b) 70 d) 65
Solution:
Dishes A or C can be found in 80 tables that in
100 – (10 + 5 + 5) = 80
31.17 Problem:
In a certain survey of a consumers group
regarding the drinking habits of a certain group,
it was found out that 48% drink San Miguel
Beer, 38% drink Asia Beer, 30% Red Horse,
10% drink Asia Beer and Red Horse. Those
who drink San Miguel do not any drink Red
Horse cause it’s too strong.
 How many drink San Miguel Beer only?
 How many drink Red Horse brand only?
 How many did not drink any brand?
Solution:
 San Miguel = 38% drink San Miguel
Beer only
 Red Horse = 17% drink Red Horse only
 Total no. of those who drink
= 38 + 10 + 15 + 13 + 17
= 93%
Only 93% did not drink any beer at all.
Venn Diagram 31.18 Problem:
A certain number of graduates from a certain
university took the recent licensure exams in
Mathematics and Hydraulics. Record shows
that the probability of these graduates in
passing Mathematics is 4/7 and the probability
of passing Hydraulics is 6/7. If there were 9 of
these graduates who passed both subjects and
none of them failed in both subjects.
 How many graduates from the said
University took the exams?
 How many of these graduates passed
Mathematics subject only?
 How many of these graduates passed
the Hydraulics subject only?
a) 21, 3, 9
b) 18, 2, 7
c) 16, 1, 6
d) 20, none, 8
Solution:
 No. of graduates who took the exam:
x–9+9+ x–9=x
x = 21
 No. of graduates who passed Math only:
N= x–9
N= (21) – 9
N=3
 No. of graduates who passed Hyd. Only
N= x–9
N= –9
N=9
Venn Diagram
31.18 Problem:
There are two sets of exams given by a certain
firm for their applicants. Only those who will
pass both sets will be hired by the firm.
Statistics shows on previous applicants who
pass the first set has a probability of 7/11 while
the probability of passing the second set is
5/11. If here were 6 who failed in both sets of
exams and only 12 applicants were hire during
that year.
 How many applicants have tried to apply
the firm in that same year?
 How many applicants who were able to
answer the first set of exams?
 How many applicants who were able to
answer the second set of exams?
a) 66, 42, 30
b) 55, 40, 28
c) 46, 35, 25
d) 60, 38, 20
Solution:
 No. of applicants who applied:
x – 12 + 12 + x – 12 = x - 6
x = 66
 No. of applicants who were able to
answer first set:
N= x – 12 + 12
N= = 42
 No. of applicants who were able to

answer 2nd set:
N= x – 12 + 12
N= = 30
Part 2
GEOMETRY
32.0 TRIANGLES
1. Area of triangle with three sides

given:
A=√
s=
2. Area of triangle with two adjacent

sides given and the included angle.
A=
3. Area of triangle with one side and

two adjacent angles given.
A=
4. Area of triangle inscribed in a circle.
A=
5. Area of triangle circumscribing a

circle.
A=rs
s=
Triangles
6. Area of triangle with an escribed

circle tangent to a side “a”.
A = r (S – a)
S=
7. Length of medians:
8. Length of bisector of an angle.
= ac – x (b – x)
=
9. Bisector of three angles of a triangle.
A=rs
s=
10. Perpendicular bisector of the sides of

a triangle.
A=
11. Relation between 2 sides of triangle,

altitude on the 3rd side and radius of
circumscribing circle.
r=
Triangles
32.01 Problem:
The two sides of the triangle ABC has
sides AB = 22 and AC = 8 cm
 Compute the probably perimeter of
the triangle.
 Compute the probable area of the
triangle.
 Compute the distance from the side AB
to the incenter of the circle.
Solution:
 Probable perimeter:
a>c–b
a<c+b
15 > 22 – 8 = 14
15 < 22 + 18 = 30
Use a = 15
Perimeter = 8 + 15 + 22
Perimeter = 45 cm
 Probable area:
S=
S=
S = 22.5
S – a = 7.5
S – b = 14.5
S – c = 0.5
Area = √
Area = 34.98
 Distance from AB to incenter of the

circle:
Area = r S
34.98 = r (22.5) r = 1.55 cm
Triangles
32.02 Problem:
In triangle ABC, AB = 5 cm, BC = 7 cm. the
distance from the incenter of the circle to the
side BC is 1.477 cm. If the area of the triangle
is 16.25 .
 Compute the side CA.
 Find the radius of the circle if it is in
tangent to side CA.
 How far is the point of intersection of the
perpendicular bisectors of the sides to
the side CA.
Solution:
 Side CA:
Area = r S
16.25 = 1.477 S
S = 11
S=
11 =
22 = 12 + b
b = 10 cm.
 Radius of circle escribed outside the
triangle which is tangent to CA:
Area = (s – b)
16.25 = (11 – 10)
= 16.25 cm.
 Distance from intersection of

perpendicular bisector of sides of the
triangle to side CA:
Area = =
x = 19.99 cm.
16.25 = r = 5.38
Triangles
32.03 Problem:
The area and perimeter of triangle ABC is
3029.12 and 220 cm respectively. A
circle is escribed outside the triangle having a
radius of 48.55 cm. is tangent to the side AB of
the triangle.
 Compute the length of side AB.
 Compute the length of side BC of the
triangle if the radius of the circle
circumscribing the triangle is 46.02 cm
 Compute the biggest angle of triangle
ABC.
Solution:
 Length of side AB:
Area = (S – c)
S=
S= 110 cm
2039.12 = 48.55 (110 – c)

c = 68 cm. (side AB)
 Side BC
Area =
2039.12 =
ab = 5520.02
a + b + c = 220
a + b = 220 – 68
a + b = 152
a (152 – a)
– 15a + 5520.02 = 0
a = 92 cm. (side BC)

Triangles
 Biggest angle of triangle:
b = 152 – 92
b = 60
Using Cosine Law:
– 2 (60)(68) Cos A
A = 91.69’
32.04 Problem:
The area of a triangle ABC is 65.59 cm and its
perimeter is 48 cm.
 Compute the radius of the inscribed
circle.
 Compute the radius of the circumscribed
circle if the sum of the two sides is 30
cm and the differences of the two sides
is 15 cm
 Compute the radius of the circle
escribed outside the triangle but in
tangent to the longest ride.
Solution:
 Radius of inscribed circle:
Area =
Area = r S
65 =
r = 2.71 cm
Triangles
 Radius of circumscribe circle:
Area =
a + b = 30
a + b + c = 48
30 + c = 48
c = 18
a – b = 15
a = 22.5
b = 7.5
Area =
65 =
r = 11.68 cm
 Radius of escribed circle:
Area = = (S – a)
65 = = (24 – 22.5)
= 43.3 cm
32.05 Problem:
The two sides of a triangle are 40cm, and
50cm respectively. The triangle is inscribed in
a circle having a radius of 12 cm. If the area of
the triangle is 2500
 Compute the perimeter of the triangle.

 Compute the perimeter of the circle
inscribed in the triangle.
 Compute the radius of the circle which is
escribed outside the triangle which is
tangent to the 3rd side.
Triangles
Solution:
 Perimeter of triangle:
Area =
2500 =
r = 60 cm
 Perimeter of circle inscribed in the

triangle:
Area = r S
65 =
r = 33.33
Perimeter = 2 r
Perimeter = 2 (33.33)
Perimeter = 209.44 cm
 Radius of escribe circle:
Area = (S – c)
2500 = (75 – 60)
= 166.67 cm
Triangles
32.06 Problem:
The sides of triangle are 8cm, 10cm and 14 cm
respectively.
 Determine the radius of the inscribed
circle.
 Determine the radius of the
circumscribing circle.
 Find the radius of the circle which is
escribed outside the triangle if it is
tangent to the 8 cm side.
Solution:
 Radius of inscribed circle:
S=
S= = 16
S–a=8
S–b=6
S–c=2
A=√
A=√
A = 39.19
A=rS
39.19 = r (16)
r = 2.45 cm
 Radius of circumscribing circle:

A=
39.19 =
r = 7.14 cm
 Radius of escribed circle tangent to the

8 cm side:
A= (S - a)
39.19 = (16 – 8)
= 4.90 cm
Triangles
32.07 Problem:
A triangle inscribe in a circle of radius 8 cm
have two of its sides equal to 8 cm and 14 cm
respectively.
 Compute the altitude upon the third side

of the triangle.
 Compute the perimeter of the triangle.
 Compute the area of the triangle.
Solution:
 Altitude upon the third side:
A=
A=
h=
h=
h = 7 cm
 Perimeter of triangle:
= -
= -
X = 12.12
= -
= -
= 15
b – x = 3.87
b – 12.12 = 3.87
b = 15.99 cm say 16 cm
Perimeter = a+ b + c
Perimeter = 8 + 16 + 14
Perimeter = 38 cm
Triangles
 Area of triangle:
S=
S=
S=
S = 19
S – a = 11
S–b=3
S–c=5
A=√
A=√
A = 55.99 say 56
32.08 Problem:
Triangle ABC have sides ABC = 40 cm, BC =
50 cm and CA = 60 cm.
 Compute the distance from the

intersection of the perpendicular bisector of the
sides of the triangle to the vertex A.
 Compute the distance from the
sides of the triangle to the side AB.
 Compute the distance from the
sides of the triangle to the side BC.
Triangles
Solution:
 Distance from the intersection of the
perpendicular bisector of the sides of
the triangle to the vertex A:
S=
S=
S = 75
S – a = 25
S – b = 15
S – c = 35
A=√
A=√
A = 992.16
S=
992.16 =
r = 30.24 cm from the vertex A
 Distance from the intersection of the

perpendicular bisector of the sides of
the triangle to side AB:
= -
x = 22.68 cm
 Distance from the intersection of the

perpendicular bisector of sides of the
triangle to side BC:
= -
y = 17.01 cm
Triangles
32.09 Problem:
In triangle ABC, AB = 15 m,
BC = 18 m and CA = 24m
 Find the distance from the point of
intersection of the angular bisectors to
side BC.
 Find the distance from the point of
intersection of the angular bisector to
the vertex C.
 Find the distance from the point of
intersection of the angular bisector to
the vertex A.
Solution:
 Distance from point intersection of
angular bisectors to side BC:
S=
S=
S = 28.5
S – a = 10.5
S – b = 4.5
S – c = 13.5
A=√
A=√
A = 134.83 sq.m.
A=rS
134.83 = r (28.5)
r = 4.73 m distance to side BC
Triangles
 Distance from point of intersection of the
angular bisectors to vertex C:
= + –2(18)(24) Cos C
C = 38.62°
= 19.31°
Sin 19.31° =
OC =
OC = 14.30 m
 Distance from of intersection of angular
bisectors the vertex A:
= + –2(15)(24) Cos A
A = 48.51°
Sin 24.254°
Sin 24.254° =
OA =
OA = 11.51 m.
32.10 Problem:
In triangle ABC, the two sides have values of
60 cm, and 80 cm respectively. If the area of
the triangle is 2175 sq.m.
 Find the perimeter of the triangle.
 Find the area of the circle escribe in the
triangle which is tangent to the 80 cm
side.
 Find the perimeter of the circle
circumscribing the triangle.
Triangles Solution:
 Perimeter of the triangle:
OA =
2175 =
= 65°
= + –2(60)(80) Cos 65°

a = 77.09 cm
Perimeter = 60 + 80 + 77.09
Perimeter = 217.09 cm
 Area of circle escribed in the triangle
which is tangent to the 80 cm side.
S=
S = 108.545
S – c = 28.545
A= (S – c)
2175 = (28.545)
= 76.20 cm
A=
A=
A = 18, 241.47
 Perimeter of circle circumscribing the
triangle:
S=
2175 =
R = 42.53
Perimeter = 2 R
Perimeter = 267.24 m.
Triangles 32.11 Problem:
The area of a triangle is 8346 sq. m and of its
interior angles are 37°25’ and 56°17’
 What is the length of the largest side?

 What is the perimeter of the triangle?
 How far is the point of intersection of the
angular bisectors of the triangle to the
largest side?
Solution:
 Largest side:
Area =
8346 =
b = 181.54 m.
 Perimeter of triangle:
a = 110.54 m
c = 515.32 m.
Perimeter = 110.54 + 151.32 + 181.54
Perimeter = 443.40 m
 Distance from point of intersecting of the

angular bisectors of a triangle to the
largest side:
A=rS
8346 = r
r = 37.65 m
Triangles
32.12 Problem:
A point within an equilateral triangle has a
distance of 3 m, 4 m, and 5 m, respectively
from the vertices.
 Determine the perimeter of the triangle.
 Determine the radius of the circle
tangent to one of its sides.
 Compute the distance from the
circumcenter of the circle to one of its
sides.
Solution:
 Perimeter of triangle:
Construct an equilateral triangle APO
and prolonged AO at D which is
perpendicular to BD:
BD = 4 Sin 30°
BD = 2 m.
OD = 4 Cos 30°
OD = 3.464 m.
+
x = 6.77 m.
Perimeter = 6.77 (3)

Triangles
 Radius of escribed circle:
S=
S=
S = 10.155
Area =
Area = 19.85 sq.m.

A = r (S – a)
19.85 = r (10.155 – 6.77)
r = 5.86 m.
 Distance from the circumcenter of the

circle to one of its sides:
Area =
19.85 =
R = 3.91 m.
Cos 60° =
x = 1.95 m. distance from circumcenter

to one of its sides
Triangles
32.13 Problem:
In triangle ABC, BC = 40 m and AB = 50 m and
angle A = 53°
 Determine the area of the triangle.

 Determine the perimeter of the triangle.
 Determine the length of the median
drawn from the vertex A to the side BC.
Solution:
 Area of triangle:
Using Sine Law:
C = 86°39’
B = 180°39’ - 53° - 86°39’
B = 40°21’
Area =
Area = 647.46
 Length of median drawn from vertex
A to side BC:
Using Cosine Law:
= + –2(50)(20)
Cos 40°21’
h = 37.09
Triangles
32.14 Problem:
In triangle ABC, angle C = 70°, A = 45°
and AB = 40 m.
 Determine the area of the triangle.
 What is the length of the median drawn
from vertex A to side BC?
 Determine the area enclosed by the
median and side AC.
Solution
 Area of triangle:
Area =
Area =
Area = 545.59
 Length of median drawn from vertex A
to side BC:
=
BC = 30.1 m
x=
x = 15.05 m.
In triangle ABC, use cosine law:
= +
- 2 (15.05)(40) Cos 65
 Area of triangle ACD:
= 22.93
= 180 - 70 - 22.93
= 87.07
Area =
Area = 272.80
Triangles
32.15 Problem:
The area of the inner triangle ABC is that of
triangle ADE. AB = m, AD = 65 m, AE = 90 m
and DE = 80 m. Point B is along line AD and
point C is along line AE.
 Find the length of segment CE.
 Find the length of BC
 Find the area of BDEC
Solution:
 Length of segment CE:
AC = 32.5 m
CE = 90 – 32.5
CE = 57.5 m
 Length of BC:
Using Cosine Law:
= 59. 57°
A = 1891.56
Triangles
32.16 Problem:
A triangular lot has a frontage on the sea of
100 yards. The boundary lines running from
the beach make on the inner side of the lot
angles of 60° and 50° respectively with the
shore line.
 Determine the perimeter of the
triangular lot in meters.
 Determine the distance of the dividing
line from the vertex of the triangle to the
opposite side along the shore lines to
divide the lots into two equal areas.
 At what angle must this line be drawn
from the shore line towards the 60° side.
Solution:
 Perimeter of the triangular lot:
AC = 81.50 yds.
BC = 92.20 yds.
Perimeter = 92.20 + 81 + 100

Perimeter = 273.7 yds
Perimeter =
Triangles  Distance of dividing line from the vertex
opposite to the shore line which divides
the lot into equal areas:
70.5811 x = 706.93 – 70.6293x

x = 50.02 m.
- 2(50.02)(81.50) Cos 60°

h = 71.19 m.
 Angle that this line makes with the shore

line:
= 82°30’
32.17 Problem:
A man owns a triangular lot on the corner of
two intersecting sheets which intersects at an
angle of 62°. The frontage of one street is 200
m and on the other side is 150 m.
 Determine the perimeter of these lot.
 If the land is worth P1000 per sq.m. and
the man has P1.2M with which to
increase the size of the lot, by how
much can he lengthen the 150 m
frontage?
 What is the new perimeter of this lot?
Triangles
Solution:
 Perimeter of old lot:
Using Cosine Law:
- 2(200)(150) Cos 62°

BC = 185.29 m.
Perimeter = 200 + 150 + 185.29
 Length increase on the 150 m side:
= 13244.21
= 1200
A=
A = 13244.21 + 1200
A = 14444.21
A=
14444.21 =
150 + x = 163.59
x = 13.59 m.
 Perimeter of this new lot:

=
- 2(200)(163.59) Cos 62°
BD = 189.85 m.
Perimeter = 200 + 163.59 + 189.85

A man owns a triangular lot on the corner of two
intersecting streets on a certain subdivision in
Metro Manila. The frontage on one side of the
street is 300 m. and on the other side is 250 m.
and on the 3rd side is 350 m.
① He was later on able to buy additional area

adding 275 m. to the 300 m. frontage. By how
much is his lot increasing?
② How much is the cost of the additional lot if it

cost him P5000 per acre to acquire it?
③ Determine the new perimeter of his lot.
Solution:
1. Area his lot is increasing or additional area:

Using Cosine Law:
(350)2 = (250)2 + (300)2
-2 (250)(300) Cos Ɵ
Ɵ = 78.46°
( )
A=
( )
A = 33,680.12 m2
2. Cost of additional lot:
( )
Cost =
Cost = P41, 592
3. New perimeter of his lot:
(CD)2 = (575) + (250)2 –

- 2 (575) (250) Cos 78.46°
-
(CD) = 579.32 m.
Perimeter = 575 + 250 + 579.32

32.19 Problem:
The flagship of the U.S Seventh Feed guarding

the Pacific Ocean is 3 nautical miles from the
Destroyer, 4 nautical miles from the Cruiser and 5
nautical miles from the Battleship. The flagship is
within the triangle formed by the line ships. If the
triangle formed by the line connecting the
destroyer, battleship and the cruiser forms an
equilateral triangle.
1. Determine the distance from the destroyer

the cruiser.
2. Determine the angle subtended by the

cruiser and the destroyer on the flagship.
3. Determine the angle between the line

joining the cruiser and the line joining the
cruiser and the flagship
SOLUTION:
TRIANGLES
1. Distance between destroyer and cruiser:
Construct an equilateral triangle with 3

nautical mile sides and prolong CO to
make AE perpendicular to CE.
AE = 4 Sin 30°
AE = 2
EO = 4 Cos 30°
EO = 3.464
X2 = (2)2 + (3.464+3)2
X = 6.77 nautical miles
2. Angle Subtended by Cruiser and

Destroyer at the Flagship.
Using Cosine Law:
(6.77)2 = (3) 2+ (4) 2 – 2(3)(4) Cos Ɵ
Ɵ = 150.23°
Ɵ = 150°14’
3. Angle between line joining Cruiser and

battleship and Cruiser and Flagship:
Using Cosine Law:
(5)2 = (6.77)2 + (4)2 – 2(6.77)(4) Cos β
Β = 47°09’
32.20 Problem:
An area of 63600 sq.m. is to be segregated from a

golf field where property lines extend indefinitely
and intersects at the angle of 82° with each other.
The dividing line starts at a point A on one of the
property lines 545 m. from the corner.
1. Find the angle that the fence AB makes

with the property lines at A.
2. Find the length of the fence.
3. Compute the total perimeter of the
property.
Solution:
1. Angle that the fence AB makes with

the property line at A.
( )
Area =
( )
63600=
Sin = 2.312 Sin Ɵ
Ɵ + + m82 = 180
Ɵ
Sin (98 – Ɵ) = 2.312 Sin Ɵ
Sin 98 Cos Ɵ – Sin Ɵ Cos 98°

= 2.312 Sin Ɵ
0.99 Cos Ɵ + 0.139 Sin Ɵ –

2.312 Sin Ɵ
2.173 Sin Sin Ɵ = 0.99 Cos Ɵ
Tan Ɵ = 0.4559
Ɵ = 24.50°
2. Length of fence:
β = 98 – 24.50°
β= 73.50°
AB = 562.88
3. Perimeter of the Property:
BC = 235.71 m.
Perimeter = 545 6 562.88 + 235.71
32.21 Problem:
An area of 50977 sq.m. is to be segregated from a
triangular lot ABC with one of its sides BC equal
to 400 m. and the boundary of this segregated
area DEBC has side DE parallel to BC. The length
of the side DE is equal to 150 m. and the angle
ABC is 50°.
1. At what angle is the side AC making with

side BC.
2. What is the area of the whole lot?
3. What is the area of section ADE?
Solution:
1. Angle side AC makes with BC:
A= ( )
( ) ( )
50977.84 = (
Cot Ɵ + Cot 50° = 1.348625207

Cot Ɵ= 0.509525575
Ɵ = 63°
( )
2.
A = 59319.67 m2
3. Area of Section ADE:
A2 = 59319.67 – 50977.84
A2 = 8341.83
32.22 Problem:
The triangular lot MNO is to be subdivided into
two lots one having a bigger area of 69396.22 m2
by a dividing line PQ. The angle MON = 64°. The
length of side ON is 500 m.
1. Compute the length of the dividing line PQ

if it is parallel to ON.
2. Compute the area of Section MPQ.
3. Compute the location of P from M.
Solution:
1. Length dividing line:
A= b –b
2(CotƟ + Cot β)
( )
69396.22 =
( )
b1 = 130 m.
2. Area MPQ:
( )
A1 =
A1 = 74,427.53 m2
3. Distance MP:
MP = 86.12 m.
32.23 Problem:
The angle of triangle ABC = 50,000 m2.
Angle C = 80° and AC = 500m.
1. Find the angle A.

2. Find distance BC.
3. Find the perimeter of the triangle.
Solution:
1. Angle A:
Β = 180 – θ – 80 = 100 – θ
( )
A=
5000 = ( )
(
Sin θ = 0.406 Sin (100 – θ)

2.462 Sin θ = Sin (100 – θ)
2.462 Sin θ = Sin 100 Cos θ

- Sin θ Cos 100
2.28835 Sin θ = 0.9848 Cos θ
Θ = 23.28°
Angle A = 23.48°
2. Distance BC:
β= 100 – 23.28° = 76.72°

=
BC = 204.69 m.
3. Perimeter of the triangle:
AB =m 505.93
Perimeter = 500 + 204.69 + 505.93

Perimeter = 1,210.62m.
32.24 Problem:
Triangle ABC have sides AB = 42 cm. BC = 64
cm. and CA = 84 cm.
1. Compute the area of the triangle.

2. At what distance from A along AC will
the other end of the bisector of angle B
located.
3. Compute the length of the bisector of
angle B.
Solution:
1. Area of the triangle:
S=
S=
S = 95
S-c = 53
S-a = 31
S – b = 11
A=√ ( )( )( )
A = √ ( )( )( )
A = 1310.32
2. Location of bisector of angle B:
64 = 3528-42
= 33.28
3. Length of bisector of angle B
= 42(64)
(33.28)(50.72)
h= 31.62
32.25 Problem:
From a point outside of an equilateral triangle, the
distances to the vertices are 10 cm, 18 m. and 10
m. respectively.
1. What is the length of one side of a triangle?

2. What is the area of the triangle?
3. What is the perimeter of the circle
circumscribing the triangle?
Solution:
1. Using Cosine Law:
(10)2 = + (18)2 – 2x (18) Cos 30°
X = 11.23
2. Area of triangle:
( )( )
A=
A = 55.49m2
3. Perimeter of the circumscribing circle:

A=
( )( )
55.49 =
R = 6.38 m.
Perimeter = 2π R
Perimeter = 2π (6.38)
32.26 Problem:
Triangle ABC has sides AB = 40 cm. BC = 60 cm.
and angle B = 46°.
1. Compute the area of the triangle.

2. What is the distance from A to the other
end of the bisector of angle B.
3. What is the length of the bisector of
angle B.?
Solution:
1. Angle of triangle:
( )
A=
A= 863.31 cm2
2. Location of D from A:
(AC)2 = (40)2 + (60)2

-2 (40)(60) Cos 46°
AC = 43.19 cm.
60x = 1727.6 – 40x

x= 17.28 m.
3. Length of bisector:
h2 = (40) (60) -17.28(25.91)

h = 44.18 cm.
33.0 QUADRIATERALS
1. PARALLELOGRAM
A=
 The segments of diagonals with
interesct each other are equal.
2. NUMBERS
A=
 Diagonals are perpendicular to each
other.
3. Four sides are not equal and not parallel

to each other, with given diagonals and
its angle of intersection.
A=
4. Four sides not parallel to each other

with sum of opposite angles are known.
Θ=
Θ=
√( )( )( )( )
A=
5. Cyclic quadrilateral (Quadrilateral
inscribe in a circle)
∠B + ∠D = 180°
∠A + ∠C = 180°
s=
a) A= √( )( )( )( )
b) Ptolemy’s Theorem
ac + bd = d1 d2
c) Radius of circle circumscribing a
quadrilateral.
√( )( )( )
R=
R= √( )( )( )( )
6. Quadrilateral inscribed in a circle with

one side as a diameter of a circle:
a. ac + bd = d1 d2
(Ptolemy’s Theorem)
b. Sin θ =
Cos θ =
c. Sin a =
Cos a =
d. A = √( )( )( )( )
s=
7. Cyclic Quadrilateral circumscribing a
circle:
A=√
S=
A = rS
√
r=
8. Trapezoid :
Median x =
( )
A=
9. Trapezium
( )
A=
10. Length of dividing line which is parallel

lines.
m=n=1
If the ratio of areas are equal

x = length of dividing line
33.01 Problem:
The sides of a rhombus are 100 cm. long and the

length of the longer diagonal is 160 cm.
1. Find the smaller angle between the sides of

the rhombus.
2. Find the length of the smaller diagonal.
3. Find the area of the rhombus.
Solution:
1. Smaller angle between sides of

rhombus:
Cos θ =
Θ = 36.87°
2 θ = 73.74°
2. Smaller angle between sides of

rhombus:
( ) ( )
Length of smaller diagonal = 2(60)
Length of smaller diagonal = 120cm.

33.02 Problem:
The diagonal of a parallel are 18 cm. and
28 cm. respectively. One of the sides of the
parallelogram is 10 cm.
1. Compute the smallest angle of

intersection of the two diagonals.
2. Compute the area of the parallelogram.
3. Compute the other side of the

parallelogram.
Solution:
1. Angle of intersection of two

diagonals:
(10)2= (9)2 + (14)2

- 2(9)(14) Cos θ
Θ = 45.38°
2. Area of the parallelogram:
Area =
( )
Area = 179.37
3. Length of other side:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
x = 21.31
33.03 Problem:
The two sides of parallelogram are 24 m. and 14
m. respectively and one diagonal is 26 m. long.
1. Compute the smallest interior angle of the

parallelogram.
2. Compute the length of the other diagonal.
3. Determine the difference between the

lengths of the two diagonals.
Solution:
1. Smallest interior angle:
To check whether the diagonal is short or long
√( ) ( ) = 27.78
26 <27.78 (it is a short diagonal) (26)2 = (24)2 +

(14)2 – 2 (24)(14) Cos θ
Θ = 81.79°
2. Length of other diagonal:
d2 = (24)2 + (14)2
-2 (24)(14) Cos 98.21°
d = 29.46 m.
3. Difference in lengths of diagonals
Difference = 29.64 – 26
Difference = 3.64 m.
33.04 Problem:
One diagonal of a parallelogram makes an

angle of 45° and 58° respectively with the
sides. If the length of this diagonal is 200
cm.
1. Compute the longer side of the

parallelogram.
2. Compute the shorter side of the

parallelogram.
Solution:
1. Longer side:
y = 174.07 cm.
2. Shorter side:
x= 145.14 cm.
3. Area = 174.07(2000 Sin 45°
Area = 24,617.22
33.05 Problem:
A trapezoidal lot ABCD has sides BC parallel to
AD. The angle between the side BA and AD is 70°
while that angle between the side CD and DA is
58°. Side AD = 300 m. and that of BC = 200 m.
1. Compute the area of the trapezoidal lot.
2. If the trapezoidal lot is divided to two

equal areas by a line parallel of the
sides BC and AD, compute the length of
the dividing line.
3. How far is the location of one end of the

dividing line from A long AB.
Solution:
1. Area of trapezoida lot:

A= ( )
( ) ( )
A= ( )
A = 25,282.16 sq.m.
2. Length of dividing line:
( ) ( )( )
√
x = 254.95 m.
3. Location of dividing line from along AB:
= 48.48 m.
A triangle lot ABC has angles B = 50°
ad C = 60°. Distance BC 300 m. A line DE
which is 140 m. long is laid out parallel to
BC with point D on the side AC and point E
on the side AB.
1. Compute the area of triangle ABC.

33.06 Problem:
2. Compute the area DEBC.
3. What is the length of the dividing line

FG that will divide the area of the
triangle ADE into two equal areas which
is parallel to side BC.
Solution:
1. Area of triangle ABC:
( )
A=
A = 31769.57 m2
2. Area of DEBC:
( ) –( )
A= (
A = 24850.86 m2
3. Length of dividing line FG:
A1 = 31769.57 – 24850.86
A1 = 6948.78 m2
A2 = ½ (6918.71)
A2 = 3459.36
3459.36 =
x = 98.99 m
An area of 50,977.84 sq.m. is to be
segregated from a triangular lot ABC with one of
its sides BC equal to 400 m. and the boundary of
this segregated area DEBC has side DE parallel
to BC. The length of the side DE is equal to 150 m.
and the angle ABC is 50°.
1. At what angle is the side AC making with

the side BC?
33.07 Problem: 2. What is the area of the whole lot?
3. What is the area of section ADE?
Solution:
1. Angle side AC males BC:
(
( ) ( )
( )
2. Area of whole lot:

( )
59319.67 m2
3. Area of section ADE:
A2 = 59319.67 – 50977.84
A2 = 8341.83 m2
33.08 Problem:
A trapezoid has its bases equal to 150 m. and 360

m. respectively. The base angles are 60° and 48°
respectively.
1. Find the area of the trapezoid.

2. Find the smaller side of the trapezoid.
3. Find the length of the line dividing the
trapezoid into two equal parts but parallel
to the bases of the trapezoid.
Solution:
1. Area of trapezoid:
(
( ) ( )
(
A = 36237.42 m2
2. Smaller side of trapezoid:
x = 164.09 m.
( )( ) ( )( )
√
The base angles of a trapezoid are 68° and
50° respectively. If the bases of the
trapezoid are equal to 300 m. and 150 m.
respectively, compute the following.
1. Longer side of the trapezoid.

2. Shorter side of the trapezoid.
3. Area of the trapezoid.
Solution:
1. Longer side:
33.09 Problem
x= 147.01
2. Shorter side:
3. Area of the trapezoid.
( )
Area = (147.01) Sin 50°
Area = 25901.72
33.10 Problem:
A trapezoidal piece of ground is to be divided into
two parts in the ratio of 2 to 3 by a line parallel to
the parallel sides, the larger part to be adjacent to
the smaller parallel sides. The parallel sides are
575 m. and 437 m. long respectively. The other
sides are 300 m. and 350 m. long.
1. Find the length of the dividing line.

2. Find the altitude of the trapezoid.
3. Find the area of the smallest part.
Solution:
1. Length of the dividing line:
( )( ) ( )( )
√
2. Altitude of trapezoid:
(300)2 = (138)2 + (350)2

- 2 (138)(350) Cos θ
Θ = 58°
h = 300 Sin 58°
h = 296.8 m.
3. Area of the smallest part:
( )
(296.8)
Smaller area = (150180.8)

Smaller area = 60,072.32
33.11 Problem:
A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle

having side DA as the diameter AB = 8 m., BC =
9,864 m. and CD = 20 m. The angle that the 8 m.
side makes with line DA is 66.42°.
1. Compute the diameter of the circle.

2. Compute the distance AC.
3. Compute the area of quadrilateral ABCD.
Solution:
1. Diameter of the circle:

Cos 66.42° =
d = 20 m.
2. Distance AC:
(AC)2 = (20)2 (12)2

AC = 16 m.
3. Area of quadrilateral:
√( )( )( )( )
√( )( )( )( )
33.12 Problem:
A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle. AB =
90 cm, DA = 50 cm, CD = 70 cm, BD = 101.76 cm.
and AC = 97.29 cm.
1. Find the length of BC.

2. Compute the area of the quadrilateral.
3. Compute the radius of the circle.
Solution:
1. Length of BC:
Using Ptolemy’s Theorem:
(AB)(CD) + (BC)(AD) = (BD)(AC)
90(70) + (BC)(50) = 101.75(97.29)
BC = 72.cm.
√( )( )( )( )
√( )( )( )( )
3. Radius of circle:
( )( )( )
√
ab +cd = 90(72) + 50(70) =9980

ac +bd = 90(70) + 72(50) =9900
ad +bc = 90(72) + 72(70) =9540
( )( )( )
√
R = 50.90 cm.
33.13 Problem:
A quadrilateral ABCD have sides equilateral AB =
12m., BC = 20m, CD = 8m, and DA = 16.97m. If
the sum of the one opposite angle is equal to 225°.
1. Find the area of the quadrilateral.

2. Assuming that the quadrilateral is
inscribed in a circle, what is the length of
AC if BD = 24.6m.
3. What is the radius of the circle?
Solution:
√( )( )( )( )
√( )( )( )( )
2. Length of AC:
Using Ptolemy’s Theorem;
20(16.97) +12(8) = AC(24.6)
AC = 17.70 cm.
√( )( )( )
ab+cd = 12(8) + 8(16.97)=375.76

ac+bd = 12(8) +20(16.97) = 435.40
ad + bc = 12(16.97) + 20(8) = 363.64
33.14 Problem:
A cyclic quadrilateral has an area of 12 cm2.
The sides of the quadrilateral AB = 3 cm, CD =
4cm.
1. Compute the value of the 3rd side BC.

2. Compute the diagonal BD if AC=6cm.
3. Compute the radius of the circle that
is inscribed in the quadrilateral.
Solution:
1. Value of BC:
√
12 √ ( )( )( )
b = 3 cm.
BC = 3 cm.
2. Diagonal BD:
d2 = ac +bd
6(d2) = 3(4) +3(4)
D2 =
3. Radius of inscribed circle:
A=rS
( )
12 = r
24 = r (3+3+4+4)
r = 1.71cm.
33.15 Problem:
A cyclic quadrilateral is circumscribing

circle. The sides of the cycle quadrilateral
are as follows: a 48, c = 54, d= 36 and the
diagonals are 61.42 m. and 62 m
respectively.
1. Compute the missing side b.

2. Compute the area of the cyclic
quadrilateral.
3. Compute the area of the circle
inscribe in the quadrilateral.
Solution:
1. Distance “b”
ac + bd = d1 d2
48(54)+b(38) = 61.42(620
b=32
√
√ ( )( )( )
3. Area of inscribed circle:
A = rS
( )2
33.16 Problem:
A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD is circumscribing a
circle having a center at point O. Angle AOC ios
183°58’. If AB = 50 m., BC = 90 m. and AD = 70
m.
1. Find the angle ABC

2. Find the distance Cd if the area of the
quadrilateral is 5046.97 sq. m.
3. Find the radius of the circle.
Solution:
1. Angle ABC:
( )
2. Distance CD:
( )
( )
( )
( )
Using Cosine Law:

(AC)2 = (70)2 + (80)2
- 2(70)(80) Cos 91°59’
AC = 108.11 m.
Sin 88°01’ =
r = 5409 m.
33.17 Problem:
A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a semi- circle
with side DA as its diameter. If O is the Center of
the semi – circle within radius of 12 m. and angle
COD = 78°.
1. Find the angle ABC.

2. Find the distance BC if AB = 10 m.
3. Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD.
Solution:
1. Angle ABC
( )
2. Distance BC:
= 24 Sin 39°
= 15.10 m.
= 24 Cos 39°
= 18.65 m.
= √( ) ( )
= 21.82 m.
( ) ( ) = (AC)(BD)
( ) ( ) = (18.65)(21.82)
= 10.66 m.
Check: Using Cosine Law
( ) ( ) ( )
– 2 (AB)(BC) Cos 129°
( ) ( ) ( )
– 2 (10)(BC) Cos 129°
( )
BC = 10.66 ok
3. Area of quadrilateral
√( )( )( )( )
√( )( )( )( )
Check:
( ) ( )
2
33.18 Problem:
A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a semi-circle
having a diameter DA equal to 20 cm. AB = a2
cm., BC= 10. And CD = 7.8 cm.
1. Compute the area of the quadrilateral.

2. Compute the distance between the mid
points of AB and BC.
Solution:
√( )( )( )( )
√( )( )( )( )
2
2. Distance between mid-points of BC

and CD:
Cos
Using Cosine Law:
(XY)2 = (5)2 + (3.9)2

-2 (5)(3.9) Cos 126.87°
XY = 7.98 cm.
3. Distance between mid-points of

AB and BC:.
Using Cosine Law:

(ZX)2 = (6)2 + (5)2 -2(6)(5)
ZX = 9.19 cm
33.19 Problem:
A trapezoidal lot ABCD has sides BC parallel to
AD, AB= 395 m., AD = 530 m. BC = CD,. Angle
CDA = 86°.
1. Determine the side BC.

2. Determine the distance between BC and
AD.
3. Determine the area of the trapezoidal lot
ABCD.
Solution:
1. Side BC:
Using Cosine Law:
(395)2 = x2 + (530 – x)2

- 2(x)(530 – x) Cos 86°
156025 = x2 + 280900 – 1060x

+ x2 - 73.94x + 0.14x2
2.14x2 – 1133.94x + 124875 =0
X2 – 529.88x + 58352.80 =0
m.
2. Distance between BC and AD:
3. Area of trapezoidal lot:
( )( )
2
33.20 Problem:
The position of the lighthouse in equidistant from
Destroyer, Battleship, Flagship and the Cruiser of
the Phil. Navy. The lighthouse is also collinear
with the Destroyer and Cruiser. If the distance
between the Destroyer and Battleship is 3 nautical
miles, between Battleship and Flagship is 4
nautical miles while that of the Flagship and
Cruiser is 5 nautical miles.
1. Determine the distance from lighthouse

to the Cruiser.
2. Determine the distance from the
Destroyer to the Flagship.
Battleship to the Cruiser.
Solution:
1. Distance from the lighthouse to the
Cruiser:
√( ) ( )
√( ) ( )
√( ) ( )
√
( ) ( )
√ √
( )( )
Solving for r= 4.03 (trial and error)

Distance from lighthouse to Cruiser
2. Distance between Destroyer and Flagship:
√
√ ( )
3. Distance between Battleship and Cruiser:

√
√ ( )
33.20 Problem:
The area of rhombus is 132 sq.cm. It has
one diagonal equal to 12 cm.
1. Determine the length of the other
diagonal.
2. Determine the length of the sides of
rhombus.
3. Determine the acute angle between the
sides of the rhombus.
Solution:
1. Other diagonal of rhombus:
( )
2. Length of sides:
( ) ( )
3. Acute angle between sides:

33.21 Problem:
The sides of parallelogram are 18 cm and 12 cm
respectively. One of its diagonal is 17.5 cm long.
1. Compute the smallest interior angle.
2. Compute the other diagonal.
Solution:
1. Smallest interior angle:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2. Other diagonal:
( ) ( )
( )( )
3. Area of parallelogram:
( )
33.23 Problem:
Two secants AB and AC from point A outside a
circle which intersects the circle at B and D and C
and E. Point D is collinear with line AB and point
E is also collinear with line AC. AB = 90 cm, AC=
120 cm. The angle between the two secants is
30°
1. Compute the distance EA if AD = 50 cm

long.
2. Find the area of the quadrilateral BDEC
inscribed in the circle.
3. Compute the radius of the circle
circumscribing the quadrilateral.
Solution:
1. Distance EA:
( )
( ) ( )
3. Radius of circumscribe circle:

Using sine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
33.24 Problem:
A quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle of
radius “r”. If AB and DC is extended it will meet at
a common point O outside the circle. The
projection of line AB and DC make an angle of 30°
at point O. the distance OB = 40 m, OA= 90m,
and OD = 120 m. respectively.
1. Compute the distance OC.
2. Compute the area of the quadrilateral
3. Compute the area of the circle
circumscribing the quadrilateral.
Solution:
1. Distance OC:
( ) ( )
3. Area of Circle
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
33.25 Problem
Two secants OA and OD are drawn from point O

outside the circle and intersects the circle at
points B along line OA and points C along line OD
forming a quadrilateral ABCD which is inscribed in
a circle. OA = 80 m, OB = 40 m and OD = 100 m.
The angle between the lines OA and OD is equal
to 25 degrees.
1. Find the distance OC.

2. Find area of quadrilateral BCD.
Solution:
1. Distance OC:
( ) ( )
3. Radius of Circle:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
33.26 Problem:
ABCD is quadrilateral inscribed in a circle.
Side AD = diameter of the circle AB = 2 m, BC
= 4 m, and CD = 6 m. Angle BAD = 75.93°.

2. Find the distance AC.
3. Find the area of the quadrilateral.
Solution:
2. Distance AC:
√( ) ( )
4.
√( )( )( )( )
√ ( )( )( )
33.27 Problem:
The triangle lot MNO is to be subdivided into two

lots one having bigger area of 69396 m2 by a
dividing line PQ. The angle MON = 64° and angle
MNO = 40°. The length of side ON is 500 m.
1. Compute the length of dividing line PQ if its

parallel to ON.
2. Compute the area of section MPQ.
3. Compute the location of P from M.
Solution:
( )
( )
(
2. Area of MNO:
( )
3. Distance MP:
33.28 Problem:
Triangle xyz has base angles x= 52° and z = 60°.
Distance xz = 400 m. long . A line AB which is 200
m. long is laid parallel to xz.
1. Compute the area of triangle xyz.

2. Compute the area ABXZ.
3. The area of ABY is to be divided into
two equal parts. Compute the length of
the dividing line which is parallel to AB.
Solution:
1. Area of xyz:
( )
(
2. Area of ABXZ:
( ) ( )
(
3. Length of dividing line CD:

32.39 Problem:
The corners of a triangle lot are marked 1, 2, and

3 respectively. The length of side 3-1 is equal to
500 m. the angles 1,2 and 3 are 60°, 80° and 40°
respectively. If an area 59352 sq.m is cut off on
the side 3-1 such that the dividing line is 4-5 is
parallel to 3-1.
1. Compute the length of line 4 – 5.

2. Compute the area of 2 – 4- 5.
3. Compute the distance 2 – 4.
Solution:
1. Length of line 4 – 5:
( )
( )
(
( )
2. Area of 2 – 4 – 5:
( )
3. Distance 2 – 4:
34.0 POLYGONS
1. Sum of interior angles of a polygon
S = (n-2) 180°
2. Interior angle of a polygon
( )
= interior angle
3. Sum of exterior of polygon
S = 360
4. Relation of sides of a polygon and

the diagonals of a polygon:
( )
5. Number of sides of a polygon
Triangle = 3 sides
Quadrilateral = 4 sides
Tetragon = 4 sides
Pentagon = 5 sides
Hexagon = 6 sides
Heptagon = 7 sides
Octagon = 8 sides
Nonagon = 9 sides
Enneagon = 9 sides
Decagon = 10 sides
Undecagon = 11 sides
Dodecagon = 12 sides
Quindecagon = 15 sides
Icosagon = 20 sides
Chillagon =1000sides
Areas of Polygon
6. Hexagon inscribed in a circle:
( )
7. Hexagon circumscribing a circle:
( ( )
8. Pentagon inscribed in a circle:
( )
9. Pentagon circumscribing a circle:
( ( )
10. Square inscribed in a circle

inscribed in a hexagon:
( )
( )
11. Pentagram:
(5 pointed star)
( )
12. Hexagram:
(Six- pointed star)
( )
13. Polygon circumscribing a circle with

an area of Ac
( )
14. Polygon inscribed in a circle having

an area Ac
( )
( )
34.01 Problem:
1. How much sides has a polygon if the
sum of its interior angles equals if the
sum of its interior angles equals twice
the sum of its exterior angles.
2. What is the area of this polygon f it is

inscribed in a circle having a radius of 6
cm?
3. What is the area of this polygon if it is

circumscribing a circle having a radius
of 6 cm?
Solution:
1. No. of sides of a polygon:
( ) ( )
( )
2. Area of polygon if it is inscribed in a

circle:
( ) ( )
3. Area of polygon circumscribing a circle:
( )( )( )
34.02 Problem:
1. How many sides has a polygon if the sum

of the interior angles is 1080°.
2. ABCD is a square of side 10 cm. Four
congruent isosceles triangles with sides
equal to “x” are cut off from the four corners
so that the remaining portion forms this
polygon. Compute the value of “x”.
3. Compute the remaining area after cutting
off the four corners.
Solution:
1. No. of sides of polygon:
( )
( )
2. Value of “x” cut off at the four corners:
3. Remaining area after cutting off “x”
( )( )( )
[ ( )] ( )( )
34.03 Problem:
A circle is circumscribed about a hexagon. The
area outside the hexagon but inside the circle is
15 m2.

2. Compute the area of the hexagon.
3. Compute the volume of a cylinder having a
hexagon as its base and an altitude of 20
m.
Solution:
( )
2. Area of hexagon:
( )
( ) ( )
3. Volume of cylinder:
( )
34.04 Problem:
The base of a cylinder is a hexagon inscribed in a
circle. If the difference in the circumference of the
circle and the perimeter of the hexagon is 4 cm.

2. Find the area of the hexagon.
3. Find the lateral area of the cylinder if it has
an altitude of 18 cm.
Solution:
2. Area of hexagon:
( ) ( )
3. Lateral area:
( )( )
34.05 Problem:
The corresponding sides of two similar polygons
are 2.4. If the smallest polygon has a perimeter of
24 cm, and an area of 36 sq.cm.
1. Compute the perimeter of the biggest

polygon.
2. Compute the area of the biggest polygon.
3. Compute the ratio of the area to the
perimeter of the biggest polygon.
Solution:
1. Perimeter of the biggest polygon:
2. Area of biggest polygon:
( )
( )
3. Ratio of area to the perimeter of

biggest polygon:
34.06 Problem:
Two equilateral triangles, each with 12 cm, sides

overlap each other to form a 6 point star of David.
1. Determine the sum of the interior angles of the

vertices of the 6 point star of David.
2. Determine the overlapping area in sq.cm.
3. Determine the area of the 6 point star of David
(Hexagram).
Solution:
1. Sum of interior angles of the vertices of the

6 points star of David:
( )
2. Overlapping area:
( )( )( )
3. Area of 6 points star:
( )( ) ( )
34.07 Problem:
A 6 pointed star which is formed by overlapping

two equal equilateral triangle is inscribed in a
circle having a radius of 6.928 cm.
1. Compute the sides of the triangle.

2. Compute the overlapping area.
3. Compute the area of the 6 pointed star.
Solution:
1. Sides of the triangle:
2. Overlapping Area:
( )( )( )
3. Area of 6 pointed star:
( ) ( )
34.08 Problem:
A regular five pointed star is inscribed in a circle

with a diameter of 10 cm.
1. What is the area of the star?

2. What is the area not covered by the star?
3. What is the area the polygon at the center of
the star?
Solution:
1. Area of Star:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2. Area not covered by the star:
( )
3. Area of polygon at the center of the star:
( ) ( )( )
34.09 Problem:
A regular pentagon has sides of 20 cm. An inner
pentagon with sides of 10 cm is inside and
concentric to the larger pentagon.
1. Determine the perpendicular distance

between the sides of the concentric
pentagon.
2. Determine the area of the smaller pentagon.
3. Determine the area inside the larger
pentagon but outside the smaller pentagon.
Solution:
1. Perpendicular distance between the

sides of the concentric pentagon:
( )
2. Area of smaller pentagon:
( )( )
3. Area inside the larger pentagon but

outside the smaller pentagon:
( )( ) ( )( )
34.10 Problem:
The sum of the sides of two polygons is 9 and
the sum of its diagonal is 7.
1. Find the number of sides of the smaller

polygon.
2. Find the product of the sides of the two
polygons.
3. Find the product of the diagonals of the two
polygons.
Solution:
1. No. of sides of smaller polygon:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
[( ) ]
③ Product of diagonals of two polygons
( ) (4-3)=2
( )( )
( ) (5-3)=5 ( )( )
x = 4 no. of sides of smaller polygon
Product of diagonals = 2(5) = 10

2. Product of sides of two polygon:
( )
34.11 Problem:
The number of diagonals of a polygon is 44.
1. Find the number of sides of the polygon.

2. Find the area of the polygon if the
polygon is inscribed in a circle whose
radius is 12 cm.
3. Find the perimeter of the inscribed
polygon.
Solution:
1. No. of sides of a polygon:
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2. Area of polygon inscribed in a circle of

radius 12 cm.
( )
3. Perimeter of inscribed polygon:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
34.12 Problem:
A pentagram is inscribed in a circle of radius “r”.
1. Find the sum of the interior angles of the

vertices of the pentagram.
2. Find the area of the pentagram if the radius
r=6 cm.
3. What is the area of the regular polygon at
the center of the pentagram?
Solution:
1. Sum of interior angles:
( )( )
Sum of interior angle of the vertices

( )
2. Area of Pentagram:
( ) ( )
3. Area of regular polygon at the center of

pentagram.
( ) ( )
34.13 Problem:
A square having an area of 48 sq.cm is

inscribed in a circle which is inscribed in a
hexagon.
1. Compute the area of the circle.

2. Compute the area of the hexagon.
3. Compute the perimeter of the hexagon.
Solution:
1. Area of the circle.
( )
( )
2. Area of the hexagon:
Cos 30°=
( ) (
3. Perimeter of hexagon = 6(5.66)
Perimeter of hexagon = 33.96 cm.

34.14 Problem:
A hexagram is form by overlapping two equal
equilateral triangles which is inscribed in a
circle having a radius of 12 cm.
1. Find the sides of the triangle.

2. Find the area of the hexagram.
3. Find the total perimeter of the hexagram.
Solution:
1. Sides of the triangle:
( )
2. Area of hexagram:
( ) ( )
( )
3. Perimeter =
34.15 Problem:
The base of a cylinder is a regular octagon

inscribed in a square having dimensions of 18
cm. x 18 cm.
1. Determine the area of the base in sq.cm.

2. If the altitude of the cylinder is equal to 20
cm. high, determine the volume of the
cylinder in cubic meters.
3. If the cylinder is full of oii having a unit
weight of 670 slugs/m3, determine the
weight in quitals.
Solution:
1. Area of base:
√
√ ( )
( )( )
( )
3. Wt. of oil:
( )
( )
34.16 Problem:
The area of a regular polygon inscribed in a

circle is to the area of the circumscribed regular
polygon of the same number of sides as 7.5 to
10.
1. Find the number of sides of the regular

polygon.
2. If the radius of the circle circumscribing the
regular polygon is 12 cm, find the perimeter
of the inscribed polygon.
3. Find also the perimeter of the polygon
circumscribing the circle.
Solution:
1. No of sides of the regular polygon:
( )
( )
2. Perimeter of inscribed polygon
( )
3. Perimeter of circumscribed polygon:
( ( )
34.17 Problem:
The area of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle

having a radius of 10 cm. is to the area of the
circumscribed regular polygon of the same
number of sides as 7.64 is to 5.
1. Find the number of sides of the regular

polygon.
2. Find the perimeter of the polygon
circumscribing the circle.
3. Find the area of the polygon inscribed in
the circle.
Solution:
1. Number of sides:
( )
( )( )
2. Perimeter of polygon circumscribing the

circle:
( )
3. Area of polygon inscribed in the circle.
( ) ( )
34.18 Problem:
A regular polygon inscribed in a circle of radius

12 cm. has 20 diagonals.
1. Determine the number of sides of the

regular polygon.
2. Determine the area of the polygons inscribe
in the circle.
3. Determine the perimeter of the regular
polygon inscribed in the circle.
Solution:
1. No. of sides of a regular polygon:

( )
( )
)( )
2. Area of polygon inscribed in the circle:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
3. Perimeter of regular polygon:

Sin 22.5
( )
( )
34.19 Problem:
A regular polygon has the sum of its interior

angles equals twice the sum of its exterior
angles.
1. Determine the number of sides of the

regular polygon.
2. Determine the number of diagonals of the
regular polygon.
3. If the polygon is circumscribing a circle of
radius 12 cm, find the ratio of the area to the
perimeter of this polygon.
Solution:
1. No. of sides:
( – ) ( )
2. No of diagonals:
( )
( )
3. Ratio of area to perimeter of the polygon:
( )
( )( )
( )
34.20 Problem:
An equilateral polygon has each exterior angle

equal to 30°.
1. Determine the number of sides.

2. Determine the number of diagonals of this
polygon.
3. If the polygon is circumscribing a circle
having an area of 1017.876 sq. cm,
determine the ratio of its area to its
perimeter.
Solution:
1. No. of sides:
2. No. of diagonals:
( )
( )
3. Ratio of Area to its perimeter:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
34.21 Problem:
The area of hexagon inscribed in a circle is

166.28 sq.cm. If the circle is also inscribed in a
square.
1. Find the area of the square.

2. Find the area of the circle.
3. Find the total perimeter of the hexagon.
Solution:
1. Area of square:
( )
( )
2. Area of circle:
( )
3. Perimeter of the hexagon:
( )
34.22 Problem:
A polygon is form by overlapping two equal

equilateral triangles which is inscribed in circle
having a diameter of 24 cm.
1. Find the area of the polygon.

2. Find the length of the sides of the equilateral
triangle.
3. Determine the perimeter of the polygon.
Solution:
1. Area of polygon:
( ) ( )
2. Length of one side of triangle:
( )
3. Perimeter of polygon:
( )
35.0 CIRCLES
Area of circle:
Circumference of circle:
Geodesic = shortest distance from a point to a

circle
Other Properties of Circles
1. Angle between the tangent of a circle and

the chord is equal to one half the central
angles.
2. Inscribe angle in a circle is only one half of

its intercepted arc.
3. The products of the segments of a chord

intersecting each other are equal.
4. Angle of intersection of two chords:
5. Angle between two secants.
6. Angle between tangent and secant.
7. Ptolemy’s Theorem for a Cyclic

Quadrilateral
8. Relation between tangents, secant and its

external segment
9. Relation between secants and its external
segment.
( ) ( )
10. Relation between radius of a circle

circumscribing a triangle with two sides
known and an altitude to the 3rd side.
11. Angle between tangent to a circle:
( )
35.01 Problem:
The central angle of arc AB = 60° and that of

arc CD = 40° on the same circle. If chords BD
and AC intersect each other in the circle.
1. Determine the angle of intersectionof the

two chords.
2. If secants BCE and ADE is drawn on the
given circle, compute the angle CED.
3. Compute the area of quadrilateral ABCD
inscribe in the circle if BC = 80 m, CE = 40
m, and DE = 50m.
Solution:
1. Angle of intersection of chords BD and

AD:
( )
2. Angle CED:
( )
3. Area of quadrilateral ABCD:
( )
( )
35.02 Problem:
From the figure shown, angle ABC 18 and

angle BAD = 36
1. Compute the angle COD
2. If the radius of the circle is 12 cm. compute

the area AOD.
3. Compute the area of BED.
Solution:
1. Angle COD:
Angle COD= 180 -36 -72

Angle COD = 72
2. Area AOD:
( )
Area =
Area = 68.48
3. Area of BED:
( ) ( )
Area =
Area = 69.32
35.03 Problem:
A circular area is being laid out in the field. The

point P, R and Q is on the periphery of the
circle which have been found such that PS = 24
m, PQ = 66 m. and RS = 12 m, with S as the
point of intersection of PQ and TR. If T is to be
the other point on the circle with TR as the
diameter and O as the center.
Angle QTO = 32°.

2. Find the area of section QSR.
3. Find the area of section SPR.
Solution:
( ) ( )
2. Area of section QSR:
( ) ( ) ( )
3. Area of section SPR:

Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
93
35.02 Problem:
From the figure shown, angle ABC = 18° and

angle BAD = 36°.
1. Compute the angle COD.

2. If the radius of the circle is 12 cm, compute
the area AOD.
3. Compute the area BED.
Solution:
1. Angle COD:
Angle COD = 180° - 36 ° -
Angle COD = 72°
2. Area AOD:
( )
3. Area of BED:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
35.03 Problem:
A circular play area is being laid out in the field.

The point P, R and Q is on the periphery of the
circle which have been found such that PS = 24 m,
PQ = 66 m. and RS = 12 m. with S as the point of
intersection of PQ and TR. If T is to be the other
point on the circle with TR as the diameter and O
as the center.
Angle QTO = 32°.

2. Find the area of section QSR.
3. Find the area of section SPR.
Solution:
1. Radius of Circle:
TS (12) = 42(24)
TS = 84
TR = 84+12
TR = 96 m.
2R = 96
R = 48m.
2. Area of section QSR:
( ) ( ) ( )
3. Area of section SPR:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
93
35.04 Problem:
The measure of a chord AB of a circle is 14 m. A

point is selected on the chord so that its distance
from one end of the chord is 8 m, while its
distance from the center of the circle is 4 m. CD is
a diameter of the circle with its center at O. Point
P is the mid-point of chord EF.
1. What is the length of the chord EF that is

perpendicular to the radius that passes
through this point, that ps EF is
perpendicular to CD.?
2. Find the area of section BCP.
3. Find the area of section ECP.
Solution:
1. Length of chord EF:
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
2. Area of section BCP:

Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
93
3. Area of section ECP:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
93
( ) ( ) ( )
93
35.05 Problem:
Two perpendicular chords both 5 cm. from the

center of a circle divide the circle into four parts. If
the radius of the circle is 13 cm.
1. Compute the central angle subtended by

the arc of the smallest part.
2. Compute the area of the sector containing
the smallest part.
3. Compute the area of the smallest part.
Solution:
1. Central angle subtended by the arc of the
smallest part:
( ) ( )
Sin β=
β = 22.62°
( )
2. Area of the sector containing the smallest

part:
( )
=66
3. Area of the smallest part:
( )( )
A=
A = 66 – 5(7)
A = 31
35.06 Problem:
Two chords of a circle B E and A C intersects

each other at point D which divides the circle into
4 segments. BE is a diameter of the circle AD =
10m, CD = 18 and BD = 6m

2. Compute the length of the arc AB.
3. Compute the area of the smallest segment
Solution:
1. Radius of the circle:

10(18) =
x= 30
2R=30+6
R= 18
2. Length of arc AB:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) Cos
( )
AB =
AB 9.92m
3. Area of smallest segment:
A=
=89.32
( )
= 89.32 – 56. 57
=
35.07 Problem:
Chords AB and CD intersect each other at O

inside the circle. AO = 8 cm, CO = 12 cm, DO =
20 cm, AB = diameter of circle.
1. Compute the diameter of the circle.

2. Compute the length od arc AC.
3. Compute the area of OCA.
Solution:
1.
( )
x = 30
2.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
AC=
AC=
3.
( ) ( ) ( )
35.08 Problem:
Two chords AB and AC are drawn on a circle of

radius 10 cm. The length of the arc BAC is 28 cm.
If AB = 14 cm long.
1. Compute the angle between the chords.

2. Compute the length of chords AC.
Solution:
1.
( )
28 =
Angle BAC =
Angle BAC = (199.57)
Angle BAC = 99.79°
( )
2.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
71cm.
C = 44°25°
B = 180°-99°47°-44°25°
B = 35°48°
AC= 11.70 cm.

3.
( )
35.08 Problem:
Two circles have radius of 4 cm. and 12 cm.

respectively. If the distance between their centers
is 30 cm.
1. Compute the length of the common

external tangent to the two circles on one
side only.
2. Compute the length of the common internal
tangent to the two circles on one side only.
3. Compute the area bounded between the
two circles and be common external
tangent.
Solution:
1.
( ) ( ) ( )
2.
:
√( ) ( )
DO = √( ) ( )
DO = 19.03
DO = 6.34 + 19.03
CD =
3. Area bounded between two circles and the
common external tangent:
Cos
a = 15.47°
(90+15.47°)(2) = 210.94°
2(74.53)=149.06°
( )
Area = ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
-
Area = 280. 03 sq.cm
35.10 Problem:
The figure shows four circles which are tangent to

each other, AF = 4 cm., DE = 2 cm., BF = 6 cm
and BE = 6 cm.
1. Determine the radius of the smallest circle

which is tangent externally to the two small
circles and also tangent internally to the big
circle.
2. Determine the ratio of the area of the
bigger circle and the smallest circle which
are both tangent internally to the big circle.
3. Determine the area bounded between the
biggest circle and the three circles which
are tangent internally to the biggest circle.
Solution:
1. Radius of smallest circle:
Considering triangle AGD:
Using Consine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
4+4r +
-12(4+r) Cos
Cos
( )
Cos =
( )
Considering triangles AGB:

Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
- 2(4+r)(2) Cos
- 4(4+r) Cos
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2. Ratio of area of bigger circle and smallest

circle which are tangent internally to the big
circle.
( )
( )
3. Area between the biggest circle and the

three circles :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
35.11 Problem:
A circular horse stable which is closed by a fence

around its periphery has a diameter of 50 m.
Inside the stable a horse is tied to a peg which is
placed on a point along its periphery in such a
way that the farthest distance it could reach is
20m.
1. Determine the area on which the horse

could reach.
2. Determine the area over which the horse
could not reach.
3. Determine the perimeter of the ground over
which it could reach.
Solution:
1. Area on which the horse could reach:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2. Area over which it could not reach:

( )
3. Perimeter of the ground over which it

could reach:
( )( ) ( )( )
P = 288. 42 m.
35.12 Problem:
A proposed reinforced concrete bridge is to be

constructed passing through the center of a circular
Jake. From a point A outside the lake and at a
distance of 1 km from the embankment of the bridge
and colinear with both embankment of the bridge, a
detour or temporary road was constructed in a
direction which is tangent to the periphery of the lake
and passes a point B which is 3 km from C the
embankment of the bridge at the other end the location
of which is perpendicular to the bridge.
1. Determine the length of the proposed bridge.

2. Determine the cost of constructing the bridge if
it is estimated at P32.5M per km.
3. Determine the cost of the detour or temporary
road if it cost of P3.6M per km of road.
Solution:
1. Length of proposed bridge:
√( )
√
√
√
( ) √
( ) ( )
( )
Solution for r = 1.5 (trial and error)

Length of bridge =2(1.5)
Length of bridge = 3 km.
2. Length of common chord :
Length of common chord
( )
Check:
Length of common chord
( )
3. Common area between two circles:
( ) ( ) ( )
-
( ) ( ) ( )
-
35.14 Problem:
A triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle with its center at

0 with a radius of 12 cm.
Angle BCA = 46° and BOC = 98°.
1. Compute the value of angle ABC.

2. Compute the length of the longest side of the
triangle.
Solution:
1. Angle ABC:
Angle BAC = ( )
Angle BAC = 49°
Angle ABC = 180°- 49° - 46°
Angle ABC = 85°
2. Length of longest side of triangle:
AC = 12 Sin 85° (2)

AC = 23.91 cm.
( )
35.15 Problem:
A circle having a center at point O has a radius of

20 cm. A triangle ABC is inscribe in the circle. If
angle BCA = 30° and angle BAC = 50°.
1. Compute the length of the longest side of

the triangle.
2. Compute the ratio of the longest side to the
shortest side of the triangle.
3. Compute the area of the triangle ABC.
Solution:
1. Length of longest side:
Angle B = 180-50-30
Angle B = 100°
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
AC = 39.39 cm.
2. Ratio of longest side to shortcut side:
( )
A=
A = 301.73 sq. cm.

35.16 Problem:
The two chords of a circle has lengths AB = 8 cm,

BC = 12 cm long. The angle between the chords
is equal 120°.

2. Compute the length of AC.
Solution:
1. Angle ABC:
( )
A = 192 sq. cm.
Sin 60° =
r = 10.07 cm.
35.17 Problem:
A small circle is a tangent internally to a big circle

such that AB = CD = 5 cm. and EF = 9 cm. as
shown in the figure.
1. Compute the radius of the bigger circle.

2. Compute the radius of the smaller circle.
3. Compute the area of the shaded portion.
35.16 Problem:
The two chords of a circle has lengths AB = 8 cm,

BC m = 12 cm long. The angle between the
chords is equal 120°.

2. Compute the length of AC.
Solution:
1. Angle ABC:
( )
A = 192 sq. cm.
2. Length AC:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
AC = 17.44 cm.
Sin 60° =
r = 10.07 cm.
35.17 Problem:
A small circle is tangent internally to a big circle

such that AB = CD = 5 cm. and EF = 9 cm. as
shown in the figure.
1. Compute the radius of the bigger circle.

2. Compute the radius of smaller circle.
3 Compute the area of the shaded portion.
CIRCLES:
Solution:
1. Radius of bigger circle:
( )
r = 25 cm.
2. Radius of smaller circle:
2R = r + r -9
2R = 2r – 9
2R = 2(25) -9
R = 20.25 cm.
3. Area of shaded portion:
( ) ( )
A = 321.62 sq. cm.
35.18 Problem:
A chord 4 m. long is tangent to the point of

intersection of the two inner circles which are
tangent internally to the bigger circle and are
tangent externally to each other. The centers of
the two inner circles lie on the diameter of the
biggest circle.
1. Compute the area between the bigger

circle and the two inner circles.
2. How far is the center of the biggest circle to

the point of tangency of the inner circles if
the radius of the biggest circle is 2.5 m?
3. Compute the ratio of the area of the biggest

circle to the sum of the area of the two
inner circles.
Solution:
1. Area between the bigger circle and the

two inner circles:
2R = 2x + 2y
R=x+y
a = R – 2y
a = x + y – 2y
a=x–y
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
4xy = 4
xy= 1
( ) ( )
( )
A=
A = ( )( )
A = 6.283
2. Distance from center of inner circle to

the point of tangency of the smallest
circle:
a = x –y
R= x + y
2.5 = x + y
xy = 1
2.5 =
2.5x =
2.5 = x + y
y = 2.5 – 2
y = 0.5 m
a=x–y
a = 2 -0.5
a = 1.5 m.
3. Ratio of area bigger circle to the sum of
areas of the two inner circles:
Area of biggest circle = ( )

Area of biggest circle = 19.63
Sum of areas of two inner circles
( ) ( )
Ratio of areas = 1.47
35.19 Problem:
A circle having a radius of 4 cm. is inscribed in a

square section. A smaller circle is also tangent to
the two sides of the square and to the bigger
circle which is inscribe in the square.
1. Compute the radius of the smaller circle.

2. Compute the vacant area at the corner of
the square not occupied by the smaller
circle and the bigger circle.
3. Compute the ratio of the area not occupied
by the two circles to the sum of areas of the
two circles.
Solution:
1. Radius of smaller circle:
( ) ( ) ( )
2. Area at the corner not occupied by
smaller circle and bigger circle:
( )
A = (40(40 – – ( )
A = 1.96 c
3. Ratio of area not occupied by two

circles to the area of the smallest
circles:
Area not occupied by two circles

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
35.20 Problem:
Three circles A, B and C are tangent externally to

each other and each tangent internally to a larger
circle having a radius of circle A is 5 cm.
1. Compute the distance from the center of

the larger circles B and C which are
identical.
2. Compute the radius of circles B and C.
3. Compute the area enclosed by the point of
tangency of circles A, B and C.
Solution:
1. Distance from the center of larger circle

to point of tangency of circles B and C.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2. Radius of circle B and C:
( ) ( )
3. Area enclosed by the points
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
35.21 Problem:
Two tangent lines are drawn from point T to the

points of tangency A and B on a circle. Point P is
on the periphery of the circle. If the angle between
the tangents at point T is equal to 50°.
1. Compute the angle APB if P is farther from

T than A and B.
2. If AP = 40 m. and PB = 60 m. compute the
radius of the circle whose center is at point
O.
3. Compute the area of APBO.
Solution:
1. Angle APB:
( ) ) ( )
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
3. Area of APBO:
( )
( )
35.22 Problem:
The angle between tangents AB and AC to a

circle is equal to 50°. Tangent distance AB= 80cm.
1. Find the angle BDC, if point D is on the

periphery of the circle and is nearer to A
than B and C.
2. Find the distance BD if CD = 50 cm long.
Solution:
1. Angle BDC:
[ ( ) ]
2. Distance BD If Cd = 50 cm.
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
35.23 Problem:
Secants PB and PD are drawn from point P which

intersects the circle at C and A. Angle PBA = 40°
angle PBD = 20° Chord AB is a diameter of the
circle with PC = 30 m. Point C is along PB and A
along line PD.
1. Compute the angle ACD.
3. Compute the area of quadrilateral ACBD.
Solution:
1. Angle ACD:
Angle ACD= Angle ADC

Angle ADC = 40°
+ 50°+60°+40°=180
= 30°
AC = 10.92 m.
AC = 2r Cos 50°
10.92 = 2r Cos 50°
r = 8.49 m.
3. Area of quadrilateral ACDB:
Tan 50° =
BC 13.01 m.
AP = 31.93 m.
( )
( )
35.24 Problem:
A circle has diameter AB, A tangent has starting

from point D outside the circle which is collinear
with the line AB, is drawn toward the point of
tangency C. The angle that the line CB makes
with the line DC is 64°. If DA = 32 m.
1. Angle CDB
3. Compute the area bounded by the lines AB,
BC and the curve CA.
Solution:
1. Angle CDB:
( )
( )
3. Area of ABC:
( ) ( )
( )
35.25 Problem:
A circle having a radius of 10 cm circumscribed a

triangle having an area of 96 sq. cm. If one of the
sides of the triangle is 20 cm.
1. Compute the shorter side of the triangle.
2. Compute the other side of the triangle.
3. Compute the ratio of the area outside the
triangle but inside the circle to the area of
the triangle.
Solution:
1. Shorter side of the triangle:

( )
( )
( )
4. Other side of triangle:

5. Ratio of area outside triangle but inside
the circle to the area of triangle:
( )
96
35.26 Problem:
Two circles are tangent to a third circle internally

and area tangent to each other externally. If the
distance between their centers are 10 cm, 7 cm,
and 5 cm. respectively.
1. Compute the radius of the biggest circle.

2. Compute the area of the smallest circle.
3. Compute the area enclosed between the
points of tangency of the three circles.
Solution:
1. Radius of biggest circle:
AB = 7 cm.
=7
2. Area of smallest circle:
( )
( )
3. Area enclosed between points of

tangency of three circles:
Using Cosine Law:
) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
35.27 Problem:
A square is inscribed in a semi-circle

having a radius of 15 m. The base of the
square lies on the diameter of the semi
circle.
1. Find the area of the square.

2. Find the area of an octagon
inscribed in the square which is
inscribed in the semi-circle.
3. Find the ratio of the area of the
octagon inscribed in the square to
the area between the semi-circle
and the square.
Solution:
1. Area of square:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2. Area of octagon inscribed in the square:
( )( )
Area of octagon=
Area of octagon =149.23
3. Ratio of area octagon to the diff. in area
between semi-circle and square:
( )
( )
35.28 Problems:
A sight joining the two lighthouses D
and C on a shore is taken from a point P
on a vertical cliff. The distance between
the two lighthouses is 5 km and the line
between them is collinear with point P.
Two ships anchored on the bay are
collinear with the point P and the
bearing of this line is N 45° E.
It takes 3 minutes for a motorboat to go
the nearest ship and then 18 minutes to
the farthest ship. If the line joining the
two light houses subtends an angle of
90° to each of the two ships.
1. Find the speed of the motor boat in

km/hr.
2. Find the distance from P to the
nearest ship in meters.
3. Find the distance from P to the
nearest lighthouse in meters.
Solution:
1. Speed of motor boat:
OE=PE
OE=
Considering triangle OEA:
( ) ( ) ( )
6.25= +
2500 = 16
25
V = 10 km/hr
2. Distance from P to the nearest ship:
PA=
( )
PA =
PA = 0.5 km.
PA = 500 m
3. Distance from P to the nearest
lighthouse:
( ) ( )
PD = 0.33 km.
PD = 330 m.
35.29 Problem:
A road running tangentially to a circular
lake is to have a branching at a point
1.5 km. before the tangent point and
the branching, crossing the lake at an
initial deflection angle of 60° directly to
a town on the lakes periphery by means
of a pontoon bridge. If the lake has a
radius of 2 km.
1. Compute the distance from the
intersection of the tangential road
in the initial point of the pontoon
bridge in meters.
2. Determine the length of the
pontoon bridge in meters.
3. If the pontoon bridge divides the
lake into two segments, determine
the area of the smallest segment in
sq.meters.
Circles Solution:
 Distance from intersection of the
tangential road to the initial point of the
pontoon bridge.
4 = 2.225 – 1.5y + 0.25

+ 4 – 3.464y + 0.75
– 4.964y + 2.25 = 0
y=
y = 0.5045 km.
y = 504.5 meters
 Length of pontoon bridge
(x + y)y = 2.25
(x + 0.5045)(0.5045) = 2.25
x = 3.955 km.
x = 3955 m.
 Area of smallest segment:
= 81.40°
= 573606
Area of smallest segment
= 5682792 – 573606
= 5109186
Circles
35.30 Problem:
A paver and a road roller are idly stationed on
a straight stretched of a newly asphalted
highway and are quietly a distance apart. A
project office in situated 2 km from the
highway. The location of the project office, the
paver and the roller lie incidentally on and
imaginary circle of 6 km radius. The sum of the
square of the distance from the paver to the
project office and the square of the distance
from the road roller to the project office is 52.
 Determine the distance from the paver
to the project office.
 Determine the distance from the roller to
the project office.
 Determine the distance between the
paver and the road roller.
Solution:
 Distance from paver to project office:
x=
( )
576 +
+ 576 = 0
Circles Let =h
= 52h + 576 = 0
h= = 16
= 16
y=4
x=
x = 6m. (paver to project office)

 Distance from roller to project office:
y = 4 km
 Distance from paver to roller:
√
√
D = 5.66 + 3.46
D = 9.12 km. (distance between
paver and roller)
35.31 Problem:
The distance between the centers of the circles
which are mutually tangent to each other
externally are 10 cm, 12 cm and 14 cm
respectively.
 Find the area of the largest circle.
 Find the difference in area between the
largest circle and the smallest circle.
 Compute the area enclosed between
the points of tangency of the three
circles.
Solution:
 Area of largest circle:
= 10
= 14
= 12
= 14 – 12
Circles =2
= 10
= 12
=6
= 10 – 6 = 4
= 12 – 4 = 8
Area of largest circle =
Area of largest circle = 201.10 sq.cm
 Diff. in area of largest circle and
smallest circle:
Diff. in area =
Diff. in area = 150.80 sq.cm.
 Area enclosed between points
tangency:
A = 44.42°
B = 78.49° - 44.42° 78.49

C = 57.09°
Area of triangle:
Area enclosed between points of

tangency of three circles.
Area enclosed between points of

tangency of three circles.
A = 58.79 – 53.70
A = 5.09
Circles
35.32 Problem:
Two identical semi-circles having a radius of 3
cm are inscribed in a big semi-circle having a
radius of 6 cm. the centers of the three semi-
circles are co-linear with each other. If a
smaller circle is placed such that it will be
tangent internally to the big semi-circle and
tangent externally to the two semi-circles.
 Find the area of the smallest circle.
 Find the area enclosed between the
points of tangency of the two semi-
circles and the smallest circle.
 Find the area enclosed by the biggest
semi-circle but outside the two semi-
circles and the smallest circle.
Solution:
 Area of smallest circle:
Solution:
 Area of smallest circle:
+ 6r + 9 = 36 – 12r + +9
18r = 36
r=2
Area =
Area = 12.57 sq.cm.
 Area enclosed between points of

tangency of two semi-circle and smallest
circle:
Using Cosine Law:
– 2 (5)(5) Cos B
B = 73.74
∠A = ∠C
2 + 73.74 = 180
= 53.13°
Area of triangle:
=
= 12
Circles Area sector:
= 10.92 sq.cm.
Area enclosed = 12 – 10.92
Area enclosed = 1.08 sq.cm.
 Area enclosed by biggest semi-circle but

outside 2 semi-circles and smallest
circle:
A = 15.71 sq.cm.
35.33 Problem:
A circle having a radius of 500 m. in
circumscribing a triangle ABC. The angle
BCA = 40° and BAC = 60°
 Compute the side AB.

 Compute the side BC.
 Compute the area of the triangle ABC.
Solution:
 Side AB:
AC = 500 Sin 80° (2)
AC = 984.81 m.
AB = 642.79 m.
 Side BC:
BC = 866.03 m.
Circles
A=
A=
A = 274109.76
35.34 Problem:
Triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. The side
AB is equal to 80 cm and BC = 120 cm. The
angle ABC = 120°
 Compute the radius of the circle.
 Compute the area of triangle ABC.
 Compute the side of AC.
Solution:
 Side AC:
– 2(80)(120) Cos 120°
AC = 174.36 cm.
 Radius of circle:
87.18 = r Sin 60°
r = 100.67 cm.
 Area of triangle ABC:
A=
A=
A = 3781.19
Circles
35.35 Problem:
A circle is circumscribing a triangle ABC.
Side BC = 60 cm and angle BAC = 20° angle
ABC = 40°.
 Find the radius of the circle.

 Find the side AB.
 Find the area of triangle ABC.
Solution:
 Area of circle:
r Sin 20° = 30
r = 87.7
Area of circle =
Area of circle = 24170.69
 Side AB:
AB = 151.93 m.
A = 2929.67
Circles
35.36 Problem:
An existing road runs tangential to a circular
lake having a radius “r”. Twelve kilometers
from the points of tangency, along the existing
road, a new road 9 km. is constructed to the
periphery of the lake at B. This new road is
extended to cross the lake.
 Compute the length of the bridge

needed to cross the lake.
 If the angle that the new road makes
with existing road is 30°, compute the
distance from the point of tangency to
point B where the bridge will start.
 Compute the radius of the lake.
Solution:
 Length of bridge:
64 + BC = 144
BC = 10 km.
 Distance BD:
– 2(12)(8) Cos 30°
BD = 6.46 km.
 Radius of Lake:
= 38.26°
Sin 38.26° =
r = 5.22 km.
Circles
35.37 Problem:
A road is tangent to a circular lake. Along the
road and 20 km from the point of tangency,
another road opens towards the lake making
an angle of 30° with the firm roads. From the
intersection of the two roads to the periphery of
the lake, the length of the new road is 18 km. If
the new road will be prolonged across the lake.
 Find the length of the bridge to the

constructed.
 Find the total cost of the constructions of
the roads and the bridge if it cost P2M
per km. for the road and P5M per km.
for the bridge.
 Compute the radius of the circular lake.
Solution:
 Length of bridge:
324 + 18x = 400

x = 4.22 km.
 Total cost:
Total cost = 2 (18 + 20) + 5 (4.22)
Total cost = P97.1 M
 Radius of circular lake:
– 2(18)(20) Cos 30°
CD = 10.02
= 93.62°
= 180 – 93.62 – 30
= 56.38°
Sin 56.38° =
r = 6.02 km.
Circles
35.38 Problem:
A circle having an area of 785392.16 is
circumscribing triangle xyz. Angle = 60°, Angle
y = 80° and Angle z = 40°
 Compute the distance xy.
 Compute the distance yz.
 Compute the area triangle xyz.
Solution:
 Distance xy:
A=
785398.16 =
r = 500 cm.
Sin 40° =
xy = 643 cm.
 Distance yz:
Sin 60° =
yz = 866 cm.
 Area of triangle xyz:
Sin 80° =
xz = 985 cm.
A=
A=
A = 274243
36.0 SECTORS and SEGMENTS of a
CIRCLE
Length of Arc:
s= r
= central angle of radius
r= radius of circle
Area of a circular sector:
a) Where is in degrees
As =
b) Where is in degrees
Area of Circular Segment:
r2
Where = is in degrees
36.01 Problem:
The perimeter of a sector is 9 m and its

radius 3m
 Compute the angle sector
 What is the area of the sector
 Compute the area of the

segment of the sector
Solution:
 Angle of a sector:
 Area of a sector:
 Area of segment of a sector :
=
= 28.65°
= 0.713
36.02 Problem:
The length of arc of a circle subtended

by an inscribed angle ABC of 60° is
equal to 33.51 cm.
 Compute the area of the

circle.
 Compute the area of the

sector.
 Compute the area of the

triangle ABC
Solution:
 Area of circle:
33.51 =
r = 16 cm
Area of circle:
A=π
A = π (16
A = 804.25 sq.cm.
 Area of sector:
 Area of triangle ABC:
AC = 2(16)
AC = 27.71 cm.
Using Cosine Law:
(27.71 = + -2
(27.71 =
Area =
Area =
Area = 332.49 sq.cm.
36.03 Problem:
Two men A and B starting at the same

point at the same circumference of a
circle walked at the same rate of 60
meters per minute. If A walks towards
the center and B walks around the
circumference. If the radius of the circle
is 800 m.
 Find the distance between the
two men A and B at the end of 5
min.
 Find the distance between the

two men A and B at the end of
20.943 min.
 Find the distance between And B

at the end of 24 min
Solution:
 Distance between the two at the

end of 5 mins.
S = 60(5)
S = 300 m.
S=R
300 =
x = 300
AO = 800 – 300
AO = 500 m.
Using Cosine Law:
= (800 + (500 - 2(800)(500)
 Distance between A and B after

20.943 min.
S = 60(20.943)
S = 1256.6
Perimeter of circle = 2π
Perimeter of circle = 5026.548
One fourth of perimeter =
One fourth of perimeter =

1256.6 m.
Therefore B is making an angle
of 90° from the starting point.
x = 60(20.943)
x = 1256.6 m.
OA = 1256.6 – 800
OA = 456.6 m.
 Distance between A and B at the

end of 24 min.
S = 60(24)
S = 1440
x = 60(24)
x = 1440
OA = 1440 – 800
OA = 340
S=R
1440 =
ß = 180 -
ß = 76.87°
Using Cosine Law
36.04 Problem:
A small circle is inscribed in a circular

sector of radius 12 cm and a central
angle of 60°
 Compute the area of the small
Circle if it is tangent internally
To the radius and the arc of the
Sector.
 Compute the total area between

the arc and the small circle
 Compute the total perimeter of

the area between the arc and the
small circle.
Solution:
 Area of the small circle inscribed

in a sector:
OA = 2 r
2r + r = 12
3r = 12
r=4
Area of small circle = π(
Area of small circle = 50.27
 Total area between small circle

and the arc BC
AO = 2r
AO = 2(4) = 8
Area of sector ABC =
Area of sector ABC = 75.40 c
Area of triangle =
Area of triangle = 27.1 c
Area of sector DEF =
Area of sector DEF = 33.51 c
Total area between small circle

and the arc BC:
Area = 75.40- 27.71- 33.51
Area = 14.18 c
 Total perimeter of the area

between the small circle and the
arc BC:
S=R
=
= 12.57 cm
= 16.76 cm
AD = 8 Sin 60°
AD = 6.93 cm
DB = 12 – 6.93
DB = 5.07 cm
Total perimeter = 12.57 + 16.76

+5.07 +5.07
Total perimeter = 39.47 cm
36.05 Problem
A cross belt goes around the

pulleys A and B having radii of 14
cm. and 7 cm. respectively. The
distance between the centers of
the of the two pulleys is 36 cm.
 Determine the angle of contact of

the belt on the bigger pulley.
 Determine the length of the
common internal tangent.
 Determine the total length of belt.
Solution:
 Angle of contact of the belt on the

bigger pulley:
BD =
Cos =
AD =
BD + AD = 36
+ = 36
21 = 36 Cos
2 = 108.62
Angle of contact of belt on bigger pulley:
360 - 108.62 = 251.38
 Length of common internal

tangent:
CD = 9.745
DE = 9.745
DF = 19.49 cm.
DG = 19.49 cm.
length of common tangent:
CG = CD +DG
CG = 9.745 +19.49
CG = 29.235 cm.
 Total length of belt:
L= + + 29.235 +
29.325
L = 150.606 cm.
36.06 Problem:
A circular sector ABO has a radius “r”

and a central angle of 30 with point “O”
in the center. A line is drawn from A to
point C mid way between OB. If the area
of section ABC is 2.19 cm2 with AB a arc
of the sector.
 Compute the radius “r”\

 Compute the area of AOC
 Compute the length of line AC.
Solution:
 Radius “r”
Area of sector:
As =
As = 0.262 r2
Area of ABC = 2.19 cm2
A = As = Atriangle
( )
2.19 = 0.262r2 –
r = 4 cm.
 Area of AOC:
( )
Area =
Area = 2 sq.cm.
 Length of AC:
Using Cosine Law:
(AC)2 = (4)2+(2)2-2(4)(2)Cos30
AC = 2.48 cm.
36.07 Problem:
Two pulleys 10 meters between centers

are linked by a non-crossing belt. The
larger pulley is 10 cm. diameter and the
smaller pulley is 5 cm. in diameter.
 Compute the angle of contact of
the belt on the bigger pulley.
 Compute the length of common
external tangent.
 Compute the total length of the
belt.
Solution:
 Angle of contact of belt on the

bigger pulley:
Cos =
2 = 151.04
= 360 – 151.04
= 208.96
 Length of common external
tangent:
(AB)2 = (10)2 – (2.5)2\
AB = 9.68 m.
AB = CD = 9.68 m.
 Total length of belt:
L= + + 9.68 +
9.68
L = 44.19 m.
36.08 Problem:
The length of common cord of two

circles intersecting each other is 48 cm.
long. The distance between their
centers is 17 cm. and the radius of one
circle is 25 cm.
 Compute the radius of the

second circle.
 Compute the common area of the
two circles.
 Compute the perimeter of the
common area.
Solution:
 Radius of second circle:

(25)2 = (24)2+x2
x = 7 cm.
17 – x = 10 cm.
R2 = (24)2+(10)2
R = 26 cm.
 Common area of two circles:
Sin =
= 73.74
2 = 147.48
Sin α =
α = 67.38
2α = 134.76
Common area = –
+ –
Common area = 1191.36 cm2

 Perimeter of common area:
P= +
P = 125.50 cm.
36.09 Problem:
A circular piece of cardboard with a

diameter of one meter will be made into
a conical nut 40 cm. high by a cutting a
sector off and joining the edges to form
a cone.
 Compute the lateral area of the

cone.
 Compute the angle subtended by
the sector removed.
 Find the percentage of the area
of sector removed.
Solution:
 Lateral area of cone;

r2 = (50)2 – (40)2
r = 30 cm.
lateral area = r L
lateral area = (30)(50)
lateral area = 4712.39 cm2
 Angle subtended by sector

removed:
Lateral area = (50)2-As
(30)(50) = (50)2-As
As = 3141.59
As =
3141.59 =
 Percentage of area of sector

removed:
=
= 0.40 say 40
36.10 Problem:
A horizontal cylindrical tank has an

inside diameter of 5 ft. and an inside
length of 18 ft. and supplies bunker fuel
to power plant. Oil level was at first 45
inches below the top of the tank.
 What is the volume of oil in the

tank in cu.cm
 What is the volume of oil in the
tank after one week if the oil level
36.2 inches in liters.
 How many gallons of fuel were
consumed if the tank received
27000 liters of fuel during the week.
Solution:
 Volume of oil in the tank:

Cos =
= 60
A= –
A = 552.77 in2
A = 3.84 ft2
Vol. = 3.84 (18)
Vol. = 69.12 ft3
Vol. = 1.96 cu.cm.
 Vol. of oil after one week when
the oil level rose by 36.2 inches:
Cos =
= 45
A= +
2
A = 2570 in
A = 17.85 ft 2
Vol. = A h
Vol. = 17.85(18)
Vol. = 321.3 ft3
Vol. = 9.105 cu.cm.
Vol. = 9105 liters
 No. of gallons were consumed if
27000 liters were added to the
tank:
1000 liters = 1 cu.m
27000 liters = 27 cu.m.
Total vol. of oil in the tank if no
fuel was consumed:
V = 1.96+27
V = 28.96 – 9.105
Vol. of consumed = 28.96 – 9.105
Vol. of consumed = 19.855
Vol. = 19.855(3.28)3
Vol. = 700.63 ft3
Vol. = 700.63(7.48)
Vol. = 5241 gallons
36.11 Problem:
A rectangular lot 80 m x 40 m. long is

divided into two areas by an arc whose
center is at the mid-point of the shorter
side.
 If the radius of the arc is 30 m,

what is the area of the smallest
part.
 What is the ratio of the smallest
part to the biggest part.
 If the lot is to be divided into two
equal areas, compute the radius
of the arc whose center is at the
midpoint of the shorter side.
Solution:
 Area of smallest part:

Sin =
= 41.81
Area of smallest part =
+
Area of smallest part = 1103.97 cm2
 Ratio of smallest part to biggest

part:
Area of bigger part = 40(80) –
1103.97)
Area of biggest part = 2096.03 m2
Ratio = = 0.53
 Radius of arc so that the areas
will be equal:
=
As =
A = (80)(40)=1600 m2
A= +
1600 = + 20rCos
Try = 28.7
rSin = 20
r2 =
1600 = +
Try = 28.7
1600 = +
1600 = 1599.44 almost equal
Use = 28.7
r Sin 28.7 = 20
r = 41.65 m.
36.12 Problem:
A circular arc having a radius o 60 m.

has its center at point “O” 20 m. directly
below C along the extension of side AC
of a given rectangle ACED. The arc
passes through points A and B along
the line CE which divides the
rectangular lot ACED into two equal
parts. If AC = 40 m. long.
 Compute the length of side DA.

 Compute the perimeter of ABC.
 Compute the cost of fencing the
lot ABEDA if fencing cost 360 m
per meter.
Solution:
 Length of side DA:

Cos =
= 70.53
x (60)2-(20)2
2=
x = 56.57 m.
A= -
A = 1650 m2
2(1650) = 40y
y = 82.50 m.
DA = 82.50 m.
 Perimeter of ABC:
___
AB = R
___
AB = = 73.86 m
Perimeter ABC =
40+56.57+73.86
Perimeter ABC = 170.43 m.
 Cost of fencing:
EB = 82.50 – 56.57 = 25.93m.
Perimeter =
25.93+40+82.50+73.86
Cost = 360(222.29)
Cost = P80,024.40
Solution:
 Area on which it can graze:

tan 30 =
AB = 38.68 m.
Area =
Area = 706.86 m2
 Area on which it can graze:
OD = 52 Sin 30
OD =
= 30
OE = 30Sin30
OE = 15 m.
OF = 15 m.
Cos α =
α = 60
Area = +
+ +
Area = 1053.09 m2
 Area on which it can graze:

Cos =
= 60
Cos α =
Α = 74.53
tan =
= 8.75
Sin 8.75 =
OC = 52.59 m.
OD = 52.59 Sin 21.25
OD = 19.06
Cos =
Area = + +
+ +
Area = 1141.91 m2
36.14 Problem:
A circle having an area of 201 sq.cm. is

cut into segments by a chord which is 3
cm. from the center of the circle.
 Compute the area of the smaller

sector.
 Compute the area of the smallest
segment.
 Compute the length of the arc of
the smallest segment.
Solution:
 Area of sector:
Ao = 201
r2 = 201
r=8
Cos =
= 67.975
2 = 135.95
Asector =
Asector = 75.93 cm2
 Area of smallest segment:
Aseg = 75.93 –
Aseg = 53.68 cm2
 Length of arc of smaller segment:

S = r(2 )
S=
S = 18.98 cm.
37.0 CONES
Cones
 Volume of Cone:
V= (volume)
 Lateral area of Cone:
L2 = r2+h2
L = slant height
A=
2 =L
S=
S= (lateral area)
 Relation of Volume and height:
 Relation of surface area and

height:
=
Two identical closed conical tank

contained equal amount of liquid.
The first tank and horizontal base is
at the bottom while that of the
second is at the top. The liquid in the
first tank stands 3 m. deep.
 What is the volume of liquid in the

tank.
 How deep is the liquid in the
second tank if its altitude is 6 m.
and the base radius is 2 m.
 If the unit weight of liquid is 910
N/m3, what is the weight of the
liquid inside the tank in quintals.
Solution:
 Vol. of liquid
In the tank:
V=
V=25.13 m3
=
=
=3.14 m3
=V-
=25.13-3.14
=21.99 m3
 Weight if liquid inside the tank:
W=VxD
W=21.99(9100)
W=200109 N
W=20398.47 kg
W=203.98
 Depth of liquid in the second
tank:
=
=
h=5.74 m.
37.02 Problem:
A closed conical tank has a diameter of

2 m. at the top and a height of 6 m. It
contains water at a depth of 4 m.
 What is the volume of water

inside the conical tank.
 What is the weight of the water in
quintals if it has a mass density
of 1000 kg/m3.
 If the conical tank is inverted
such that the base will be at the
bottom, determine the depth of
water at this point.
Solution:
 Vol. of water:
=
=
=6.283
=
=1.826 m3
 Weight of water=1.862(1000)
Weight of water=1862 kg
Weight of water=18.62 quintals
 Depth of water:
=
=6.823-1.862
=4.421
=
y=5.34
h=6-5.34 h=0.66 m.
37.03 Problem:
The ratio of the two volume to the lateral

ratio of the right circular cone is 2:1.
 If the altitude is 15 cm, what is

the ratio of the slant height to the
radius.
 What is the volume of the cone.
 What is the weight of the cone in
quintals if it has a mass density of
600 kg/cm3.
Solution:
 Ratio of slant height to radius:
V=
S=
V=2S
=2
= =
 Vol. of cone:
V=2S
V=2
V=2
V=62.83 cm3
 Wt. of cone:
W=62.83(600)
W=376.98
37.04 Problem:
The lateral area of a right circular cone

is equal to 47.124 cm2 and having a
ratio of its altitude to its radius equal to
4:3.
 Find the value of its altitude.

 Find the volume of the cone.
 Find the centroid of the right
circular cone form the base.
Solution:
 Altitude:
A=
47.124=
rL=15
+ =L2
=
r= h
+( =L2
=16L2
L=1.25h
rL=15
(1.25h)=15
 Vol. of cone:
V=
R=
V=
V=37.70 cm3
 Centroid of right circular cone
from base:
y= =
y=1
37.05 Problem:
Two open vertical conical tank shown

are connected at the bottom by a pipe.
Initially the bigger tank is full of water
while the smaller water tank has a depth
of 4 cm. If the pipe valved is opened to
allow the water to flow to the smaller
tank until it becomes full.
 Compute the total volume of

water in the two tanks.
 Compute the depth of water in
the tank bigger tank at this
instant.
 Compute the volume of water
tank goes out of the bigger tank.
Solution:
 Total volume of water in two

tanks:
=
X=2 m.
Total vol. of water:
Vol. = +
Vol. =129.85 cu.m.
 Depth of water in the bigger tank:
=
R=
Vol. = +
129.85= +
h=10.38 m.
 Vol. of water that goes out:
Vol. = (r2+R2+√
Vol. = 32.36 m3
37.06 Problem:
A spherical ball was completely

immersed into an inverted right circular
cone full of water. After the ball was
removed it was found out that the water
surface has dropped 6 cm. below the
top of the cone. The radius of the cone
is 12 cm. and its altitude is 36 cm.
 Determine the area of contact

with the water surface when it is
full.
 Determine the volume of water
spilled out when the ball was
placed on the cone.
 Determine the radius of the
spherical ball.
Solution:
 Area of contact with the water

surface:
S=
L2=(6)2+(36)2
L=36.50
S=
S=688 sq. cm.
 Volume of water spilled out:
V= (vol. of water when full)
=
=785.40 cm3
=V-V1 (vol. spilled out)
=1357.17-785.40
=571.77 cm3
 Radius of sphere:
Vol. of water spilled out = vol. of
sphere
571.77 =
R=5.15 cm.
37.07 Problem:
An ink bottle is in the form of a rigid

circular cylinder with a large conical
opening as shown: when it is filled with
the bottom of the opening, it can just be
turned upside down without any into
spilling.
 Find the depth of the cone if the

depth of the bottle is 100 cm.
 If the volume of the circular
cylinder is 31416 cm3, determine
the radius of the cylinder.
 Compute the volume of ink inside
the bottle.
Solution:
 Depth of cone:
V1= (100-h) vol. of ink
V2= h-
Vol. of ink in upside down
position
(100-h)= -
100-h=h-
100=2h -
100=
h=
h=60 cm.
 Radius of cylindrical:
V= (100)
31416= (100)
r=10 cm.
 Volume of ink:
Vol. = (100-h)
Vol. = (10)2(100-60)
Vol. = 12566.37 cm3
37.08 Problem:
The height of a circular cone is h. its

contains oil and water at equal depth of
. Water is placed at the bottom base
whose radius is 6 m.
 What is the ratio of the volume of

oil to that of water.
 What is the volume of water if the
value of h is 18 m.
 Compute the lateral area of the
portion which contains water.
Solution:
 Ratio of volume of the oil to that

of water:
( )
=
=
V1=V-V1 (Vol. of H2O)
V2=V-
V2= V
=
V2=
V2= (678.58)
V2=593.76 cm3
 Lateral area of portion containing
water:
Lateral area = (r+R)L
L2=(9)2+(3)2
L=9.49 cm.
Lateral area = (3+6)9.49

Lateral area = 268.32 m2
37.09 Problem:
A water tank opens at the top, consist of

a right circular cylindrical at the top and
a right circular cone at the bottom. The
altitude of the cylindrical is three times
its radius and the altitude of the circular
cone is twice its radius.
 Compute the common radius of

the tank and the cone.
 Determine the number of square
meters of sheet metal required to
construct a tank having a
capacity of 38000 liters.
 Determine the height of water in
the tank if it contains 25000 liters.
Solution:
 Common radius of cylindrical

tank and cone:
V= r2(3r) +
V= r3+ r3
V=
38=
r=1.49 m.
 No. of square meters of sheet
metal required:
Surface area = 2 r(3r)+ rL
L2=(r)2+(2r)2
L=2.24r
Surface
area=2 (1.49)(3)(1.49)+ (1.49)(2.24)(1.
49)
Surface area = 57.47 m2
 Height of water in the tank:

V= (1.49)2h+
25= (1.49)2h+
h=2.59 m.
Total height = 2.59+2.98
Total height = 5.57 m.
37.10 Problem:
A solid consists of a cone surrounded by

a hemisphere. The volume of the
conical and hemisphere are equal.
 Find the angle that the slant

height of the cone makes with the
vertical.
 If the slant height is 4.47 m,
compute the total altitude of the
solid.
 Compute the total surface area of
the solid.
Solution:
 Angle that the slant height makes

the vertical:
Vcone=Vhemisphere
=
h=2r
tan =
tan =
=26 34’
 Altitude of the solid:
Sin 26 34’=
r=4.47 Sin 26 34’
r=2 m.
h2+r2=L2
h2+(2)2=(4.47)2
h=4 m.
Total altitude: = h+r
H=4+2
H=6 m.
 Total surface area:
Surface area = +2 r2
Surface area = (2)(4.47)+2 (2)2
37.11Problem:
An ice cream cone is filled with the ice

cream and more ice cream in the form
of a hemisphere is placed on the top of
the cone. The diameter of the cone is
equal to the diameter of the hemisphere.
If the hemispherical surface is equal to
the lateral surface of the cone whose
radius is 25 mm.
 Compute the height of the cone

 Compute the total volume of ice
cream.
 Compute the ratio of the total
surface area of the cone and ice
cream to the total volume of ice
cream.
Solution:
 Height of cone:
Hemispherical surface = 2 r2
Lateral area of cone =
2 r2 =
2r=L
2(25)=L
L=50 m.
h2=L2-r2
h2=(50)2-(25)2
h=43.30 mm
 Total volume of ice cream:
V= r3+
V= (25)3+
V=61064.71 mm3
 Ratio of total surface area of ice
cream and cone to total vol. of ice
cream:
Total surface area = 2 r2+ rL
Total surface area =
2 (25)2+ (25)(50)
Total surface area = 7853.98
mm2
Ratio = =0.129
37.12Problem:
A sphere of radius 5 cm. and a right

circular cone of base radius 5 cm. and
height 10 cm. stand on a horizontal
floor.
 Find the vertical distance from

the horizontal floor will a plane
cut the two solids in equal circular
section.
 Compute the volume of the
segment cut off below the plane
on the sphere.
 Compute the volume of the
section cut off below the plane on
the cone.
Solution:
 Vertical distance from the

horizontal floor that a plane cut
the two solids in equal circular
section:
R2=(5)2-(5-h)2
R=√
=
2R = 10-h
R=
√ =
=10h-h2
=40h-4h2
5h2-60h+100=0
h2-12h+20=0
h=2 cm.
 Volume of segment cut off below
the plane on the sphere:
V= (3r-h)
V= [3(5)-2]
V=54.45 cm3
 Volume cut off below the plane
on the cone:
R= = =4
V= (r2+R2+r R)
V= [(4)2+(5)2+4(5)]
V=127.76 cm3
37.13 Problem:
The lateral area of right circular cone is

40 sq.m. The base radius is 4 m.
 What is the slant height

 If a plane cuts the cone parallel to
its base to form equal volume,
find the ratio of the height of the
upper portion to the whole height.
 Compute the radius of the section
cut off by the plane.
Solution:
 Slant height:
S=
40 = (4)L
L=10 m.
 Ratio of height of upper portion to
the whole height form equal
volume:
V1=
= =
⁄
=(
=0.794
 Radius of section cut off:
=( =
=
r2( = (16)
r2(0.794)=8
r=3.174 m.
37.14 Problem:
A navigational buoy consists of a

hemisphere whose radius is 12 cm.
surmounted by a cone of the same
radius and a height of 48 cm. It is placed
in sea water having a density of 1025
kg/cm3, it floats to a depth of 18 cm. the
hemispherical portion is at the bottom
section.
 Determine the volume of the
buoy above the water surface in
cu.cm.
 Determine the volume of the
buoy below the water surface in
cu.cm.
 Compute the weight of the buoy
in newtons.
Solution:
 Volume of buoy above the water

surface:
=
10.5 cm.
V1=
V=4849.05 cu.cm.
 The remaining volume after the
frustum is punched out:
V= vol. of frustrum – Vol. of
cylinder
Vfrustrum= [r2+R2+r R]
Vfrustrum= [(5)2+(8)2+5(8)]
V= 1215.80 – (5)2(9)
V=508.94 cm3
Solution:
 Radius of cone:
S= =131.95
2 r=131.95
r=21 cm.
 Volume of cone:
h2=(36)2-(21)2
h=29.24 cm.
v= =
V=13503.44 cm3
 Weight of cone:
W= (1200)
W=16.20 kg
W=0.162 quintals
37.17 Problem:
A circular piece of cardboard with a

diameter of one meter will be made into
a conical nut 40 cm. high by cutting a
sector off and joining the edges to form
a cone.
 Compute the lateral area of cone.

 Compute the angle subtended by
the sector removed.
 Find the percentage of the area
of sector, removed.
Solution:
 Lateral area of cone;

r2=(50)2-(40)2
r=30 cm.
lateral area=
lateral area= (30)(50)
lateral area=4712.39 cm2
 Angle subtended by sector
removed:
Lateral area= (50)2-As
(30)(50)= (50)2-As
As=3141.59
As =
3141.59=
=144
 Percentage of area of sector

removed:
=
=0.40 say 40%

38.0 FRUSTUM OF A CONE
Frustum
of a cone:
 Volume of frustum of a right

circular cone:
Vol. = (r2+R2+r R)
 Lateral area of a Frustum of a

Cone:
Lateral area =
 Volume of Frustum of a cone with

inclined axis:
Vol. = (r2+R2+r R)
H=L
38.01 Problem:
The volume of a frustum of a cone is

1176 m3. If the radius of the lower base
is 10 m. and the altitude is 18 m.
 Compute the radius of the upper

base.
 Determine the lateral area of the
frustum of a cone.
the frustum of the cone.
Solution:
 Radius of upper base:

V= (r2+R2+r R)
1176 = [r2+100+10r]
196 = r2+10r+100
r2+10r+96=0
(r+16)(r-6) = 0
r=6m
 Lateral area = (r+R)L

L2=(18)2+(4)2
L=18.434
A=
A=
A=295
Lateral area=926.77 m2

S=926.77 +
S=1354.03 m2
38.02 Problem:
A frustum of a cone has an upper base

whose radius is 3 m. and a lower base
whose radius is 6 m. if the altitude of
height of the frustum is 9 m.
 Compute the volume of the

frustum.
 Compute the lateral area.
 Compute the total surface area.
Solution:
 Volume of the frustum:

V=
V=
V=189
 Lateral area:
L2=(9)2+(3)2
L=9.49
Lateral area= L
Lateral area=
S=268.32+
S=409.69 m2
38.03 Problem:
The volume of a frustum of a right

circular cone is 1176 cu.m. The
altitude of the frustum of a cone is 18
cm.
 Find the radius of the upper base

of the product of the radii is 60
sq. cm.
 Find the radius of lower base of
the frustum.
 Find the lateral area of the
frustum.
Solution:
 Radius of the upper base:

V= [r2+R2+r R]
1176 = [r2+R2+r R]
196 = r2+R2+r R
But r R = 60
r=
196 = +R2+60
136R2=R2+3600
R2-136 R2+3600=0
√
R2=
R2=
R2=36
R=6
 Radius of lower base:

r R = 60
6 R = 60
R=10 m.
 Lateral area:
A=
L=√
L=18.44 cm.
A=
A=926.90 cm2
38.04 Problem:
A frustum of a cone has the radius of

the upper base of 2 cm. and 6 cm. at the
lower base. The altitude of the frustum
of the cone is 12 cm.

frustum of a cone.

Solution:
 Volume of the frustum of a cone:

V=
V= [4+36+2(6)]
V=653.45 cm3
 Lateral area:
L2=(12)2+(4)2
L=12.65
A=
A=
A=317.93 cm2

S= L+
S=
S=443.59 cm2
38.05 Problem:
The sum of the radii of the bases of a

frustum of a cone is 7 cm. If it has an
altitude of 6 cm. and a volume of 232.48
cm3.
 Compute the radius of the bigger

base.
 Compute the radius of the
smaller base.
 Compute the lateral area.
Solution:
 Radius of bigger base:
232.48= ]
=37
r+R = 7
r=7-R
(7-R)2+R2+(7-R)R=37
49-14+R2+R2+7R-R2-37=0
R2-7R+12=0
R=4 cm.
 Radius of smaller base:

r=7-R
r=7-4
r=3
 Lateral area:
L2=(6)2+(1)2
L=6.082
A=
A=
A=133.75 cm2
39.0 PYRAMIDS
 Pyramids with triangular base

V=
A= area of equilateral triangle
A=
 Pyramids with square base

V=
A= area of square base
A=x2
 Pyramids with hexagonal base

V=
A=area of hexagon
A=
 Pyramids with pentagonal base
A= area of pentagon
A=
39.01 Problem:
A regular triangular pyramid has an

altitude of 9 m. and a volume of 187.06
m3.
 What is the base edge in meters?

 Compute the surface area of the
pyramid.
 Compute the radius of a sphere
inscribed the pyramid.
Solution:
 Base edge:
V=
187.09=
A=62.35 m2
62.35=
x=12 m.
 Surface area:
S=
S=
S=249.42 m2
 Radius of sphere:
√
R=
√
R=
R=2.45 m.
39.02 Problem:
A regular hexagonal pyramid has a slant

height of 8 cm. and the length of each
slant of the base is 6 cm.

pyramid
Solution:
 Volume of pyramid
V=
A=
A=93.53
OC=6 Cos 30
OC = 5.20
h2=(8)2-(5.2)2
h=6.08
V=
V=189.55 cm2
 Lateral area:
Lateral area=
Lateral area=144 cm2

Total surface area=144+93.53
Total surface are4a = 237.53 cm2
39.03 Problem:
The volume of a regular pyramid whose

base is a square is 551.67 m3. The
altitude of the pyramid is 16.55 m.
 Find the side of the base.

 Find the lateral edge.
 Find the lateral area.
Solution:
 Side of the base:

V=
551.67=
x=10 m.
 Lateral edge:
OC=√
OC = 7.07
y2=(16.55)2+(7.07)2
y=18 m.
 Lateral area:
L2=(16.55)2+(5)2
L=17.29
Lateral area =
39.04 Problem:
The volume of a regular pyramid whose

base is a regular hexagon is 156 m3.
The altitude of the pyramid is 5 m.
 Find the side of the base.

 Find the lateral area of the
pyramid.
 Find the total surface area of the
pyramid.
Solution:
 Side of base:
V=
156=
x=6
 Lateral area:
CD=6 Cos 30
CD=5.20
L2=(5)2+(5.2)2
L=7.21
Lateral area=

S=129.78+
S=223.31 m2
39.05 Problem:
A pyramid has a pentagonal base

having one of its sides equal to 6 cm. If
the altitude is 12 cm.

pyramid.
 Compute the lateral area of the
pyramid.
the pyramid.
Solution:
 Volume of the pyramid:

V=
V=
V=247.76 cm3
 Lateral area:
=
OC = 4.13
L2=(12)2+(4.13)2
L=12.69 cm.
Lateral area =
Lateral area=190.35 cm2
 Total surface area = 190.35

+
Total surface area= 252.30 sq.cm
566
Pyramids
39.06 Problem:
One of the great Egyptian pyramid has a square
base, one of the sides is approximately 230 m.
while its height is approximately 145 m. The
average weight of the material from which it was
constructed is 2.8 tons per cu.m.
① What is the approximate weight of the
pyramid?
② If the pyramid is to be painted using 2
coatings of enamel paints with a spreading
capacity of 12 m2 per gallon, how many
gallons are needed to paint the pyramid?
145 ③ What is the total surface area of the
L
pyramid?
Solution:
115
115
① Weight of the pyramid:
115 115
( )( )
Vol. = =
Vol. = 2556833.3 m3
W=VD
W = 2556833.3(2.8)
W = 7159133.33 tons
L
145 ② No. of gallons needed to paint the
pyramid:
L2 = (145)2+(115)2
L = 185.07 m
( )( )
115 Lateral area =
( )
No. of gallons =
No. of gallons = 14189 gallons
③ Total surface area = 85132.2 + 230(230)

567
Pyramids
39.07 Problem:
A pyramid whose altitude is 4 m. weights 600 kN.
The unit weight of the pyramid is 50 kN/m3.
① Compute one side of the base if it is a
square section.
② At what distance from its vertex must it
be cut by a plane parallel to its base so
that the two solids of equal weight will be
formed?
③ What is the area of the section cut by
the plane.
Figure pa
Solution:
① Dimension of square base:
V=
W=VD
600 = V (50)
V = 12 m3
V=
12 =
x = 3 m.
② Distance cut off from vertex:
h3 =
h = 3.175 m.
③ Area cut off by the plane:
A2 = 5.67 m2
568
Pyramids
39.08 Problem:
A plane is passed parallel to the base of a triangular
pyramid of altitude of 9 m. such that the area of the
base if 9 times the area of the triangle of intersection.
① How far from the vertex does the plane
intersects the altitude.
② If the dimension of the triangle of intersection is
an equilateral triangle with sides equal to 2 m.,
what is the volume of the pyramid?
③ Compute the volume of the frustum of the
triangular pyramid.
Solution:
① Distance from vertex where the plane
intersects the altitude:
h = 3 m.
② Vol. of pyramid:
A2 = V=
2
A2 = 1.732 m
A1 = 9(1.732) V=
2
A1 = 15.59 m V = 46.77 m3
③ Vol. of frustum of the triangular
pyramid:
V= (A1 + A2 +√ )
V= [15.59 + 1.732 √
V = 45.04 m3
Check:
V= 46.77 –
V = 45.04 m3
569
Pyramids
39.09 Problem:
A pyramid of altitude 18 cm. is divided into three
parts by two planes passed parallel to the base. These
planes are at distances of 6 cm. and 10 cm. from the
vertex.
① Compute the ratio of the volume of

the uppermost part to the volume of
the lowest part.
② Compute the ratio of the volume of
the lowest part to the volume of the
middle part.
③ Compute the ratio of the volume of
the middle part to the volume of the
whole part.
Solution:
① Ratio of vol. of the uppermost part of the
vol. of the lowest part:
=
= 0.045
② Ratio of vol. of lowest part to middle

part:
=
=6.163
③ Ratio of volume of middle part to vol.
of whole part:
=
=0.134
570
Pyramids
39.10 Problem:
The altitude of a regular pyramid is equal to 12 cm.
The pyramid is divided into three parts by passing
two planes parallel to the base at distances of 4 m.
and 8m.respectively from the bottom base. The
volume of the pyramid is 200 cu. cm.
① Determine the ratio of the volume of
the smallest part to the volume of the
biggest part of the pyramid.
② Determine the volume of the middle
part.
③ Determine the volume of the smaller
part.
Solution:
① Ratio of the vol. of smallest part to
the biggest part of the pzyramid:
=
= 0.053
② Volume of middle part:

=
= 0.259
V2= 0.259 (200)
V2=51.85 cu. cm.
③ Volume of smallest part:

=
=0.037
V1= 200(0.037)
V1=7.41 cm3
571
Pyramids
39.11 Problem:
A pyramid having an altitude of h is divided into
three parts by two plane passed parallel to the
base. These planes are at distances of h/3,
and 2h/3 from the vertex. The volume of the
pyramids is 100cm3.
① Determine the ratio of the volume of the upper
most part to the volume of the lowest part.
② Determine the volume of the middle part.
③ Determine the volume of the upper part.
Solution:
① Ratio of vol. of upper part to the
volume of lowest part.
3
V1= (
3 3
V2= ( ) –( )
3
V3=h3 - ( )
V3 = h3 ③ Vol. of upper part:
3
( ) ( )3
= =
(h)3 - ( )3 ( )3 - (h)
3
= = 0.143
= 0.053 V1= 25.90(0.143)

3
V1 = 3.70 cm
② Ratio of volume of middle part to the
volume of the whole section:
2
(3 )3 - ( )3
= h3
= 0.259
V2= 0.259 x 1000
V2= 25.9 cm3
571
572
Volume of Frustum of
Pyramids:
❶ Volume of Frustum
of Pyramids with
Traingular base:
V= (b + B + √ )
b = area of smaller base
B = area of bigger base
h = altitude of frustum
V = volume of frustum
❷ Volume of Frustum
of Pyramids with
Square base:
V= (b + B + √ )
b = area of smaller base

B = area of bigger base
h = altitude of frustum
V = volume of frustum
573
Frustum of Pyramid
❸ Volume of Frustum
of Pyramids with
Rectangular base:
V= (b + B + √ )
❹ Volume of Frustum
of Pyramids with
Hexagonal base:
V= (b + B + √ )
❺ Volume of Frustum
of Pyramids with
Pentagonal base:
V= (b + B + √ )
Lateral Area
Frustum of Pyramid
with Square base:
L2 = h2 + y2
( )
Lateral area = (4)
(Area of 4 inclined trapezoids)

574
Frustum of Pyramid
40.01 Problem:
The volume of the frustum of a regular triangular
pyramid is 135 cu. m. the lower base is an
equilateral triangle with an edge of 9 m. The upper
base is 8 m. above the lower base.
① What is the upper base edge in
meters.
② Determine the lateral area of the
frustum.
③ Determine the surface area of the
frustum.
Solution:
① Upper base edge:
V = [b + B + √ ]
B=
B = 35.07
b=
b = 0.433 x2
135 = [0.433x2 + 35.07
+√ ]
2
50.625 = 0.433x + 35.07 + 3.897x
x2 + 9x - 35.92=0
x=3
② Lateral area:
CD = 3 Sin 60
CD = 2.60
OD = (2.6)
OD = 0.867
EG = 9 Sin 60
EG = 7.79
575
Frustum of Pyramid
O' G = (7.79) = 2.60

L2 = (8)2 + (1.733)2
L = 8.19 m.
Lateral area = (8.19)(3)
Lateral area = 147.42 m.
③ Total surface area:
Surface area =147.42 m. +
+
40.02 Problem:
A frustum of a pyramid has a volume of 156 cu. m. Its
height is 9 m. and the bottom square bas has an area of
36 sq. m.
① Find the dimensions of the top square base.
② Find the lateral area of the frustum of pyramid.
③ Find the total surface area of the frustum of
pyramid.
Solution:
① Dimension of top square base:
V = (b + B + √ )
156 = (b + 36 + √ )
52 = b + 36 + 6√
16 - b = 6√
256 – 32b + b2 = 36b
b2+ 68b + 256 = 0
b = 4 m2
Dimension is 2 x 2
576
Frustum of Pyramid
② Lateral area of frustum of pyramid:

L2 = (9)2 + (2)2
L = 9.22
( )
Lateral area = ( )( )
2
Lateral area = 147.52 m
③ Total surface area of the frustum of
pyramid:
Surface area =147.52 + 2(2) + 6(6)
Surface area = 187.52m2
40.03 Problem:
The volume of a frustum of a pyramid is
140 cu. m. It has a rectangular upper base
of 3 m. x 4 m. and altitude of 5m.
① Determine the dimensions of the

lower base.
② Determine the lateral area of the
frustum of a pyramid.
③ Determine the total surface area of
the frustum of a pyramid.
Solution:
① Dimension of lower base:
V= (b + B + √ )
140 = [12 + B + √ ]
(72 – B) = √
(72 – B)2 = 12 B
5184 – 144B + B2 = 12 B
B2 – 156 B + 5184 = 0
B = 48
Dimension is 6 x 8
577
Frustum of Pyramid
② Lateral area of a frustum of pyramid:

L12 = (1.5)2 + (5)2
L1= 5.22 m.
L22= (5)2+ (2)2
L2 = 5.39 m.
( )
( )
(5.39)(2)
③ Total surface area:

Surface area = 111.15 + 3(4) + 6(8)
40.04 Problem:
A plane is passed parallel to the base and 8 m. from
the vertex of a pyramid whose square base is 36 sq.
m. and whose altitude is 12 m.
① What is the area of the intersection of
the plane and the pyramid.
② What is the volume of the frustum of
pyramid that remained after the top
has been removed?
③ What is the lateral area of the frustum
of a pyramid.
Solution:
① Area of the intersection of plane and
pyramid:
( )
( )
( )
( )
b = 16 m2
580
Frustum of Pyramid
② Lateral area:
L1 = √
L1 = 5.22 m.
L2 = √
L2 = 5.39 m.
+ (5.22)(2)
③ No. of gallons needed to paint

30 pcs.
Total surface area

= [111.15 + 3(4) + 6(8)] 30
= 5134.5 sq.m.
No. of quartz needed =

No. of quartz needed = 855.75
No. of gallons needed =

No. of gallons needed = 214 gallons
581
Frustum of Pyramid
40.07 Problem:
A regular square pyramid has a base 40 cm x 40
cm. and an altitude of one meter. a plane is passed
parallel to the base and 20cm. from it.
① Compute the dimension at a point 20

cm. above the base.
② Compute the volume of the frustum
below the plane.
③ Compute the lateral area of the
frustum below the plane.
Solution:
① Dimension at a point 20 cm. above
the base:
A2 = 1024
x2 = 1024
x = 32
Use 32 cm x 32 cm
② Vol. of frustum below the plane:
V= (A1 + A2 + √ )
V= [1600 + 1024 + √ ]
V = 26026.67 cm3
③ Lateral area:
L2 = (20)2(4)2
L = 20.396 m.

Lateral area = 2937.02 cm2
582
Frustum of Pyramid
40.08 Problem:
A frustum of a regular pyramid has square sections
as its bases. The area of the upper base is 4 m2. The
lateral edge of the frustum of pyramid is 1.6 m.
① Compute the altitude of the frustum

of pyramid.
② Compute the volume of frustum.
③ Compute the lateral area of the
frustum.
Solution:
① Altitude of frustum:
AB = √
AB = 1.414
BC = √
BC = 2.828
CD = 2.828 - 1.414
CD = 1.414
h2 = (1.6)2 – (1.414)2
h = 0.748 m.
② Volume of frustum:
V= [A1 + A2 + √ ]
V= [4 + 16 + √ ]
V = 3.981 cu. m.
③ Lateral area:
L2= (1)2 + (0.748)2
L = 1.249
A= (L)(4)
A = 3(1.249)(4)
A = 14.988 m2
N 40.09 Problem:
A frustum of a regular pyramid has a lower base

of 12cm x 12cm and an upper base of 8cm x
8cm. If the lateral edge is 18cm.
1. Compute the volume of the regular

pyramid.
2. Compute the lateral area of the regular
pyramid.
3. Compute the total surface area of the
regular pyramid.
Solution:
2. Lateral area
(17.89)(4)
3.Total surface area

41.0 PRISM AND PRISMATOID
1. Right Prism with an Equilateral triangle base
V=Ah
V = volume f prism
A = cross sectional area of base
h = distance between bases
2. Right Prism with Hexagonal base
V=Ah
3. Right Prism with Pentagonal base
V=Ah
4.Right Prism with Octagonal base
V=Ah
5. Right Prism wit Trapezoidal base
V=Ah
6. Right Prism with Circular base (Cylindrical

Tank)
V=Ah
R = radius of circular section
7. Prismatoid
= Area at mid-section using average values

of section 1 and 2
= cross sectional area at section1
= cross sectional area at section2

41.01 Problem:
The volume of a right prism is 234
With an altitude of 15m. The base of the prism

is an equilateral triangle.
1. Find the length of the base edge
2. Find the lateral area of the prism
3. Find the total surface area of the prism.
Solution:
1. Length of the base edge
V=Ah
(15)
X=6m
2. Lateral area:
Area=15(6)(3)
Area=
3. Total surface area:
Surface area = 270 +
Surface area = 301.18
41.02 Problem:
The bases of a right prism is a hexagon with one

of each side equal to 6cm. The volume of the
right prism is 500 cu cm.
1. Determine the distance between the bases of

the prism.
2. Determine the lateral are of the prism.
3. Determine the total surface area of the

prism.
Solution:
1. Distance between their bases:
V=Ah
2. Lateral area of prism:
Lateral area = 6(5.35)(6)
Lateral area = 192.6

=36
41.03 Problem:
The base of a right prism are pentagon with one

of each side is 6cm long. The bases are 12cm
apart.
1. What is the volume of the right prism in cu

cm.
2. Determine the lateral area of the prism.
3. Determine the total surface area of the

prism.
Solution:
1. Volume of right prism:
V=Ah
Lateral area = 12 (6)(5)
Lateral area=
Surface area = 360 + (62.94)+61.94
Surface area = 483.88 sq cm
41.04 Problem:
A right prism with an octagonal base has a

volume of 2085.88 cu.cm. The height of the
prism is 12 cm.
1. Determine the base edge.
2. Determine the lateral area of the prism.
3. Determine the total surface of the prism.
Solution:
1. Base edge:
=6 cm
Lateral area= 6(12)(8)
Lateral area=576

41.05 Problem:
The base of a cylinder is a hexagon inscribed in

a circle. The difference in the circumference of
the circle and the perimeter of the hexagon is
4cm.
1. Compute the volume of the cylinder if it has

an altitude of 20cm.
2. Compute the lateral area of the cylinder.

cylinder.
Solution:
2. Lateral Area:
Lateral Area = 14125(20)(6)
Lateral Area=1695
3. Total Surface Area:

41.06 CE Board Nov 1995
A circular cylinder with a volume of 6.54 cu cm

is circumscribed about a right prism whose base
is an equilateral triangle of side 1.25 m.
1. Determine the altitude of the cylinder.
2. Determine the lateral area of the cylinder
3. Determine thetotal surface area of the

cylinder
Solution:
1. Altitude of cylinder:
2. Lateral area
Lateral area: 2 rh
Lateral area = 18.12
Surface area = 18.12 + (2)
Surface area = 21.39

41.07 Problem:
A right prism having a hexagonal base has a

surface area of 908.554 sq cm. If the height of
the prism is 12m
1. Find the base edge
2. Find the area of the base
3. Find the volume of the prism
Solution:
1. Base edge:
Surface area = 2A + 12(6)x
908.554=2(2.60 )+72x
X=8 m
2. Area of base:
A=166.4
3. Volume of prism
V = 166.4(12)
V = 1996.8 cu m
41.08 Problem
The base of a cylinder is a regular octagon

inscribed in a square with sides 16 cm. The
altitude of a cylinder is 18 cm.
1. Determine the volume of a cylinder
2. Determine the lateral area of the cylinder
3. Determine the surface area of the cylinder
Solution:
16-2x = √
2. Lateral area of cylinder:
Lateral area=6.63(18)(8)
Lateral are=954.72
Total surface area = 954.72+212.36

41.09 Problem
Cylinder A is similar to cylinder B. Cylinder A has

a pentagonal base with sides equal to 2, 4, 5, 7
and 8 m respectively while that of cylinder B is a
pentagonal base with the shortest side of 1.5
m. The lateral area of the small cylinder is 90m.
1. Compute the perimeter of cylinder B.
2. Compute the altitude of the smaller cylinder
3. Compute the lateral area of cylinder A.
Solution:
1. Perimeter of cylinder B:
2. Altitude of smaller cylinder:
Lateral Area = perimeter x altitude
90 = 19.5 h
H = 4.62m
3. Lateral area of cylinder A:
Lateral: 26(4.62)
Lateral=120.12
A trough having an equilateral triangle end

sections has sides equal to 0.3 and 0.6 m long
1. Find the volume of liquid In the container if

the depth of water is one half depth of the
trough
2. If the unit weight of liquid is 600 kg/
Determine the weight of liquid in quintals.
3. Determine the area of contact of the liquid

and the triangular through
Solution:
1. Volume of liquid
H=0.30 sin 60 = 0.26
2. Weight of liquid
W=VD
W = 0.058 (600)
W=34.8 kg =0.348 quintals
3. Area of contact of liquid triangualar through:
A=0.00974(2)+(0.15)(60(2)
A=1.819
41.11 Problem:
A trough whose ends are isosceles trapezoid

with vertical axis is 10m long. The lower base of
the trapezoid is 2m and the upper base is 6m
and 4m deep. The through contains 100 000
liters of liquid having a sp gr “S”
1. How deep is the water in the trough?
2. Determine the wetted area of the trough?
3. If the liquid weighs 117.2 kN, determine the

sp gr of the liquid.
Solution:
1. Depth of water
100 = A (10)
A = 10
X=0.5 y
A=
10=0.5y(y)+2y
+2y-10=0
2. Wetted area of the trough:
X = 0.5 (2.9) = 1.45
D = 3.24 m
Wetted area = 10(2)+3.24(10)(2)=84.8
3. Sp. Gr. Of liquid
1177.2=100(9.81)S
S = 1.2
41.12 Problem:
A horizontal cylindrical tank has a radius of

600mm and length of 5m.
1. Find the volume of the water in the tank if it

is 7/8 full?
2. Find the depth of water in the tank at a

horizontal position.
3. If the tank is placed in a vertical position,

what is the depth of water inside the tank?
Solution:
1. Volume of water:
2. Depth of water in the horizontal position:

D = 0.6 + 0.6 cos 50.6
D = 0.981 m.
3. Depth of water in vertical position:
4.95=
41.13 Problem
A horizontal circular cylindrical tank has a radius

of 2m and length of 6m. The tank is closed at
both ends and contains water which is 80.45
full.
1. Determine the depth of water in the tank
2. Determine the volume of water in the tank
3. If the tank is placed in a vertical position,

what is the depth of water in the tank?
Solution:
1. Depth of water in the tank:

2. Volume of water in the tank:
3. Height of water:
41.14 Problem:
A solid has a circular base of radius 20cm
1. Find the volume of the solid if every plane

section perpendicular to a certain diameter is
an isosceles triangle with it’s altitude equal to
the base.
2. Find the volume of the solid if every plane

an isosceles triangle with its hypotenuse In the
plane of the base.
3.Find the volume of the solid if every plane

an isosceles triangle with one leg in the plane of
the base.
Solution:
1. Volume of isosceles triangle if its altitude

equal to its base
2. vol. of isosceles triangle if its hypotenuse is in
the plane of base:
3. Volume of an isosceles triangle with one leg

in the plane of the base
41.15 Problem:
A cylindrical tank 4m In diameter and 6m high is

filled with water. It is then tilted to a position
enough for the water surface to cut diameter at
the base.
1. How much water is retained in the tank?
2. How high would the remaining water be on

the tank when it is then placed in the vertical
position?
3. What is the weight of the water retained in

the tank if the unit weight is assume to be 9800
N/ . Express the weight in quintals.
Solution:
1. Volume of water retained in the tank
3. Height of remaining water when it is in a

vertical position:
3. Weight of water retained in the tank:

42.01 Problem:
One edge of a regular hexahedron is 24

cm long.
1. Find the ratio of the volume to the

surface area.
2. If the edge is increased by 50 , by
how much percentage will the volume
increase?
3. If the edge is decreased by 50 ,, by
how much percentage will the surface
are decreased.
Solution:
1. Ratio of volume to surface area:
2. Percentage increase in volume:

42.02 Problem:
1. To double the volume of a cube by
how much percentage should the edge
be increased?
2. By how much (percentage) should the
edge of a cube be decreased so as to
decreases its volume by
3. By how much (percentage) should the
edge of a cube to be increased so as to
increase its surface area by 25
Solution:
1. of increase for the edge
=
2. Decrease of edge:
=
3. Increase of edge:
( )
42.03 Problem:
The corners of a cubical block touched
the
closed spherical shell that encloses it.
The
volume of the cubical box is 2744 cu
cm.
1. What is the radius of the sphere that
enclose the cubical box?
2. What volume in cu cm inside the shell
is not occupied by the box?
3. Find the volume of the largest cube
that can be cut from a sphere of
diameter 5 cm.
Solution:
1. Radius of sphere that encloses the
cubical box.
√
√
= 12.12cm
2. Volume inside the shell not occupied

by the box:
3. Volume of largest cube that can be
cut from a sphere of radius 2.5 cm.+
√
√
x
√
X=2.887
Volume=
Volume = 24.056 cu cm.
42. 04 Problem:
A cubical box has one of its edge equal
to 4cm.
1. Find the radius of the sphere that
encloses the cubical box so that the
corners of the cubical box touched the
sphere.
2. What is the volume between the
cubical box and the sphere?
3. Pass a plane to the cube so that the
section form would be a regular
hexagon whose vertices are mid points
of the sides of the cube. Find the area of
the hexagon.
Solution:
1. Radius of sphere:
√
2. Volume of space between cubical box
and sphere:
3. Area of hexagon:
42.05 Problem
The cube shown on the figure is 3 cm
on one edge. Each of these joints A and
B is 1cm from the vertex nearest it. If
two planes is passed through edge CD
one containing the point A and the other
containing point B.
1. Find the volume of the wedge cut
from the cube by these two planes.
2. If a plane is passed through three
vertices of this cube so that the section
will form an equilateral triangle, find the
area of the triangle.
3 If this cubical box is tightly packed with
8 marbles and is filled with water, what
is the volume of water in the container?
Assume all 8 marbles are in contact with
the walls of the container and adjacent
marbles which are of the same sizes.
Solution:
1. Volume of wedge cut by two planes
2. Area of triangle formed by the plane

passing through the 3 vertices:
AB = BC = CA
√ AB=4.243
=7.80
3. Volume of water in the container

4r=3
R=0.75cm
Vol of water = (8)
Vol of water = 12.86

42.06 Problem:
A cube one of its side equal to 4cm. It is
fully pointed on all the surfaces. It is fully
painted on all the surfaces. If it is cut
completely thru the block to form a cube
1cm x 1cm x 1cm.
1. Determine the number of cubes with
no faces painted.
only 2 faces painted.
only 3 faces painted.
Solution:
1. No of cubes with no faces painted:
8 cubes with no faces painted
2. No of cubes with only 2 faces

Painted: 24 cubes
3. No. of cubes with only 3 faces painted

= 8cubes
42.07 Problem:
The corners of a cubical block touched
the closed spherical shell that encloses
it. The volume of the box is 2744 cubic
cm.
1. What is the volume of the spherical
shell?
2. How much is percent should the
volume of the sphere be reduced if the
radius is reduced by
3, How much in percent should the
diameter of the sphere be increased if
3. the surface area of the sphere is
increased by
Solution:
√
1. Vol. of spherical shell:
√
√
2.
43.0 SPHERE AND SPHERICAL SEGMENT
1 . Sphere
(a) Surface area of sphere:
A=4
(b) Volume of sphere:
2. Spherical Zone
(a) Surface area = 2
(one base)
(b) Surface area = (Two

Bases)
A=
3. Spherical Segment
(a) Volume of spherical
segment:
(b) Volume of Spherical

Segment of the two bases
4. Volume of Spherical
Sector or Spherical Cone
Vol. of spherical Sector:
Area of Spherical sector.

5. Spherical Lune
Surface area of a Lune of a sphere
6. Spherical Wedge
Volume of the spherical wedge:
7. Spherical Polygon
Volume of spherical pyramid:
8. Spherical Triangle
Area of spherical triangle:
a) Three angles given:
E = A + B + C - 180
b) Three sides given:
√
43.01 Problem:
The ratio of the surface area of sphere x to
the surface area of sphere y is 4. The ratio
of the volume of sphere y to the volume of
sphere z is 3.
1. Find the ratio of the volume of
sphere x to the volume of sphere z.
2. Find the ratio of the surface area of
sphere x to the surface of sphere z.
sphere x to sphere y.
Solution:
1. Ratio of volume x and z:
√
2. Ratio of surface area of x to
z:
=R
√
√
3. Ratio of the volume of

sphere x to y:
Ratio = 8
43.02 Problem
The spheres made of lead have a
radius of r. 2r and 4r respectively are
melted to form a new sphere of
radius R. The ratio of the volume to
the surface area of the new sphere is
equal to 4.18.
1. Compute the radius “r” in cm.

2. Compute the radius “R” in cm.
3. Compute the weight of the new
sphere in quintals if it has a unit
weight of .
Solution:
1. Radius “r”:
r = 3cm.
2. Radius R:
R = 4.18 r
R = 4.18(3)
R = 12.54 cm.
3. Weight of sphere in quintals
W=VD
W=
W = 148680 kg
W = 1486.80 quintals
43.03 Problem
The diameter of two spheres are in the
ratio of 2:3 and the sum of their volume
is 1260 cu. M.
1. Find the volume of the sphere.
2. Find the radius of the smaller sphere.
3. Find the sum of the surface areas of
the two spheres.
Solution:
1. Volume of larger sphere:
r = radius of smaller sphere.
R = radius of larger sphere.
r=
Volume =
( )
2. Radius of smaller sphere:
3. Sum of surface areas of the two

spheres:
Solution:
1. Volume of larger sphere:
r = radius of smaller sphere
R = radius of larger sphere
( )
( )
r = 4.10cm.
3. Sum of surface areas of the two

spheres
43.04 Problem
The volume of two spheres are in the
ratio of 27:343 and the sum of their radii
is 10.
1. Find the radius of the smaller sphere
in cm.
2. Find the volume of the bigger sphere
in
3. Find the ratio of the surface area of
the bigger sphere to the smaller sphere.
Solution:
2. Volume of bigger sphere

3. Ratio of surface area of the bigger
sphere to smaller sphere:
43.05 Problems
A sphere has a surface area of 314.36
sq.cm.
1. Compute the diameter of the sphere.
2. If the surface area of the sphere
increases by 20%, determine the
percentage increase in the diameter.
3. Compute also the percentage increase in
its volume.
Solution:
1. Diameter of sphere:
( )
2. Percentage increase in diameter:
When
√
43.06 Problem:
A sphere has a volume equal to 268.08
cu.cm.
1. Compute the diameter of the sphere.
2. If the surface area of the sphere
increases by 20%, determine the
percentage increase in the diameter.
3. Compute also the percentage
increase in its volume.
Solution:
1. Diameter of sphere
( )
3.Percentage increase in surface area:
( )
32.07 Problem
If the diameter of a sphere increases by
18%.
1. Find the percentage increase in its
volume.
2. Find the percentage increase in its
surface area.
3. If the ratio of the increase volume to
the increase surface area is equal to 2,
find the diameter of the sphere.
Solution:
1. % increase in its volume:
2. % increase in surface area:
( )
3. Diameter of sphere if the ration of

increase in volume to increase in
surface area is equal to 2:
43.08 Problem:
If the surface area of the sphere
increases by 20%.
1. Determine the percentage increase in
the diameter.
2. Determine the percentage increase in
the volume.
3. If the ratio of the increase in volume
to the increase in surface area is equal
to 3, find the diameter of the sphere.
Solution:
1. Percentage increase in diameter:
When = 1.20
2. % increase in volume:
3. Diameter of sphere:
43.09 Problem:
The ratio of the volume of sphere to the
surface area is equal to 2.
1. Find the radius of the sphere in .
2. find the volume of the sphere in .
3. Find the surface area of the sphere in
Solution:
2. Volume of sphere:
3. Surface area:
43.10 Problem:
The center of each two spheres having
equal radius of 2 m. lies in the surface of
the other sphere.
1. Find the volume common to the two
spheres.
2. Compare the surface area common in
the two spheres.
3. Determine the area of the common
base of the spherical segment.
Solution:
1. Volume common to two spheres:
2. Surface area
3. Area of common base of spherical

segment:
43.11 Problem:
A sphere has a diameter of 24 cm.
1. How far form the center of the sphere
should a plane be passed so that the
ratio of the areas of the two zones
formed is 2:3.
2. Compute the ratio of the volume of
bigger to the smaller spherical segment.
3. Compute the area of the smaller
spherical zone.
Solution:
1. Distance from center of sphere where
a plane must passed so that the ratio of
areas of two zones is 2:3.
2. Ratio of volume of bigger spherical

segment to smaller spherical segment.
3. Area of small spherical zone

43.12 Problem:
A hole 10 cm. in diameter is to be
punched out form a sphere having a
diameter of 16 cm.
1. Determine the height of the spherical
segment portion punched out.
2. Determine the total volume punched
out.
3. Determine the ratio of the remaining
volume punched out.
Solution:
1. Height of spherical segment portion
punched out:
2. Volume punched out:
4. Ratio of remaining volume to volume

punched out.
A sphere having a diameter of 30 cm.
the altitude of the first segment is 6cm.
1. What is the ratio of area of zone of
the second segment to that of the first.
2. What is the volume of the first
segment.
3. What is the distance from the centroid
of the first segment to the center of the
sphere?
Solution:
1. Ratio of the area of zone of second
segment to that of first:
2. Volume of the first segment:
3. Centroid of the first segment:
̅ [ ]
̅ [ ]
̅
43.14 Problem:
An upper spherical segment with single
base has a height of 2cm. If the base
radius is 4 cm.
1. Find the radius of the sphere.
2. Compute the surface area of the
spherical segment.
3. Compute the column of the lower
spherical segment.
Solution:
2. Surface area of spherical segment:
3. Volume of lower spherical segment:

43.15 Problem:
A hemispherical tank having the radius
“r” contains liquids A and B with a total
depth of 12cm. with liquid B on top of
liquid A. Liquid A has a depth of 8cm. If
the volume of liquids A and B are equal.
1. Compute the radius “r” of the
hemispherical tank.
2. Compute the volume of liquid B.
3. Compute the area of contact between
the two liquids on the tank.
Solution:
1. Radius “r” of the tank:
2. Volume of liquid B:
43.16 Problem:
A mixture compound form equal parts of
two liquids, water and oil was placed in
a hemispherical bowl. The total depth of
the two liquids is 6 cm. After standing for
a short time in the mixture separated.
The thickness of the segment of oil is 2
cm.
1. Find the radius of bowl in cm.
2. Compute the volume of oil.
3. Find the base radius of the segment
containing water.
Solution:
1. Radius of bowl:
2. Volume of oil:
3. Base radius of segment containing

water:
43.17 Problem
A 3 m. curved around and above the
base of hemispherical dome is to be
covered with one coat of water proofing
compound. Radius of dome is 7.5.
1. Determine the area to be covered by
the water proofing compound.
2. Determine the number of gallons of
compound used if one gallon has a
spreading capacity of 120 sq. ft.
3. If the dome is cut off at the upper
portion at the 3m curve strip around and
above the hemispherical dome,
compute the volume of the remaining
portion after the upper portion is
removed.
Solution:
1. Area to be covered by the water
proofing:
2. No. of gallons needed:

3. Volume at the bottom:
43.18 Problem:
A spherical ball having a radius of 3 cm
is placed inside an empty conical vessel
having a radius of 6 cm. and an altitude
of 8cm. The spherical ball is just level
with the base of the conical vessel.
1. Compute the radius of the area of
contact of the spherical ball and the
cone.
2. Compute the volume of the spherical
segment below the area of contact
between the sphere and the cone.
3. If the water is needed to keep the
conical vessel full assuming no water
gets inside the circle of contact with the
cone.
Solution:
1. Radius of area of contact of spherical
ball and cone:
2. Volume of spherical segment below

the area of contact:
3. Volume of water needed to keep the

tank full of water:
43.19 Problem:
A cylindrical tank of radius 1.5m and a
height of 5m. filled with water to depth of
2m.
1. If one spherical ball is having a
diameter of 2m. is dropped into the tank
slowly by how much is the level of water
raised?
2. If two spherical balls having diameter

of 2m. each is dropped into the tank
slowly, by how much is the level of
water raised.
3. Compute the total weight of the tank
in quintals plus water and 2 spherical if
the unit wt. of the spherical ball is 2500
kg/m3 that of water is 1000kg/m3. Wt. of
tank is 1200 Newtons.
Solution:
1. Depth of water level was raised:
2. Level of water if raised if two balls are

placed:
3. Total Weight:
( )
43.20 Problem:
A spherical cone has a chord of the
generating arc of its zone to 5cm. and
the radius of its zone is 4cm.
1. Compute the radius of the spherical
cone.
2. Compute the volume of the spherical
cone.
3. Compute the total surface of the
spherical cone.
Solution:
1. Radius of spherical cone:
2. Volume of spherical cone:
3. Surface area of spherical cone:

43.21 Problem:
The volume of spherical sector with a
central angle of is 500 cu. cm.
1. Compute the radius of the sphere.
2. Compute the area of spherical zone.
spherical sector.
Solution:
2. Area of spherical zone:
3. Surface area of spherical sector:

43.22 Problem:
The volume of spherical segment with
two bases is equal to If The
radii of the bases are 4 m. and 5 m.
respectively.
1. Find the distance between two bases.
2. Compute the radius of the sphere.
3. Compute the area of zone between
the two bases.
Solution:
1. Distance between the two bases:
√
√
√ √
√
√
√
3. Area of zone.
43.23 Problem:
A spherical wooden ball 15 cm in
diameter sinks to a depth of 12 cm in a
certain liquid.
1. Compute the area exposed about the
liquid in sq. cm.
2. Compute the volume of submerged
portion in cu. m.
3. Compute the weight of the wooden
ball if the specific gravity of the liquid is
1.03 in kN.
Solution:
1. Area exposed above the liquid:
2. Volume of submerged portion:
3. Weight of wooden ball:

43.24 Problem:
The volume of a spherical segment
having two bases whose radii are 3 cm
and 4 cm respectively is equal to
1. Determine the distance between the

bases of the segment.
2. Compute the volume of the sphere.
3. Compute the surface area between
the bases of the segment.
Solution:
1. Distance between the bases:
{ }
2. Volume of sphere:
√ √
√ √
√
√
3. Area between the bases of segment:

43.25 Problem:
A spherical wedge has a radius of 2 m.
and a central angle of .
1. Find the volume of the spherical
wedge.
2. Find the surface area of the spherical
wedge.
spherical wedge to the surface area of
the spherical wedge.
Solution:
1. Volume of spherical wedge:
2. Surface area:
3. Ratio of vol. to the surface area:

43.26 Problem:
The area of a lune is 30 sq. m. and that
of the sphere is 120 sq. m.
1. What is the radius of the lune of a
sphere.
2. What is the central angle of the lune.
3. What is the corresponding volume of
the spherical wedge.
Solution:
1. Radius of the lune of a sphere:
2. Central Angle of lune:
3. Volume of spherical wedge:

43.27 Problem:
1. Find the area of a spherical triangle
having angles
2. Find also the volume of the volume of

the triangular spherical pyramind.
3. Find the area of a spherical triangle
having sides
.
Solution:
1. Area of spherical triangle with angles
given:
3. Area of spherical triangle if sides are

given:
√
44.0 POLYHEDRON
1. Tetrahedron
Tetrahedron = a polyhedron
having four equal faces each
of which is an equilateral
triangle.
√
a) Volume :
b) Surface area: A = √
c) Radius of Inscribed Sphere

√
d) Altitude of tetrahedron:
where:
44.0 POLYHEDRON
2. Hexahedron
Hexahedron = a polyhedron
having six plane faces
Cube = a regular hexahedron
a) Volume :
b) Surface Area =
Where: a = one side of a

hexahedron
3. Octahedron
Octahedron = a polyhedron having
eight equal faces each of them is
an equilateral triangle.
√
a) Volume:
b) Surface area: √
√
Where: a = one side of an

equilateral triangle
44.0 POLYHEDRON
4. Dodecahedron
Dodecahedron = a polyhedron
having twelve equal faces each of
which is a regular pentagon.
a) Volume:
b) Surface Area =
Where:
5. Icosahedron
Icosahedron = a polyhedron
having twenty equal faces each of
which is an equilateral triangle.
a) Volume:
b) Surface Area =
Where:
44.0 POLYHEDRON
44.01 Problem:
The side of one of the face of a
tetrahedron is equal to 6cm.
1. Compute the volume of the
tetrahedron.
tetrahedron.
3. Compute the ratio of the volume of
the tetrahedron to the volume of the
sphere inscribed in the given
tetrahedron.
Solution:
1. Volume of tetrahedron:
2. Surface area of the tetrahedron:
3. Ratio of the tetrahedron to the volume

of the sphere inscribed in the given
tetrahedron.
√
44.0 POLYHEDRON
44.02 Problem:
One of the face of octahedron has side
equal to 10cm
given octahedron.
2. Compute the volume of the given
octahedron.
sphere inscribe in the octahedron.
Solution:
1. Total surface area of the given
octahedron:
√
√
2. Volume of the given octahedron:

√
3.Surface area of the sphere inscribe in

the octahedron:
√
√
44.0 POLYHEDRON
44.03 Problem:
A dodecahedron is a polyhedron having
12 faces, each of which is a pentagon.
1. Compute the surface area of
dodecahedron if one of the sides of one
of its face is equal to 12cm.
2. Compute the volume of the given
dodecahedron.
3. Compute the volume of the sphere
inscribed in the given dodecahedron.
Solution:
1. Surface area of dodecahedron one of
the sides of one its face is equal to 12
cm.
2. Volume of the given dodecahedron.
3. Volume of the sphere inscribed in the

given dodecahedron.
44.0 POLYHEDRON
44.04 Problem:
One side of the faces of an icosahedron
is an equilateral triangle. If the length of
one of the sides of the triangle is 8cm.
icosahedron.
icosahedron.
3. Compute the radius of a sphere
inscribed in the icosahedron.
Solution:
1. Surface area of the icosahedron.
2. Volume of the icosahedron:
3. Radius of a sphere inscribe in the

icosahedron.
44.0 POLYHEDRON
44.05 Problem:
A regular dodecahedron has an edge od
12cm.
1. Compute the volume of a
dodecahedron.
2. Determine the number of vertices of a
dodecahedron.
3. Determine the number of edges.
Solution:
1. Volume of a dodecahedron:
2. Number of vertices of a
dodecahedron:
3. Number of edges:
44.06 Problem:
A regular icosahedron has an edge
equal to 6 cm. long.
1. Compute the volume of icosahedron.
2.Compute the number of vertices.
3. Compute the number of edges.
44.0 POLYHEDRON
Solution:
1. Volume of icosahedron:
2. Number of vertices:
3. Number of edges:
44.07 Problem:
An octahedron is a polyhedron having 8
faces, one of which is a regular triangle.
1. If the side of the regular triangle is
equal to 12 cm, compute the volume of
octahedron.
2. With the same side of the regular
triangle, compute the total surface area
of the octahedron.
3. If a sphere is inscribed in the given
octahedron, compute the volume of the
inscribed sphere.
Solution:
1. Volume of octahedron:
√
44.0 POLYHEDRON
2. Surface area of octahedron:
3. Volume of inscribed sphere:

√
44.08 Problem:
The tetrahedron has a surface area of
140 sq.cm.
1. Compute the side of the tetrahedron.
2. Compute the altitude of the
tetrahedron.
tetrahedron.
Solution:
1. Side of tetrahedron:
2. Altitude of the tetrahedron:
√ √
√ √
3. Volume of the tetrahedron:
√ √
44.0 POLYHEDRON
44.09 Problem:
A regular tetrahedron has one of each
side equal to 20 cm.
1. Compute the surface area of a
tetrahedron.
tetrahedron.
3. Compute the volume of sphere
inscribed in the regular tetrahedron.
Solution:
1. Surface area:
Check:
√
√
44.0 POLYHEDRON
3. Volume of sphere inscribed in a
tetrahedron:
Check from formula:

√
Volume of sphere:
44.0 POLYHEDRON
44.10 Problem:
A regular tetrahedron has one of its
edge equal to 10m.
tetrahedron.
tetrahedron
3. Compute the volume of the sphere
circumscribing the tetrahedron.
Solution:
1. Surface area of tetrahedron:
Surface area = 4 areas of equilateral
triangle
Surface area
Surface area
Check:
√
√
44.0 POLYHEDRON
3. Volume of sphere circumscribing the
tetrahedron:
Volume of Sphere:
44.0 POLYHEDRON
Part 3
PLANE AND SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
45.0 Plane Trigonometry
Reciprocal Identities
1.
2.
3.
Tangent and cotangent

identities
1.
2.
Pythagorean Identities
1.
2.
3.
Plane Trigonometry
Cofunction Identities
1. ( )
2. ( )
3. ( )
4. ( )
5. ( )
Sum and Difference

Formula
1. ( )
2. ( )
3. ( )
4. ( )
5. ( )
6. ( )
Double-Angle Formula
1.
2.
3.
Plane Trigonometry
Power Reducing
Formulas
√
1.
√
2.
3.
Half Angle Formulas

√
1.
√
2.
3.
4.
Plane Trigonometry
Product to Sum Formulas
1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( )
4. ( ) ( )
Sum to product formulas
1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( )
4. ( ) ( )
Plane Trigonometry
Product to Sum Formulas
1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( )
4. ( ) ( )
Sum to product formulas
1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( )
4. ( ) ( )
Plane Trigonometry
Sine Law
Cosine Law
Law of Tangents
( )
( )
Mollweides’ Equation
( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
Inverse Trigonometric
Function
1.
2.
3.
4. √
5.
6.
7.
Plane Trigonometry
Hyperbolic Function
1. ( )
2. ( )
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. –
Plane Trigonometry
45.01 Problem:
Find the value of \theta in the following
conditions.
1. ( )
2.
3.
Solution:
1.
( )
( )
2. Value of :
( )
3. Value of :
45.02 Problem:
Find the value of angle in the following
conditions.
1. Three times the sine of a certain
angle is twice of the square of the
cosine of the same angle. Find the
angle.
2. Cos ( ( )
3. If ( )
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
Value of angle
( )
√( ) ( )( )
( )
2. Value of :
( )
( )
( )
( ) )
3. Value of
( )
( )
( ) ( )
45.03 Problem:
Find the value of x in the given following
conditions.
1.
2.
3. ( ) ( )
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
1. Solve for x:
( )
( )
2. Solve for x:
( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
( )( )
3. Solve for x:
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
14.04 Problem:
Find the value of in the following
functions.
1. Conversed Sin
2. Versed
3.
Solution:
1. Value of
Plane Trigonometry
2. Value of
3. Value of
45.05 Problem:
Find the value of or x.
1.
2.
3.
Solution:
1. Value of
2. Value of x:
Plane Trigonometry
3. Value of x:
45.06 Problem:
In the given equation shown.
( )
( )
3. Find arc Sin(x-y).
Solution:
1. Value of x:
( )
( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
2. Value of y:
( )
3. Value of arc Sin ( )

( )
( )
45.07 Problem:
If

2. Find the value of A if B is 4.
3. Find also the value of .
Solution:
1.
( )( )
( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
( )
2. Value of
( )
3. Value of :
by: 3
by: 4
45.08 Problem:
In triangle ABC,
1. Find tan A tan B tan C

2.
3. If tan B = 1.1915, find the value of

angle C.
Solution:
1.
Plane Trigonometry
( )
( )
( )
( )
2. Value of tan B tan C:
3. Value of angle C:
( )
45.09 Problem:
Find the value of x from the given
relation.
1.
2.( )
3.
Solution:
1. Value of x:
Plane Trigonometry
Plane Trigonometry
2. Value of x:
( )
( )
( )
3. Value of x:
Plane Trigonometry
45.10 Problem:
In triangle ABC, BC = 40m and AB =
50m and Angle A = 54
1. Determine the area of the triangle.
2. Determine the perimeter of the
triangle.
3. Determine the length of the median
drawn from the vertex A to the BC.
Solution:
Using Sine Law:
( )
2. Perimeter of triangle:
Using Sine Law:
Perimeter = 40 +50 +32.43

3. Length of median drawn from vertex

A to side BC:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.11 Problem:
In triangle ABC, angle
1. Determine the area of the triangle.

2. What is the length of the median
drawn from vertex A to side BC.
3. Determine the area enclosed by the
median and side AC.
Solution:
( )
2. Length of median drawn from the

vertex A to side BC:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
3. Area of triangle ACD
( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.12 Problem:
The area of the inner triangle ABC is
that of triangle ADE.
Point B
is along line AD and point C is along line
AE.
1. Find the length of segment CE.
3. Find the area of BDEC.
`Solution:
1. Length of segment CE:
( )( ) ( )( )
2. Length of BC:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
3. Area od BDEC:
( )( )
( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.13 Problem:
A square section ABCD has one of its
sides equal to x. Point E is inside the
square forming an equilateral triangle
BEC having one side equal to the side
of the square.
1. Compute the value of angle DEC.
2. Compute the value of angle AED.
3. If the area of triangle BEC is equal to
62.35 , find the area of triangle AED.
Solution:
1. Angle DEC:
2. Angle AED:
3. Area of triangle AED:
Area of triangle BEC:
Area of triangle AED:

( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.14 Problem:
A square lot ABCD has one of its sides
equal to 100m long.
1. it is to be subdivide into three equal
parts by two straight lines parallel in the
diagonal. Compute the perpendicular
distance between the lines.
2. If an arc is to be constructed with the
center at A, B, C, and D respectively
with a radius equal to 100m. It will form
5 sections bounded between the arcs.
Compute the area of the 5 sections
inside the square.
3. Compute the area of the smallest
section.
Solution:
1.Perpendicular distance between
parallel lines:
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )√
( )
( ) ( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
2. Area of 5 sections:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3. Area of smallest section:

( )
( ) ( )
45.15 Problem:
A curve having a radius of 10 m. is to be
constructed from the corners of a
square lot having sides equal to 10m.
1. Compute the area between the
square and the areas bounded by the
curve.
2. The area bounded by the curves
inside the square section consists of 5
sections, compute the area of the
smallest section.
3. Compute the area common to the
four curves inside the square section.
Solution:
1. Area between square and areas
bounded by the curve:
Plane Trigonometry
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2. Area of the smallest section:
( ) ( ) ( )
45.16 Problem:
A rectangle ABCD which measures 18 x
24cm is folded once, perpendicular to
diagonal AC, so that the opposite
vertices A and C coincides.
1. Find the length of the fold.
2. At what end will one end of the fold
will be from point B.
3. Compute the area of the folded
portion.
Solution:
1. Length of fold.
√( ) ( )
Plane Trigonometry
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2. Distance of fold from B:

( ) ( )
3. Area of folded portion:

( )( )
45.17 Problem:
A triangular lot has a frontage on the
sea of 100 yards. The boundary lines
running from the beach make on the
inner side of the lot angles of and
respectively with the shore line.
triangular lot in meters.
2. Determine the dividing line from the
vertex of the triangle to the opposite
side along the shoreline to divide the
lots into two equal areas.
Plane Trigonometry
3. At what angle must this line be drawn
from the shoreline towards the side.
Solution:
1. Perimeter of triangular lot:
( )
2. Distance of dividing line from the

vertex opposite to the shore line which
divides the lot into equal areas.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
3. Angle that this line makes with the

shoreline:
45.18 Problem:
A man owns a triangular lot on the
corner of two intersecting streets which
intersects at an angle of . The
Plane Trigonometry
frontage of one street is 200m. and the
other side is 150 m.
1. Determine the perimeter of these lot.
2. If the land is worth P1000 per sq.m.

and the man has P1.2 M with which to
increase the size of the lot, by how
much can he lengthen the 150 m.
frontage.
3. What is the perimeter of this lot.
Solution:
1. Perimeter of old lot:
Using Cosine Law:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2. Length increase on the 150 m. side:

( )
( )
( )
3. Perimeter of this new lot:

Plane Trigonometry
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
45.19 Problem:
A man owns a triangular lot on the
corner of two intersecting streets on a
certain subdivision on Metro Manila. The
frontage on one side of the street is 300
m. and on the other side is 250 m. and
on the third side is 350 m.
1. He was later on able to buy additional
area adding 275 m. to the 300 m.
frontage. By how much is his lot
increasing?
2. How much is the cost of the additional
lot if it cost him P5000 per acre to
acquire it.
3. Determine the new perimeter of his
lot.
Solution:
1. Area his lot is increasing or additional
area:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2.
( )
3. New Perimeter of his lot:

Plane Trigonometry
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
45.20 Problem:
A lighthouse A and buoy B are 20 miles
apart, the buoy lying due east of the
lighthouse. A ship sailing 8 mph, leaves
from A at the same time another ship
sailing 6 mph leaves B on a course at
unknown angle west of the smooth. It is
known that the ships are nearest to
each other after they sailed
√
the distance between them is
miles.
1. Find the distance the first ship from B
at this instant.
2. Find the course of the second ship
from the first when they are nearest.
3. How far is the second ship from the
lighthouse A at this instant.
Solution:
1. Distance of the first ship from the
lighthouse A:
( )
2. Coarse of second ship from the first

ship:
( )
Using Cosine Law:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
3. Distance of 2nd ship from A:

( ) ( ) ( )( )
45.21 Problem:
The area of the inner triangle ABC is
That of triangle ADE. AB = 45m., AD =
65 m., AE = 90m., and DE = 80 m.,
point B is along line AD and point C is
along AE.
1. Find the length of segment CE.
3. Find the length of BDEC.
Solution:
1. Length of CE:
( )( ) ( )( )
2. Length of BC:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
3. Area of BDEC:
( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.22 Problem:
A corner lot of land is 122.5 m. on one
street and 150 m. on the other street,
the angle between the two streets being
The other two lines of the lot are
respectively perpendicular to the lines of
street.
1. What is the perimeter of boundary of
the lot.
2. What is the area of the whole lot.
3. What is the total cost of fencing if it
costs P450 per meter of fencing.
Solution:
1. Perimeter of boundary:
3. Cost of fencing:
( )
( )
2.
( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.23 Problem:
A residential lot has the following sides
known. AB = 130 m. and DA = 180 m.
long. The side BC is perpendicular to
AB and CD is perpendicular to DA. Side
AB makes an angles of 80 with side
AD.
1. Compute the side BC.
2. Compute the area of lot ABCD.
3. If the area ABCD is divided equally by
a line parallel to CD at a point midway
on the side AD. Compute the length of
the dividing line.
Solution:
1. Side BC:
2.
( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
( )
45.24 Problem:
A strip of 640 sq.m. is sold from a
triangular field whose sides are 96 m.,
72m. and 80m. respectively. The strip is
of uniform width “h” and has one of its
sides parallel to the longer of the field.
1. Find the width of the strip.
2. Compute the perimeter of the
remaining area.
3. Compute the worth of the remaining
area if it is estimated to have a zonal
market value of P6,500 per sq. m,
Solution:
1. Width of the strip:
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
( )
( )
2. Perimeter of remaining area:
( )
3. Cost of remaining area:

( )( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.25 Problem:
A 40 m. high tower stand vertically on a
hillside (sloping ground) which makes
an angle of with the horizontal. A
tree also stands vertically up the hill
form the tower. An observer on the top
of the tower finds the angle of
depression of the top of the tree to be
and the bottom of the tree to be
1. Find the height of the tree:
2. Find the inclined distance between
the tower and the tree.
3. What is the subtended angle of the
tree at the base of the tower.
Solution:
Using Sine Law:
2.Inclined distance between the tower

and the tree:
3. Angle subtended by the tree at the

base of the tower:
Plane Trigonometry
45.26 Problem:
A point “A” on the south bank of a river
2km. wide and flowing due east is to be
connected by a bridge and a road to a
town “T” which is at perpendicular
distance of 4km. north measured from
the north bank of the river. A preliminary
survey indicated that the bridge can be
built from point “A” on the south bank in
a point “P” on the north bank lying N.
W. from point “A” or alternatively to
a point “Q” downstream from point “P”
with a bearing of N. E. from point
“A”. The town “T” lies N. E. from
point “A”.
1. How long is the route APT.
2. How long is the route AQT.
3. If the bridge cost P1.6M per km. to
build and the road P4M per km. what is
the difference of the cost of the most
economical route is considered.
Solution:
1. Length of route APT:
Using Cosine Law:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
2. Length of route AOT:
Using Cosine Law:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
3.
( ) ( )
45.27 Problem:
Towers A and B are constructed on a
horizontal plain, B being 200m. above
the plain. The angle of elevation on the
top of tower A as seen from point C in
the plain(in the same vertical plane with
A and B) is , while the angle of
depression of C viewed from the top of
tower B is and the angle
subtended at the top of tower B by the
top of tower A and C is .
1. Find the height of A.
2. How far is C horizontally from A.
3. Determine the horizontal distance
between A and B.
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
1. Height of A:
2. Distance of C from A:
3. Horizontal distance between A and B
45.28 Problem:
Two towers A and B are placed at a
distance of 100m. apart horizontally.
The height of A is 40m. and that of B is
30m.
1. At what distance vertically above the
ground will the intersection of the lines
forming the angle of elevation of the two
towers A and B respectively.
2. At what distance horizontally is this
point located from tower A.
3. At what distance horizontally is this
point located from tower B.
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
1. Distance vertically above the ground
of the intersection of the lines forming
the angle of elevation of the two towers
as observed from the bases of the tower
A and tower B.
2. Distance of this point from A:
3. Distance of this point from B.
Check:
Plane Trigonometry
45.29 Problem:
Two towers AB and CD are of equal
heights. At point F between them along
line AC joining their bases, the angle of
elevation of the nearer tower was
observed to be . Then at point E,
24m from point F in a direction
perpendicular to the line AC, the angle
of elevation of the top of the towers are
for the nearest tower AB and for
tower CD.
1. Find the height of the tower.
2. Find the distance from E to tower CD.
3. Find the distance between the two
towers.
Solution:
1. Height of towers:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. Distance EC:
( )
3. Distance between two towers:

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.30 Problem:
Having a certain unknown, distance
measured and the angle of elevation of
the cliff, a Civil Engr. Walked 60 m.
towards B on a level surface towards
the cliff. The angle of elevation from this
second station was the compliment of
the former angle. The civil engineer then
walks 20m. nearer the cliff at point C on
the same line and found the angle of
elevation at C to be doubled the first
angle.
1. How far is the cliff from C horizontally.
2. How high is the cliff.
3. What is the angle of elevation of the
cliff at B.
Solution:
1. Distance of cliff from C:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )[( ) ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
2. Height of the cliff:

( )( )
( )( )
( )
3. Angle of elevation of cliff at B:
45.31 Problem:
The angle of elevation of the top of the
tower A from the foot of tower B is twice
the angle of elevation of the top of tower
B from the foot of tower A. At a point
midway between the two towers, the
angles of elevations of the top of the
towers are complimentary. If the two
towers are 120m. apart.
1. Compute the height of tower B.

2. Compute the height of tower A.
3. Compute the angle of elevation of the
tower B at a point midway between the
two towers.
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
1. Height of tower B:
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2. Height of tower at A:
Plane Trigonometry
3. Angle of elevation of tower A at
midway between the two towers:
( )
( )
45.32 Problem:
An engineer wants to determine the
height of the tower by observing a
vertical angle at a certain point A. He
then moves a horizontal distance of
60m. towards the tower at point B, at the
same vertical plane with the tower and
observes the vertical angle of the tower
to be double that of the first. He
resumes by moving further towards the
tower at C at the same vertical plane
with the tower at a distance of 20m. and
observes that the vertical angle of the
tower is the compliment of the first
angle. Assume that the different points
of observations and the base of the
tower lies on the same horizontal plane.
1. Determine the distance of the tower
from C horizontally.
2. Determine the height of the tower.
3. Determine the angle of elevation of
the tower at B.
Solution:
1. Distance of tower from C:
Plane Trigonometry
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
( )[( ) ( )]
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
2. Height of the tower:

( )( )
( )( )
3. Angle of elevation of the tower at B:

Plane Trigonometry
45.33 Problem:
An engineer desires to measure the
height of a tower by observing a vertical
angle at A. He then moves 54m. further
towards the tower at B and observes the
vertical angle to be twice that of A. He
again proceeds to move further towards
the tower at C still on the same line at
distance of 21m. the observed vertical
angle of the tower at this point is three
times that at A.
1. Determine the angle of elevation of
the tower at B.
2. Determine the height of the tower.
3. Determine the distance pf the tower
form B horizontally.
Solution:
1. Angle of elevation of tower at B.
In triangle BDC:
In triangle ACD:
Plane Trigonometry
2. Height of tower:
3. Horizontal distance of tower from B:
( )
45.34 Problem:
A Phil. Air Force pilot making
preliminary aerial survey, first observed
that when he flew directly over a straight
road connecting two coastal towns with
the vertical were and
respectively. When he flew back,
directly over the same road for the
second observation, his altimeter
indicated that he was 1000m. higher
and noted that the same towns A and B
made angle with the vertical.
1. Determine the height of the observer
when he made his first observation.
2. How far horizontally from town a was
the observer when he made his first
observation.
3. Determine the distance between town
A and B.
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
1. Height of observer when he made the
first observation.
( )
2. Distance from A when he made his

first observation:
( )
3. Distance between A and B:
( )
45.35 Problem:
A lot has a frontage of 120 m. long
along a road. The other sides which are
both perpendicular to the road are 90m.
and 60 m. respectively. It is desired to
subdivided the lot into two parts by
another perpendicular line to the road
such that the area of the lot that adjoins
the 90 m. side equal to of the whole
area.
Plane Trigonometry
1. Determine the length of the dividing
line.
2. Determine the length of the frontage
of the lot that adjoins the 90 m. side.
3. Determine the cost of fencing the lot
that adjoins the 60 m. side, if it cost
P450 per meter of fence.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
√
2. Length of frontage of the lot that

adjoins the 90 m. side.
( )
3. Cost of fence:
( ) ( )
Cost of fence
( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.36 Problem:
A wooden flagpole has embedded 3 m.
deep at corner C of a square concrete
horizontal slab A, B, C and D and
measuring 20 feet on a side. A storm
broke the flagpole at a point one meter
above the slab and inclined in the
direction of the diagonal AC. The
vertical angles observed at the center
and at the opposite end of this diagonal
at A, to the tip of the flagpole were at A,
to the tip of the flagpole were and
respectively.
1. What is the subtended angle of the
broken part at the midpoint of the slab.
2. What is the length of the broken part
in meters.
3. What is the total length of flagpole in
meters.
Solution:
1. Subtended angle of the broken part at
the midpoint of lab:
2. Length of broken part:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
Plane Trigonometry
3. Total length of flagpole in meters:
45.37 Problem:
A steel tower for Globe Cell Site was
erected in a square lot having a side of
800 m. long. The steel tower was
erected inside but not necessarily at the
midpoint of the lot. The angle of
elevation of the tip of the tower as
observed from the corner of the lot at A,
is 30 , while it’s angle of elevation as
observed at the midpoint along the edge
of the lot, at B is 45 , and when it was
observed at the opposite corner of the
lot but at the same edge at C, the angle
of elevation of the tip of the tower is 60 .
2. How far is the tower from A.
3. How far is the tower from B.
Solution:
1. Height of the tower:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
In triangle AOC:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
2. Distance of tower from A:
3. Distance of tower from B:
45.38 Problem:
A point O within an equilateral triangle
ABC has a distance of 3 m, 4 m. and 5m
from A, B and C respectively.
triangle.
2. Determine the radius of the circle
tangent to one of the sides of the
triangle.
circumcenter of the circle to one of the
sides of the triangle.
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
1.Perimeter of triangle:
Construct an equilateral triangle
( ) ( )
( )
2. Radius of the circle inscribed outside

the triangle.
( )
( )
( )
3. Distance from circumcenter of circle

to one side of the triangle.
( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.39 Problem:
The flagship of the U.S. Seventh Fleet
guarding Indian Ocean is 4 nautical
miles from the cruiser and 5 nautical
miles from the battleship. The flagship is
within the triangle formed by the three
ships. If the triangle formed by the line
connecting the destroyer, battleship and
the cruiser forms equilateral triangle.
destroyer to the cruiser.
2. Determine the angle subtended by
the cruiser and the destroyer as
observed on the flagship.
3. If the battleship is due to north of the
cruiser, determine the bearing of
flagship from the cruiser.
Solution:
1. Distance from destroyer to cruiser:
( ) ( )
2. Angle subtended by cruiser and

destroyer from the flagship.
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
3. Bearing of flagship from the cruiser:

Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.40 Problem:
Triangle XYZ has base angles
X= and Z= and distance XZ=400
m. long is laid out parallel to XZ.
1. Compute the area of triangle XYZ.
2. Compute the area of ABXZ.
3. The area of ABY is to be divided into
two equal parts. Compute the length of
the dividing line which is parallel to AB.
Solution:
1. Area of XYZ:
( )
2. Area of ABXZ:
( ) ( )
( )
3. Length of dividing line CD:

Plane Trigonometry
45.41 Problem:
The flagship of the Phil. Navy guarding
the Sulu Sea against the Abu Sayaf is 4
nautical miles from the destroyer, 3
nautical miles from the battleship. The
flagship is within the triangle formed by
the other 3 ships. If the line connecting
the destroyer and the cruiser is
perpendicular and equal to the line
joining the cruiser and the battleship.

destroyer and the cruiser.

destroyer and the battleship.
3. Determine the angle subtended by

the flagship and the Battleship at the
cruiser.
Solution:
1. Distance between destroyer and the
cruiser.
Using Cosine Law:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
Plane Trigonometry
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. Distance between destroyer and

battleship:
( )
3. Angle subtended by the Flagship and

battleship:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
Plane Trigonometry
45.42 Problem:
A ship “A” started sailing N. 40 E. at
The rate of 3 mph. After 2 hours, ship
“B”
Started from the same point going
S. 45 E. at the rate 4 mph.
1. After how many hours will the
second ship be exactly south
of “A”.
2. After how many hours will the
second ship be S. 8 40’ W of “A”.
3. What is the direction of ship “B”
from ”A” 3 hours after B start from
the same port.
Solution:
1. Time the second ship will be exactly
south of A.
Using Sine Law.
2. Time the ship B will be S. 8 W. of

A.
Using Sine Law:
3. Direction of B from A 3 hrs. after B

Starts from the same port.
Using Cosine Law.
Using Sine Law.

Plane Trigonometry
45.43 Problem:
Point C is due east of B and 300 m.

distance apart. A tower not in line with B
and C was observed at B and C having
vertical angles of 45 and 60
respectively. The same tower was
observed at point D, 500 m. west of B.
The vertical angle of the same tower as
observed from D is 30

2. Find the distance of B from the
tower.
3. Find the distance of C from the
tower.
Solution:
Height of tower:
Considering triangle ABD.
Using Cosine Law.
Considering triangle ADC:
2. Distance of B from the tower.

Plane Trigonometry
3.Distance of C from the tower.
45.44 Problem:
The angle of elevation of a tree 10 m

horizontally from it is three times the
angle of elevation at a point 50 m from
it.
1. Find the angle of elevation of the

tree 50 m from it.
2. Find the height of the tree.
3. Find the angle of elevation of the
tree 30 meters from it.
Solution:
1. Angle of elevation of the tree 50
m from it.
Height of tree:
Plane Trigonometry
Plane Trigonometry
14
2. Height of tree:
3. Angle of elevation 30 m. from the

tree:
45.45 Problem:
From a point O on the ground of a
square courtyard of area 160,000 sq.ft,
the angles of elevations of three
flagstaffs of equal heights at three
consecutive corners of the yard at A, B
and C are 45 , 60 and 60 respectively.
1. Find the height of each flagstaff in
meters.
2. How far is A from point O in meters.
3. How far is B from point O in meters.
Solution:
1.Height of each flagstaff:
Plane Trigonometry
2. Distance of A from O.
3. Distance of B from O:
45.46 Problem:
The corners of a triangle lot are marked

1,2 and 3 respectively. The length of
side 3-1 is equal to 500 m. The angles
1,2 and 3 are 60 ,80 and 40
respectively. If an area of 59352 sq.m is
cut off on the side 3-1 such that the
dividing line 4-5 is parallel to 3-1.
1. Compute the length of line 4-5.

2. Compute the area of 2-4-5.
3. Compute the distance 2-4.
Plane Trigonometry
Solution:
1. Length of line 4-5:
2. Area of 2-4-5:
3. Distance 2-4:
45.47 Problem:
A flagpole is placed on top of a pedestal
at a distance of 15m. from the observer.
The height of the pedestal is 20m. If the
angle subtended by the flagpole at the
observer is 10 .
1. Compute the angle of elevation of

the flagpole.
2. Compute the height of the
flagpole.
3. Is the observer moves a distance
of 5m. toward the pedestal, what
would be the angle of elevation of
the flagpole at this pt.
Solution:
1. Angle of elevation:
Plane Trigonometry
2. Height of flagpole:
3. Angle of elevation of flagpole at

point:
45.48 Problem:
The angle of elevation of the top of
tower B from the top of the tower A is
24 and the angle of elevation of the top
of the tower A from the base of tower B
is 48 . If the height of tower B is 80 m.
1. Find the height of tower A.

2. Find the distance between tower
A and B.
3. Find the angle of elevation of top
of tower B from the base of tower
A.
Solution:
1. Height of tower A:
2. Distance between A and B:

Plane Trigonometry
3. Angle of elevation of top of tower B
from base of tower A:
45.49 Problem:
The angle of elevation of the top of a
tower as observed from A is 30 . At
point B, 20 m. from A the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower is 42 .
Assume A, B and the base of the tower
lies in the same horizontal plane.

2. Find the distance from the base
of the tower to the point B.
3. How far is point A from the top of
the tower.
Solution:
1. From top of tower:
2. Height of tower:
3. Distance BD:
Plane Trigonometry
45.50 Problem:
The vertical angle of the top of the

flagpole as observed from point A is
equal to 60 and that of the bottom of
the flagpole is 52 . The flagpole is
placed on top of the pedestal. If the
distance from A to the base of the
pedestal is 14.20 m.
1. Find the height of the pedestal.

2. Find the height of the flagpole on
top of the pedestal.
3. Find the distance of A to the top
of the flagpole.
Solution:
1. Height of pedestal:
2. Height of flagpole:
3. Distance from A to the top of the

flagpole:
Plane Trigonometry
45.51 Problem:
The angle of elevation of the top point D
of a tower from A is 25 . From Another
point B the angle of elevation of the top
of the tower is 56’. The points A and B
are 300 m. apart and on the same
horizontal plane as the foot (point C) of
the tower. The horizontal angle
subtended by A and Bat the foot of the
tower is 90 .

2. How far is point A from the
tower?
3. How far is point B from the
tower?
Solution:
1. Height of tower:
2. Distance AD:
3. Distance BD:
Plane Trigonometry
45.52 Problem:
Cebu Pacific Airways Flies at a speed of

400 nautical miles per hour from Cebu
to Manila on a direction of N. 32 W,
with the wind blowing at a speed of 30
nautical miles per hour on a direction
due west.
1. What is the speed of the plane

Relative to the ground.
2. At what angle was the original
direction of flight shifted due to
the tail wind.
3. What is the direction of the plane
relative to the ground.
Solution:
1. Ground speed of plane.
2. Angle the plane was shifted from

its original course:
3. Direction of plane relative to the

ground:
Plane Trigonometry
45.53 Problem:
A plane flies at a speed of 300 nautical

miles per hour on a direction of N. 22 E.
A wind is blowing at a speed of 25
nautical miles per hour on a direction
due East.
1. Compute the ground speed of the

plane in nautical miles per hour.
2. At what angle did the plane divert
from its original course after
hitting the tail wind at whose
speed is 25 nautical miles per
hour.
Solution:
1. Ground speed of plane:
2. Angle the plane divert from its

original course:
3. Direction of plane relative to

ground:
4.
Plane Trigonometry
45.54 Problem:
A plane travels in a direction of N. 30 W

at an air speed of 600 kph. If the wind
has a speed of 80 kph on a direction of
N. 40 E.
1. What is the ground speed of the

plane.
2. At what angle did the plane be
shifted from its original course.
Solution:
1. Ground speed of plane:
2. Angle the plane was shifted from

its original course:
3. Direction of plane relative to the

ground:
Plane Trigonometry
45.55 Problem:
A man finds out that his point A is

exactly in line with the inaccessible
points B and C. he measures that angle
BAD is 60 and angle ADB is 40 while
angle CDB is 60 . If AB=500 m.
1. Compute the distance BD.

2. Compute the distance AD.
3. Compute the distance BC.
Solution:
1. Distance BD:
2. Distance AD:
3. Distance BC:
Plane Trigonometry
46.0 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
 Spherical Trigonometry
1. Right Spherical Triangle
Napier’s Rule
a. Sine of any angle is equal to
the product of the cosine of
opposite angles.
b. Sine of any angle is equal to

the product of the tangent of
adjacent sides.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Quadrantal Spherical Triangle

(when
Napier’s Rule:
a) Sine of any angle is equal to
the product of the cosine of
opposite angles.
b) Sine of any angle is equal to

the product of the tangent of
adjacent sides.
3. Isosceles Triangle
Convert the Isosceles Triangle into

Right Spherical Triangle.
Napier’s Rule:
a) Sine of any angle is equal to the

product of the cosine of opposite
angles.
b) Sine of any angle is equal to the

product of the tangent of adjacent
sides.
( (
4. Sine Law:
5. Cosine Law For Sides

6. Cosine Law for Angles
7. Area of Spherical Triangles
a) Three sides given
√ ( ( (
b) Three angles known:

8. Napier’s Analogies
( (
( (
( (
( (
9. Terrestrial Sphere Problems
Note:
46.01 Problem:
A spherical triangle ABC has an angle C=

and sides and
1. Find the value of “b”.

2. Find the value of B.
3. Find the value of A.
Solution:
1. Using Napiers Circle:
2. Angle B.
( (
3. Angle A:
( (
46.02 Problem:
In a spherical triangle ABC if ,
, .
1. Find angle B.
2. Find angle A.
3. Find angle a.
Solution:
1. Angle B:
Using Napiers Rule.
( (
2. Angle A:
( (
3. Angle “a”:
(
46.03 Problem:
From the given quadrilateral spherical triangle
whose parts are:
1. Compute for side “a”.
2. Compute for side “b”.
3. Compute for angle C.
Solution:
1. Side “a”:
Using Napiers Rule:
2. Side “b”:
(
3. Angle C:
(
46.04 Problem:
From the given spherical triangle.

, and
if it has a spherical radius equal to 5 m.
1. Compute the perimeter.

2. Compute the value of angle A.
3. Compute the value of angle B.
Solution:
1. Perimeter:
Length of Arc =
Where
(
2. Angle A:
3. Angle B:
46.05 Problem:
From the given parts of a spherical

triangle ABC, , and
1. Find the value of angle A.

2. Find the value of angle B.
3. Find the value of angle C.
Solution:
1. Using Cosine Law of Sides:
2. Angle B:
3. Angle C:
46.06 Problem:
From the given parts of a spherical
triangle.
1. Compute the value of side “a”.

2. Compute the value of side “b”.
3. Compute the value of side “c”.
Solution:
1. Using Cosine Law for angles.
2. Side “b”
3. Side “c”
46.07 Problem
Given the parts of the spherical triangle:
1. Find the value of angle B.

2. Find the value of side “c”.
3. Find the value of angle C.
Solution:
1. Using Sine Law:
2. Using Napiers Analogy:

( (
3. Angle C:
46.08 Problem:
An airplane flew from Davao whose

latitude is N and longitude of
E. on a course S. W. and
maintaining a uniform altitude.
1. At what longitude will the plane

cross the equator.
2. What is its course at the point
where it crosses the equator?
3. If the speed of the plane is 450
nautical miles per hour, How long
will it take to cross the equator?
Solution:
1. Using Napiers Rule:
Therefore, it will cross the equator at

longitude E.
2. Course at A:
( (
Course at
Course at W.
3. Time to cross the equator:
( (
46.09 Problem:
Northwest Airlines Flew from Tokyo
whose latitude is N and longitude
of E, on a course S. W. and
maintaining a uniform latitude.
1. What will be its course at the

point when it crosses the equator.
2. Determine the longitude when it
crosses the equator.
3. At what time it crosses the
equator if it leaves Tokyo at 7:20
A.M. at a constant speed of 550
nautical miles per hour.
Solution:
1. Using Napiers Rule:
( (
Course at point where it crosses

the equator
2. Longitude when it crosses the
equator:
(
Longitude when it crosses the equator
3. Time it crosses the equator:

( (
46.10 Problem:
A ship sailed from point A(Lat. N and

longitude E). After sailing for 64
hours at a uniform speed along a great
circle route it reaches point B at latitude
S and longitude E.
1. Find its speed in nautical miles

per hour.
2. What is its direction when it
leaves point A.
3. What will be its course when it
reaches point B.
Solution:
1. Speed in nautical miles per hour:
Using Cosine Law:
2. Direction when it leaves point A:
3. Course when it reaches point B:

46.11 Problem:
From the given geographical

coordinates shown:
PLACE LATITUDE LONGITUDE

Manila
Tokyo
1. Find the distance in nautical miles

between Manila and Tokyo.
2. At what course must it take from
Tokyo to Manila.
3. At what course will it arrive at Manila.
Solution;
1. Distance in Nautical miles between
Manila and Tokyo:
Using Cosine Law:
(
2. Coarse must it take from Tokyo to

Manila:
Course from Tokyo to Manila
3. Course will it arrive at Manila:
Course at Manila
46.12 CE Board Feb. 1971
A Philippine Airlines plane on one of its

trip is to fly from Manila (Lat. ,
longitude E) to Sydney,
Australia, (Lat. S., E.) If it
flies at an average speed of 221 nautical
miles per hour.
1. Determine the distance from manila

to Sydney.
2. Determine the number of hours to
travel to Sydney.
3. At what course must is travel from
Manila to Sydney.
Solution:
1. Using Cosine Law of sides:
Distance from Manila to Sydney

(
2. Number of hours to travel to Sydney:
3. Course must it travel from Manila to

Sydney:
PART 4
1. Equation by point-slope form:

2.
2. Equation by two-point form:
| |
3. Equation by slope intercept form:
4. Equation by intercept form:

47.0 Straight Lines
5. General equation of straight line:
6. Distance from a point to a

line
Distance between parallel lines
8. Angle between two lines having

slope of and
47.0 Straight Lines
9. Equation of Bisector of Angles
between two lines
10. Distance between two points

and
11. Location of mid-point of a line from

to
12. Division of Line Segment

47.0 Straight Lines
13. Location of centroid of a triangle or
intersection of medians of a triangle
having coordinates of
and
14. Relation of slopes of parallel lines:
15. Relation of slopes of perpendicular

lines:
16. Area of triangles with vertices at

and
[ ]
| |
47.0 Straight Lines
47.01 Problem:
1. Find the slope of the line whose

parametric equations are
and .
2. If this line passes through (2, y), find
the value of y.
3. Compute also the value of t.
Solution:
1. Slope of line:
2. Value of y when .
3. Value of t:
Check:
47.0 Straight Lines
47.01-A Problem:
A line has an equation of .
1. Reduce the equation to normal form.

2. Find the value of .
3. Find the value of .
Solution:
1. Equation of line in normal form.
A=0 B=4 C = -7
√ √ √
Use positive sign of radical opposite to

the sign of C:
√ √
2. Value of .
3. Value of .
√
47.0 Straight Lines
47.01-B Problem:
The equation of a line is given as
1. Reduce the equation to normal form.

2. Compute the value oh .
3. Compute the value of .
Solution:
1. Equation of line to the normal form.
√ 2. Value of .
√ √ √ √
√
√
√ √
√ √ √
Since C is positive, the radical is given a

negative sign. 3. Value of
Note: The sign of the radical is chosen √

opposite to that of C. If C = 0, The sign
√
of the radical is chosen the same as that
of B.
√
√ √ √
√
√ √
√
√ √ For and to be negative it
is in the 3rd quadrant.
47.0 Straight Lines
47.02 Problem:
A line has a parametric equation of

and
1. Find the y-intercept of the line.

2. Find the distance from the origin to
this line.
3. Find the angle in degrees between
this line and the x-axis.
Solution:
1. y-intercept of the line:
Therefore the y-intercept is
2. Distance from the origin to this line:
√
[ ]
√
3. Angle that the line makes with the

horizontal:
When
⁄
47.0 Straight Lines
47.03 Problem:
Two lines has an equation of

and
1. Find the smallest angle between the

two lines.
2. Determine the equation of the line
having a slope of ½ which passes
thru the intersection of the lines.
3. What is the equation of the line
bisecting the bigger angle formed by
the intersection of the lines.
Solution:
1. Smallest angle between the two lines:
47.0 Straight Lines
2. Equation of line having a slope of ½

passing through the intersection of
two lines:
( )
3. Equation of line bisecting thebigger

angle between the two lines:
√ √
47.0 Straight Lines
47.04 Problem:
The points (1, 3) and (5, 5) are two

opposite vertices of a rectangle. The
other two vertices lie on the line
1. Find the coordinates of the centroid

of the rectangle.
3. Find the area of the rectangle.
Solution:
1. Coordinates of centroid of rectangle:
2. Value of
3. Area of rectangle:
47.0 Straight Lines
47.05 Problem:
Two lines having an equation of

and
intersect each other.
1. Find the equation of the line bisector

of the smaller angle formed by the
intersection of the two lines.
2. Find the smaller angle between the
two lines.
3. Find the equation of the line
perpendicular to the line bisector of
angle formed by intersection of the
two lines which passes thru the
Solution:
1. Equation of the line bisector of the
smaller angle of intersection of the
two lines:
√ √
2. Smaller angle between the two lines:

47.0 Straight Lines
( )
( )
3. Equation of line perpendicular to the

line bisector of angle between two
lines:
Point of intersection of two lines.
47.0 Straight Lines
47.06 Problem:
1. Determine the coordinates of the

point which is 3/5 of the way from the
point (2, -5) to the point (-3, 5)
2. What is the equation of the line
having a slope of 2 and passing
through this point.
3. What is the y-intercept of the line
joining (2, -5) and this point.
Solution:
1. Coordinates of point:
The point is at (-1, 1)
2. Equation of line having a slope of 2

passing thru this point:
47.0 Straight Lines
3. y-intercept of the line joining (2, -5)
and this point:
47.07 Problem:
A line has an equation of

.
1. Find the equation of the line through

point (3, 1) that is perpendicular to
this line.
point (3, 1) that is parallel to this line.
point (3,1) that makes an angle of
clockwise from the line that is
perpendicular to the line
at that point.
Solution:
1. Equation of line through (3, 1) that is
perpendicular to ,
Slope of line
47.0 Straight Lines
2. Equation of line through (3, 1) that is

parallel to .
3. Equation of line making an angle of

from line
47.0 Straight Lines
47.08 Problem:
A line has an equation of

.
1. If the line makes an

angle of counterclockwise from
the line , find the value
of
2. Find the point of intersection of these
two lines.
3. Find the equation of a line having a
slope of 3 that passes thru that
Solution:
1. Value of
( )
47.0 Straight Lines
Conics
Note:
Apollonius a mathematician
is responsible for the
characterization of the conics.
1. CIRCLE
A locus of a point which

moves at a constant distance from a
fixed point called the center and the
constant distance of any point from
the center is called radius.
2. PARABOLA
A locus of a points which are

equidistant from a fixed point
called the focus and a fixed line
called the directrix. It is a conic
section whose eccentricity is equal
Conics
3. ELLIPSE
A locus of a point whose sum

of the distances from two fixed
points called the foci is constant and
is equal to the length of the major
axis . It is a conic whose
eccentricity is less than 1.
4. HYPERBOLA
A locus of a point whose

difference of the distances from
two fixed points called the foci is
constant and is equal to the
length of the transverse axis .
It is a conic whose eccentricity is
greater than 1.
48.0 CIRCLE
CIRCLE
A locus of a point which moves at

a constant distance from a fixed
point called the center and the
constant distance of any point from
the center is called the radius.
1. General Equation
2. Center at (0, 0)
3. Center at (h, k)
( ) ( )
48.0 CIRCLE
4. Radical axis:
a) If the given circle intersects at two

points the radical axis passes
through the intersection point. The
radical axis is always perpendicular
to the line joining the centers of the
given circles
b) If the given circles are tangent to

each other, the radical axis is
tangent to each other. The radical
axis is always perpendicular to the
line joining the centers of the given
circles.
c) If the given circles have no common

point, the radical axis is between the
given circles. The radical axis is
always perpendicular to the line
joining the centers of a given circles.
48.0 CIRCLE
48.01 Problem:
A circle has its center at (3, -2) is

tangent to the line
1. Compute the equation of the circle.

2. Compute the equation of the normal.
3. Compute the point of tangency of the
circle.
Solution:
1. Equation of circle:
√
( ) ( )
√( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2. Equation of normal:
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
3. Point of tangency:
( )
48.02 Problem:
Two circles have equations of

and
1. Find the distance between centers of

the two circles.
2. Determine the equation of the radical
axis.
3. Compute the length of the common
external tangent.
Solution:
1. Distance between the centers of the
two circles:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. Equation of radical axis:
3. Length of common external tangent:

( ) ( )
48.0 CIRCLE
48.02-A CE Board Nov. 2006
A circle has the equation

2. Find the center of the circle.
3. What is the distance from the center
of the circle to the line y=2x+10.
Solution:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2. Center of the circle:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
3. Circle from the center of the circle to

line
( ) ( )
√( ) ( )
8
48.0 CIRCLE
48.03 Problem:
The circles A, B and C have equations

of

axis between circles A and B.
axis between circles B and C.
3. Determine the radical centers of the
radical axis of the three circles.
Solution:
1. Radical axis between A and B:
2. Radical axis between B and C:
( )
3. Radical centers of the radical axis:
Radical center is the intersection of

the radical axis:
( )
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
48.04 Problem:
A circle is circumscribing a triangle

formed by the lines and
1. Find the area of the triangle inscribe

in the circle.
2. Find the equation of the circle.
Solution:
1. Area of triangle inscribe in the circle:
[ ]
[ ]
[( ) ( )]
( )
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
( )
√( ) ( )
√ √
√ √
√
( ) ( )
√
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3. Area of circle:
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
48.06 Problem:
A circle has an equation of
1. Determine the length of the line

joining the intersection of the circle
and the curve
2. Determine the area of the segment
of the circle cut by the line joining the
intersection of the circle and the
curve .
3. Compute the common area between
the circle and the curve
.
Solution:
1. Length of line joining the intersection
of the circle and the curve
( )
( )
Length of line = 2(5.66)

Length of line = 11.32
48.0 CIRCLE
2. Area of segment of a circle:
( )( ) ( )
3. Common area between the curve
( )( )
48.07 Problem:

.
1. Find the distance between the points

of intersection of the line
and the circle.
2. If the line divides the
circle into two parts, find the area of
the smallest part.
3. Find the ratio of the area of the
largest part to the smallest part.
Solution:
1. Distance between points of
intersection of the line and circle:
48.0 CIRCLE
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2. Area of smallest part:
( )( )
( )
3. Ratio of largest area to smallest

area:
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
48.08 Problem:
A circle has its center on the line

and tangent to the x-axis at (4,
0).
1. Find the centroid of the circle.

3. Find the area bounded by the lines
, the x-axis, and the circle.
Solution:
1. Centroid of circle:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3. Area bounded by the lines 2y the x-

axis and the circle:
( ) ( ) ( )
48.0 CIRCLE
48.09 Problem:

.
1. What is the area of the circle.

2. What is the shortest distance from
point A(3, 8) to the circle.
3. What is the length of the tangent
from point A(3, 8) to the circle.
Solution:
1. Area of circle:
( ) ( )
( )
2. Shortest distance from (3, 8) to the

circle:
( ) ( )
3. Tangent distance:
( )
Check:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
48.0 CIRCLE
48.10 Problem:
1. Find the area of an equilateral

triangle inscribe in the circle.
2. Find the area of a square inscribe in
the circle.
3. Find the area of the ellipse inscribe
in the circle if it has an eccentricity of
0.60.
Solution:
1. Area of equilateral triangle inscribe in
the circle:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2. Area of square inscribe in the circle:

( )
48.0 CIRCLE
3. Area of ellipse inscribe in the circle:
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
48.11 Problem:
A circle has its center on the line

.
1. Compute the centroid of the circle if

it is tangent to the y-axis at (0,1).
2. Compute the area of the circle.
3. Compute the equation of the circle.
Solution:
1. Centroid of the circle:
( )
( )
2. Area 0f circle:
( ) ( )
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
48.12 Problem:
A circle circumscribing a triangle whose

vertices are at (0, 0) (0, 5) and (3, 3).
1. Find the area of the triangle

Solution:
1. Area of triangle inscribed in the
circle:
[ ]
[ ]
[( ) ( )]
( )
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
( )
( )
Area of circle:
( ) ( )
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
48.12 Problem:
A circle circumscribing a triangle whose

vertices are at (0, 0) (0, 5) and (3, 3)
1. Find the area of the triangle inscribe

in the circle.
Solution:
1. Area of a triangle inscribed in the
circle:
[ ]
[ ]
[( ) ( )]
( )
( )
48.0 CIRCLE
( )
( )
3. Area of circle:
( ) ( )
( )
48.13 Problem:
An open air auditorium is so designed

with partial conical roof top extending to
the ground as shown. The width of the
base of the 45 degree parabolic opening
is 20 m. The radius of the circular base
is 12 m. the elevated concrete platform
is constructed 1.5 m above the ground.
1. Determine the area of the opening of

the auditorium.
2. Determine the floor area of the
concrete platform.
concrete platform.
48.0 CIRCLE
Solution:
1. Area of opening of auditorium:
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2. Floor area of concrete platform:
( ) ( )
( )
3. Perimeter of the concrete platform:

( )( )
49.0 PARABOLA
Parabola
A locus of points which
are equivalent from a fixed
point called the focus and a
fixed point line called the
directrix. The eccentricity of
a parabola is equal to 1.
1. Vertex at 0, 0 axis along

the x-axis opening to the
right
When
( )
Length of latus rectum = 2(y)

Length of latus rectum = 4a
Location of vertex (0,0)

Location of focus (a,0)
Eccentricity =
49.0 PARABOLA
2. Vertex at (0,0), axis along

the x-axis opening to the
left.
length of latus rectum= 4a
3. Vertex at (0, 0), axis along

the y-axis, opening upward.
length of latus rectum = 4a
4. Vertex at (0, 0), axis along

the y-axis, opening
downward.

49.0 PARABOLA
5. Vertex at (h, k), axis parallel

to x-axis, opening to the
right.
( )
(
)
6. Vertex at (h, k), axis is

parallel to x-axis, opening
to the left.
( ) ( )

to y-axis, opening upward.
( )
49.0 PARABOLA

to y-axis, opening
downward.
( ) ( )
9. Standard equation of a
parabola
a) Axis parallel to y-axis
b) Axis parallel to axis

49.0 PARABOLA
49.01 Problem:
A parabola has an equation of
1. Compute the latus rectum of the

parabola.
2. Locate the coordinates of the focus
of the parabola.
3. Determine the equation of the
directrix of the parabola.
Solution:
1. Latus rectum:
2. Coordinate of focus:
( )
( )
3. Directrix of parabola:
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.02 Problem:

directrix.
2. Compute the length of latus rectum.
3. Compute the abscissa of a point B
on the curve which has its ordinate
equal to 4.
Solution:
1. Equation of directrix:
( )
2. Length of latus rectum:
( )
3. Abscissa of point B:
( )
49.03 Problem:
A parabola having its axis along the x-

axis passes through (-3, 6) if the vertex
is at the origin.
1. Compute the equation of the parabola

49.0 PARABOLA
3. Locate the coordinates of the focus.
Solution:
1. Equation of the parabola:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
3. Locate the coordinates of the focus:

( )
( )
49.04 Problem:
1. Locate the coordinates of the vertex

of the parabola.
2. Locate the coordinates of the focus
of the parabola.
Solution:
1. Vertex of parabola:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
2. Coordinates of the focus:
( )
( )
49.05 Problem:

.
1. Locate the vertex of the parabola.

2. Locate the focus of the parabola.
3. Find the distance from the focus to
the directrix.
Solution:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2. Focus of parabola:
( )
3. Distance from focus to directrix:

49.0 PARABOLA
49.06 Problem:
A point moves so that its distance from

point (2, -1) is equal to its distance from
the x-axis.
1. Find the equation of the locus.

3. Compute the equation of the
directrix.
Solution:
1. Equation of locus:
√( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
49.07 Problem:
A parabola has its focus at (7, -4) and its

directrix has an equation equal to y-2=0.
1. Find the vertex of the parabola.

49.0 PARABOLA
3. Compute the equation of parabola.
Solution:
1. Vertex of the parabola:
( )
2. Latus rectum:
( )
3. Equation of parabola:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
49.08 Problem:
A parabola has its axis parallel to the

y-axis, one end of its latus rectum is at
(9, 6) and the vertex is at (5, 4).
1. Find the length of the latus rectum.

2. Find the equation of the parabola.
3. Compute the equation of the directrix
of the parabola.
Solution:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
49.0 PARABOLA
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
49.09 Problem:
If an automobile head light reflector is

cut by a plane through its axis, the
section is a parabola having the light as
the focus. If the light is 18 mm from the
vertex and the diameter of the light is
250 mm.
1. Find the equation of the parabola

assuming its axis is parallel to the
x-axis.
2. Find the depth of headlight.
Solution:
( )( )
2. Depth of headlight:
( )

49.0 PARABOLA
( )
49.10 Problem:
The vertex of a parabola is at (5, 4). The

coordinates of one of the end of latus
rectum is at (9, 6). The axis of the
parabola is parallel to the y-axis.
1. Compute the length of the latus

rectum.
2. What is the equation of the directrix.
3. Compute the coordinates of the
directrix.
Solution:
( )
2. Directrix:
3. Coordinates of focus = (5, 6)
49.11 Problem:
A parabola has a vertex at (6, 0) and

passes thru (2, 1). The axis of the
parabola is parallel to the y-axis.

rectum.
focus.
3. What is the equation of the directrix.
Solution:
1. Latus rectum:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. ( )
49.0 PARABOLA
3.
49.12 Problem:
A parabola having its axis parallel to the

y-axis has its focus at (5, 6) and vertex
at (5, 4).

rectum.
vertex to the directrix of the
parabola.
3. Compute the area between the curve
and the line y=6.
Solution:
1. Latus rectum:
( )
2. Distance from vertex to directrix = 2
( )( )
3.
49.13 Problem:

whose vertex is at (0, -2) and
passes thru (8, 6).
1. Compute the value of B.

2. Compute the value of C.
49.0 PARABOLA
rectum.
Solution:
1. Value of B.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. Value of C:
( )
3. Length of lactus rectum:
( )
( )
49.14 Problem:

. The distance of the latus rectum
is 4. If the distance of the axis of the
parabola to the x-axis is zero.

49.0 PARABOLA
2. Compute the value of D.
directrix.
Solution:
1. Value of C:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2. Value of D:
49.15 Problem:
A curve has an equation oh

. The length of the latus rectum is 4
and the vertex is at (0, 2).

2. Compute the value of D.
3. Compute the equation of directrix.
Solution:
1. Value of C:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
2. Value of D.
49.16 Problem:
A parabola having an axis parallel to the

y-axis passes through points A, B and
C. The coordinates as follows:
POINTS COORDINATES
A (1, 1)
B (2, 2)
C (-1, 5)

rectum.
vertex of the parabola.
Solution:
( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3. Coordinates of vertex:
( )
49.17 Problem:
A parabola having its axis vertical

passes through three points A(0, 0),
B(1, 0) and C(5, -20) respectively.

parabola.
2. Determine the coordinates of the
vertex of the parabola.
49.0 PARABOLA
Solution:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
Equation of parabola:
2. Vertex of the parabola:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.18 Problem:
A parabola has its axis parallel to the x-

axis and passes through (5, 4), (11, -2)
and (21, -4).

parabola.
2. Determine the length of the latus
rectum.
directrix.
Solution:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
4 and 5
( )
Equation of parabola:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.19 Problem:
The cables of a horizontal suspension

bridge are supported by two towers 120
m apart and 40 m high. If the cable is 10
m above the floor of the bridge at the
center and using the midpoint of the
bridge as the origin.

directrix.
3. Compute the elevation of the cable
at a point 30 m from the center af the
bridge.
Solution:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3. Elevation of cable at 30 m from

center of bridge:
49.0 PARABOLA
( )
49.20 Problem:
Mines in a harbor during wartime are so

placed that ship going to a certain port
within the harbor, to avoid hitting them
must follow a path which is at all times
equidistant from a point 9 km north of
another port a line whose bearing is due
east. One point of this line is3 km south
of the port. Considering the port as the
origin.
1. Find the equation of the path of the

ship.
2. What is the nearest distance of the
ship to the port.
3. What is the ordinate of the path of
the ship when its abscissa is 12 km.
Solution:
1.
√( ) ( )
( )
2. Nearest distance of ship from the

port:
( ) ( )
( )
3. Ordinate when x=12

49.0 PARABOLA
( )
( ) ( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.21 Problem:
The equation of a parabola is expressed
at .
1. Compute the vertex of the parabola.
2. Find the distance from the vertex of
the parabola to the line
3. Locate the focus of the parabola.
Solution:
( )
( )
2.
√
( ) ( )
3.
( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.22 Problem:
A parabolic arch has a span of 48 m.
and has a height of 20 m. at a distance
16 m. from the center of the span.
1. What is the height of the parabolic
arch.
2. What is the equation of the parabolic
arch?
3. What is the height of the parabolic
arch at a distance of 8 m. from the
center of span.
Solution:
1. Height of parabolic arch:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2.
( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
3. Height of parabolic arch at 8 m. from
center of arch:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
49.23 Problem:
A fixed circle in the first quadrant has its
center at (4, 6) and a radius of 2.
1. find the locus of a moving circle if it is
always tangent to y-axis and the fixed
circle.
vertex of the locus of a moving circle.
3. Compute the length of latus rectum of
the locus of a moving circle.
Solution:
1. Locus of a moving circle:
( ) ( ) ( )
2. Coordinates of vertex:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.24 Problem:
A fixed circle in the first quadrant has its
center at (6,8) and a radius of 4.
1. Find the locus of a moving circle if it is
always tangent to the x-axis and the
fixed circle.
2. Compute the coordinates of the focus

of the locus of a moving circle.
3. Compute the equation of the directrix

of the locus of a moving circle.
Solution:
1. Locus of a moving circle:

( ) ( ) ( )
2. Coordinates of focus:
( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.25 Problem:
A parabola is expressed in a given
equation equal to
diameter which bisects chords having a
slope of 2/3.
2. If the slope of the curve is
equal to 4, at point ( ) find the value
of y.
3. Compute the distance from the vertex
of the curve.
Solution:
1. Equation of the diameter:
( )
2. Value of y:
( )
3. Distance from vertex to directrix = a
49.26 Problem:
Points A, B and C on the parabola has
elevations of 30 m, 33 m, and 27 m.
respectively. Point B is between A and
C ad is 160 m. horizontally from A and
90 m. horizontally from C.
1. Determine the horizontal distance of
the highest point of the parabola from
point A.
49.0 PARABOLA
49.25 Problem:
A parabola is expressed in a given
equation equal to
diameter which bisects chords having a
slope of 2/3.
2. If the slope of the curve is
equal to 4, at point (x, y), find the value
of y.
3. Compute the distance from the vertex
of the curve.
Solution:
1. Equation of the diameter:
( )
2. Value of y:
( )
3. Distance from the vertex to directrix=a
49.26 Problem:
Points A, B and C on the parabola has
elevations of 30 m. 33 m. and 27 m.
respectively. Point B is between A and
C and is 160 m. horizontally from A and
90 m. horizontally from C.
1. Determine the horizontal distance of
the highest point of the parabola from
point A.
49.0 PARABOLA
2. Determine the elevation of the highest
point of the parabola.
rectum.
Solution:
1. Distance of highest point of parabola
from A:
Using square property of parabola.
( )
1.
( )
( )
2. ( )
( )
( )
2. Elevation of highest point:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
49.0 PARABOLA
49.27 Problem:
A stone is thrown in such a manner that
it would hit a bird at the top of a tree and
afterwards reach a height double that of
the tree. At the moment of throwing the
stone 10 m. away from the tree, the bird
flies horizontally away. Not withstanding
this, the stone hits the bird.
1. Determine the horizontal component
of the velocity of the stone if the bird
flew at an average horizontal speed of
12 m/s.
2. Assuming it takes 1.7487 sec. after it
was hit for the bird to hit the ground,
determine the height of the tree.
3. What is the total distance the bird
travels until it hits the ground.
Solution:
1. Horizontal component of velocity of
stone:
Using squared property of parabola.
( )
Time for the stone to travel a distance “

10 + d ” is equal to the time for the bird
to travel a distance “d”.
Parabola
49.27 Problem:
it would hit a bird on the top of a tree
and afterwards reach a height double
that of the tree. At the moment of
throwing the stone 10 m away from the
tree, the bird flies horizontally away. Not
withstanding this, the stone hits the bird.
1. Determine the horizontal

component of the velocity of the
stone if the bird flew at an
average horizontal speed of
12m/s.
2. Assuming it takes 1.7487 sec
after it was hit for the bird to hit
the ground determine the height
of the tree.
Solution:
1. Horizontal component of velocity
of the stone:
Using squared property of
parabola.
Time for the stone to ravel a

distance “10+d” is equal for the
time for the bird to travel a
distance “d”
50.0 Ellipse
ELLIPSE
A locus of a point whose 7. eccentricity)

sum of the distances from two
fixed points called focus constant
and is equal to the length of the
8. e < 1 ( eccentricity)
major axis. It is a conic whose
eccentricity is less than one.
A. Center at the major axis is

along the x-axis
1.
2.
3. Lotus rectum=
4.
5.
6.
50.0 Ellipse
A. Center at (0,0), major axis is

along the y-axis is :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
50.0 Ellipse
Center at (h,k) major axis parallel to the

x-axis
1. =1 6.
7.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D. Center at (h,k), major axis parallel to

x-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ellipse
50.01 Problem:
An ellipse has an equation equal to
1. Compute the center of the curve

2. Compute the eccentricity of the
curve
3. Compute the length of the lotus
rectum
Solution:
1. Center of the curve
Center is at (8,3)
2. Eccentricity of ellipse:
Ellipse
3. Length of lotus rectum
50.02 Problem :
An ellipse has an equation equal

to
1. Compute the location of its

vertices
2. Compute the distance
between the foci
3. Compute the distance from
the center to one of its
directrix.
Solution:
1. Location of its vertices:
Vertex is at (4,0) and (4,6)
2. Distance between the foci:
Distance between the foci

=2(2.236)
Distance between the foci =
4.472
3. Distance from the center

to one of its directrix
Ellipse
The equation of an ellipse is
1. Find the coordinates of the center

of ellipse
2. Find the length of the minor axis
3. Find the distance between the
foci
Solution:
1. Center of ellipse:
Center is at (4,3)
2. Length of minor axis:
Length of minor axis =2(2)

Length of minor axis= 4
3. Distance between foci:
Distance between foci=2(1.5)

Distance between foci=3
Ellipse
50.03 Problem:
An ellipse has an eccentricity of
and the distance between the foci is

equal to 4.
1. Compute the length of latus

rectum
farthest vertex to one of its
directrix
3. Compute the second eccentricity
of ellipse
Solution:
( )
2. Distance from the farthest
vertex to one of its directrix:
3. Second eccentricity:
Ellipse
50.04 Problem :
The distance between the foci of an

ellipse is equal to 8 and the second
eccentricity is equal to 1.333.

rectum
2. Compute the distance between
the directices
curve.
Solution:
2. Distance between the directrices:
Distance between directrices

= 2(6.25)
= 12.5
3. Perimeter of ellipse :
√
Ellipse
50.05 Problem :
The length of the latus rectum of an

ellipse is of the length of its minor axis.
If the distances between their vertices is
20.
1. Compute its eccentricity

the directrices
3. Compute the farthest distance
from one foci to its directrix.
Solution:
1. Eccentricity
Eccentricity e:
2. Length of longer focal radius

from A:
Coordinates of A:
√
Ellipse
50.07 Problem :
The locus of a point which moves so

that the sum of its distances from two
fixed points (3,0) and (-3,0) is always
equal to 10.
1. Compute the length of the minor

axis.
ellipse
rectum
Solution:
1. Length of minor axis
Length of minor axis = 2(4)

Length of minor axis = 8
3. Length of latus rectum
50.08 Problem :
An ellipse is a locus of a point so that

the sum of its distances from the two
fixed points (0,3) and (0,-3) is always
equal to 8.
1. Compute the equation of ellipse

their directrices
of ellipse
Solution:
1. Equation of ellipse:
2. Distance between directrices
= 2d
Distance between directrices = 2(5.33)

Distance between directrices= 10.66
3. Second eccentricity of ellipse:
√
50.09 Problem :

ellipse is ⁄ of the length of the major
aixs. If an ellipse is a lotus of a point so
that the sum of its distances from the
two foci is always equal to 10.

ellipse.
the ellipse
3. Determine the shortest distance
of its directrix from the vertex
Solution:
1. Eccentricity of ellipse
3. Shortest distance of its

directrix from the vertex:
Ellipse
50.10 Problem :
A semi-ellipse and a parabola rests on
the same base 60 meters wide and 20m
high. Using the common base as x-axis.
1. Determine the equation of

parabola.
2. Determine the difference of
ordinates at a point 25 m from the
center of the base
3. Determine the area between the
semi-ellipse and parabola.
Solution:
When x=30 y=20
2. Difference in ordinate at a
point 25 m from the center.
For parabola:
For ellipse:
3. Area between semi-ellipse

and parabola:
50.11 Problem :
ellipse is equal to 8 and the distance
between the vertices is 10.
1. Compute the latus rectum

of the curve
curve
Solution :
1. Latus rectum
2. Second eccentricity e’:
3. Perimeter = √
Perimeter = √
Perimeter = 25.91
Ellipse
50.12 Problem:
The nearest distance of the focus of an
ellipse to the vertex is 2 and its farthest
distance to the other vertex is 8.
1. Compute the area of the ellipse.

ellipse
of the ellipse
Solution:
1. Area of ellipse:
Area=
Area=
Area=
2. Perimeter = √
Perimeter = √
Perimeter =
50.13 Problem:
The distance from one focus of

an ellipse to the first vertex is
equal to 4 and that of the second
vertex is equal to 16.
1. Compute the circumference of

ellipse
3. Compute the second
eccentricity
Solution:
1. Circumference of ellipse:
√
2. Latus rectum:
3. Second eccentricity
Ellipse
50.14 Problem :
The eccentricity of an ellipse having its
major axis parallel to the x-axis and
center at (0,0) is equal to 0.60. The
distance between the foci of the ellipse
is equal to 12.

directrices
rectum
3. Compute the length of curve of
the ellipse on the first quadrant
Solution:
1. Distance between directrices:

2. Latus rectum:
3. Length of curve on the first

quadrant
Length of curve =
Length of curve = 14.225
50.15 Problem :
The distance between the foci of

an ellipse is 6 and its eccentricity
is 0.60.
1. Compute the length of the

latus rectum.
between directrices
the centroid of the area on the
first quadrant of the ellipse if it
has its axis parallel to the x-
axis measured from the y-
axis. Center of the curve is at
(0,0)
Solution:
3. Centroid of area:
Ellipse
50.25 Problem :
foci is always 10. The major axis is
parallel to x-axis with its center at (0,0)
1. What is the equation of curve if

one of its foci is a (-4,0)
of ellipse
center of its directrix
Solution:
1. Equation of curve:
2. Second eccentricity of ellipse
3. Distance from the center to

directrix:
50.26 Problem :
A conical vessel 6 m across the top and

4 m deep is filled with water. A portion
was spilled out by slanting the cone
such a way that its slant height is in
vertical position.
1. Determine the cross section area

of the water surface that remains
on the tank.
2. Determine the volume of water
spilled out
3. If the tank is then placed back to
the original upwright position,
determine the depth of water in
the tank.
Solution:
1. Cross section area of water
surface that remains on the tank.
-2

parabola:
Cross sectional area of water

surface:
2. Volume of water spilled out:
3. Height of water when placed in

an upwright position:
50.27 Problem :
Given the equation of ellipse as
1. Find the equation of the diameter

of ellipse which bisects chords
having a slope of ½.
2. Find the slope of the curve at
point (1.2,4)
3. Find the perimeter of the curve
Solution:
1. Equation of diameter:
( )
2. Slope of the curve:
=0
3. Perimeter of the curve:
√
Ellipse

The equation of ellipse is given as
1. Compute the equation of poalr of

the point (4,-6) with respect to the
ellipse.
diameter of ellipse which bisects
all chords having a slope of 3.
of the ellipse.
Solution:
1. Equation of Polar at (4,-6)
2. Equation of diameter of
ellipse:
3. Second Eccentricity:
50.29 Problem :
An ellipse has an equation of
1. If the equation of the diameter of

ellipse is , find the
slope of the chords which are
bisected by the diameter of
ellipse.
2. Find the equation of conjugate
diameter of ellipse
3. Compute the perimeter of ellipse
Solution:
1. Slope of chords bisected by
diameter of ellipse:
2. Equation of conjugate
diameter:
( )
3. Perimeter of ellipse:
√
Ellipse
50.30 Problem :
An ellipse has a distance between
vertices equal to 16 and the length of
the minor axis is 10. If the axis of the
ellipse is parallel to y-axis with its center
at (0,0)
1. Find the equation of the ellipse.

of ellipse which bisects all chords
having a slope of ⁄
3. Find the equation of the
conjugate diameter of the ellipse
Solution:
1. Equation of the ellipse:
ellipse:
( )
diameter:
( )
50.31 Problem :
An ellipse is a locus of a point moving
such a way that the sum of its distance
from a fixed point to the foci of the
ellipse at (-4,0) and (4,0) is equal to 10.
1. Find the equation of the ellipse

2. Find the equation of the diameter.
having a slope of ⁄ .
conjugate diameter of ellipse.
Solution:
( )
diameter:
( )
50.32 Problem :
A curve has a n equation
The distance between the vertices is

equal to 8 and an eccentricity of ⁄

ellipse.
2. Compute the length if longest
focal radius from A(x,3) on the
curve.
3. What is the distance from A to
the nearest directrix.
Solution:
( )
2. Length of longest focal radius
from A(x,3)
3. Distance of A from nearest

directrix:
51.0 HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
difference of the distances from the two
fixed points called the foci is constant
transverse axis 2a. It is a conic whose
eccentricity is greater than one.
A.. Center at (0,0) with transverse axis
along the x-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Dx+Ey+F=0
With no xy term, provided A and C are
of opposite signs.
51.0 HYPERBOLA
B. Center at (0,0), transverse axis

along y-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

of opposite signs
51.0 Hyperbola
C. Center at (h,k) transverse axis

parallel to x-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D. Center at (h,k) transverse axis

parallel to y-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
51.0 Hyperbola
E. Equilateral Hyperbola
Equilateral hyperbola= a hyperbola
whose transverse and conjugate axes
have the same length, and whose
asymptotes at perpendicular to each
other.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hyperbola
51.01 Problem :
A hyperbola has an equation of

center of the curve.
2. Compute the location of vertex.
3. Compute the location of the focus
of the curve.
Solution:
1. Coordinates of center of the
curve:
Center of curve is at (2,-3)

2. Location of vertex:
V(2,0) and V’(2,-6)
3. Location of focus:
F(2,2) and F’(2,-8)
51.02 Problem :
AA hyperbola has an equation of

2. Locate the position of the vertices
of the curve.
3. Locate the position of the focus of
the curve.
Solution:
1. Center of the curve:
Center of curve (4,-5)
2. Vertices of curve:
V (7,-5) and V’ (1,-5)
3. Focus of curve:
51.03 Problem :
The length of the latus rectum of a

hyperbola is equal to 18 and the
distance between foci is 12.
1. Find the equation of the curve if

the conjugate axis is parallel to
the y-axis.
transverse axis of the hyperbola.
asymptote of the hyperbola.
Solution:
1. Equation of the curve:
2. Length of transverse axis = 2a

Length of transverse axis= 2(3)
Length of transverse axis= 6
3. Equation of asymptote:
√
Hyperbola
51.04 Problem :
A hyperbola has a length of latus rectum

equal to 1 and slope of asymptotes is

hyperbola.
parabola.
the directrices of the hyperbola.
Solution:
1. Equation of Hyperbola:
Hyperbola
2. Eccentricity of hyperbola:
Distance between diretrices:
51.05 Problem :
A hyperbola passes through (2,0) and

whose foci are (-4,0)and (4,0).
hyperbola.
2. Find the second eccentricity of
the hyperbola.
3. Find the distance from the vertex
to the directrix of the hyperbola.
Solution:
1. Equation of hyperbola:
3. Distance from the vertex to

directrix:
Distance from directrix to vertex:
Distance = a – d
Distance = 2 – 1
Distance = 1
51.06 Problem:
A point moves so that the difference

between its distances from (0,5) and (0,-
5) is 8.
1. Find the equation of the locus of

the point.
2. Find the eccentricity of the curve.
3. Find the latus rectum.
Parabola
49.27 Problem:
it would hit a bird on the top of a tree
and afterwards reach a height double
that of the tree. At the moment of
throwing the stone 10 m away from the
tree, the bird flies horizontally away. Not
withstanding this, the stone hits the bird.
1. Determine the horizontal

component of the velocity of the
stone if the bird flew at an
average horizontal speed of
12m/s.
2. Assuming it takes 1.7487 sec
after it was hit for the bird to hit
the ground determine the height
of the tree.
Solution:
1. Horizontal component of velocity
of the stone:
parabola.
Time for the stone to ravel a

distance “10+d” is equal for the
time for the bird to travel a
distance “d”
50.0 Ellipse
ELLIPSE
A locus of a point whose 7. eccentricity)

sum of the distances from two
fixed points called focus constant
8. e < 1 ( eccentricity)
major axis. It is a conic whose
eccentricity is less than one.
A. Center at the major axis is

along the x-axis
1.
2.
3. Lotus rectum=
4.
5.
6.
50.0 Ellipse
A. Center at (0,0), major axis is

along the y-axis is :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
50.0 Ellipse
Center at (h,k) major axis parallel to the

x-axis
1. =1 6.
7.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D. Center at (h,k), major axis parallel to

x-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ellipse
50.01 Problem:
An ellipse has an equation equal to
1. Compute the center of the curve

curve
3. Compute the length of the lotus
rectum
Solution:
1. Center of the curve
Center is at (8,3)
Ellipse
3. Length of lotus rectum
50.02 Problem :
An ellipse has an equation equal

to
1. Compute the location of its

vertices
between the foci
the center to one of its
directrix.
Solution:
1. Location of its vertices:
Vertex is at (4,0) and (4,6)
2. Distance between the foci:
Distance between the foci

=2(2.236)
Distance between the foci =
4.472
3. Distance from the center

to one of its directrix
Ellipse
The equation of an ellipse is
1. Find the coordinates of the center

of ellipse
2. Find the length of the minor axis
3. Find the distance between the
foci
Solution:
1. Center of ellipse:
Center is at (4,3)
2. Length of minor axis:
Length of minor axis =2(2)

Length of minor axis= 4
Distance between foci=2(1.5)

Distance between foci=3
Ellipse
50.03 Problem:
An ellipse has an eccentricity of
and the distance between the foci is

equal to 4.

rectum
farthest vertex to one of its
directrix
of ellipse
Solution:
( )
2. Distance from the farthest
vertex to one of its directrix:
Ellipse
50.04 Problem :

ellipse is equal to 8 and the second
eccentricity is equal to 1.333.

rectum
the directices
curve.
Solution:
2. Distance between the directrices:

= 2(6.25)
= 12.5
3. Perimeter of ellipse :
√
Ellipse
50.05 Problem :

ellipse is of the length of its minor axis.
If the distances between their vertices is
20.
1. Compute its eccentricity

the directrices
3. Compute the farthest distance
from one foci to its directrix.
Solution:
1. Eccentricity
Eccentricity e:
2. Length of longer focal radius

from A:
Coordinates of A:
√
Ellipse
50.07 Problem :
The locus of a point which moves so

that the sum of its distances from two
fixed points (3,0) and (-3,0) is always
equal to 10.
1. Compute the length of the minor

axis.
ellipse
rectum
Solution:
1. Length of minor axis
Length of minor axis = 2(4)

Length of minor axis = 8
50.08 Problem :

fixed points (0,3) and (0,-3) is always
equal to 8.
1. Compute the equation of ellipse

their directrices
of ellipse
Solution:
2. Distance between directrices
= 2d
Distance between directrices = 2(5.33)

Distance between directrices= 10.66
3. Second eccentricity of ellipse:
√
50.09 Problem :

ellipse is ⁄ of the length of the major
aixs. If an ellipse is a lotus of a point so
that the sum of its distances from the
two foci is always equal to 10.

ellipse.
the ellipse
3. Determine the shortest distance
of its directrix from the vertex
Solution:
1. Eccentricity of ellipse
3. Shortest distance of its

directrix from the vertex:
Ellipse
50.10 Problem :
A semi-ellipse and a parabola rests on
the same base 60 meters wide and 20m
high. Using the common base as x-axis.
1. Determine the equation of

parabola.
2. Determine the difference of
ordinates at a point 25 m from the
center of the base
3. Determine the area between the
semi-ellipse and parabola.
Solution:
When x=30 y=20
2. Difference in ordinate at a
point 25 m from the center.
For parabola:
For ellipse:
3. Area between semi-ellipse

and parabola:
50.11 Problem :
ellipse is equal to 8 and the distance
between the vertices is 10.

of the curve
curve
Solution :
1. Latus rectum
2. Second eccentricity e’:
3. Perimeter = √
Perimeter = √
Perimeter = 25.91
Ellipse
50.12 Problem:
The nearest distance of the focus of an
ellipse to the vertex is 2 and its farthest
distance to the other vertex is 8.
1. Compute the area of the ellipse.

ellipse
of the ellipse
Solution:
1. Area of ellipse:
Area=
Area=
Area=
2. Perimeter = √
Perimeter = √
Perimeter =
50.13 Problem:
The distance from one focus of

an ellipse to the first vertex is
equal to 4 and that of the second
vertex is equal to 16.
1. Compute the circumference of

ellipse
3. Compute the second
eccentricity
Solution:
1. Circumference of ellipse:
√
2. Latus rectum:
Ellipse
50.14 Problem :
The eccentricity of an ellipse having its
major axis parallel to the x-axis and
center at (0,0) is equal to 0.60. The
distance between the foci of the ellipse
is equal to 12.

directrices
rectum
3. Compute the length of curve of
the ellipse on the first quadrant
Solution:

2. Latus rectum:
3. Length of curve on the first

quadrant
Length of curve =
Length of curve = 14.225
50.15 Problem :
The distance between the foci of

an ellipse is 6 and its eccentricity
is 0.60.

latus rectum.
between directrices
the centroid of the area on the
first quadrant of the ellipse if it
has its axis parallel to the x-
axis measured from the y-
axis. Center of the curve is at
(0,0)
Solution:
3. Centroid of area:
Ellipse
50.25 Problem :
foci is always 10. The major axis is
parallel to x-axis with its center at (0,0)
1. What is the equation of curve if

one of its foci is a (-4,0)
of ellipse
center of its directrix
Solution:
2. Second eccentricity of ellipse
3. Distance from the center to

directrix:
50.26 Problem :
A conical vessel 6 m across the top and

4 m deep is filled with water. A portion
was spilled out by slanting the cone
such a way that its slant height is in
vertical position.
1. Determine the cross section area

of the water surface that remains
on the tank.
2. Determine the volume of water
spilled out
3. If the tank is then placed back to
the original upwright position,
determine the depth of water in
the tank.
Solution:
1. Cross section area of water
surface that remains on the tank.
-2

parabola:
Cross sectional area of water

surface:
2. Volume of water spilled out:
3. Height of water when placed in

an upwright position:
50.27 Problem :
Given the equation of ellipse as

of ellipse which bisects chords
having a slope of ½.
2. Find the slope of the curve at
point (1.2,4)
3. Find the perimeter of the curve
Solution:
( )
2. Slope of the curve:
=0
3. Perimeter of the curve:
√
Ellipse

The equation of ellipse is given as
1. Compute the equation of poalr of

the point (4,-6) with respect to the
ellipse.
diameter of ellipse which bisects
all chords having a slope of 3.
of the ellipse.
Solution:
1. Equation of Polar at (4,-6)
ellipse:
3. Second Eccentricity:
50.29 Problem :
An ellipse has an equation of
1. If the equation of the diameter of

ellipse is , find the
slope of the chords which are
bisected by the diameter of
ellipse.
2. Find the equation of conjugate
diameter of ellipse
3. Compute the perimeter of ellipse
Solution:
1. Slope of chords bisected by
diameter of ellipse:
diameter:
( )
3. Perimeter of ellipse:
√
Ellipse
50.30 Problem :
An ellipse has a distance between
vertices equal to 16 and the length of
the minor axis is 10. If the axis of the
ellipse is parallel to y-axis with its center
at (0,0)
1. Find the equation of the ellipse.

having a slope of ⁄
conjugate diameter of the ellipse
Solution:
1. Equation of the ellipse:
ellipse:
( )
diameter:
( )
50.31 Problem :
An ellipse is a locus of a point moving
such a way that the sum of its distance
from a fixed point to the foci of the
ellipse at (-4,0) and (4,0) is equal to 10.
1. Find the equation of the ellipse

2. Find the equation of the diameter.
having a slope of ⁄ .
conjugate diameter of ellipse.
Solution:
( )
diameter:
( )
50.32 Problem :
A curve has a n equation
The distance between the vertices is

equal to 8 and an eccentricity of ⁄

ellipse.
2. Compute the length if longest
focal radius from A(x,3) on the
curve.
3. What is the distance from A to
the nearest directrix.
Solution:
( )
2. Length of longest focal radius
from A(x,3)
3. Distance of A from nearest

directrix:
51.0 HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
difference of the distances from the two
fixed points called the foci is constant
transverse axis 2a. It is a conic whose
eccentricity is greater than one.
A.. Center at (0,0) with transverse axis
along the x-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Dx+Ey+F=0
of opposite signs.
51.0 HYPERBOLA
B. Center at (0,0), transverse axis

along y-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

of opposite signs
51.0 Hyperbola
C. Center at (h,k) transverse axis

parallel to x-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D. Center at (h,k) transverse axis

parallel to y-axis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
51.0 Hyperbola
E. Equilateral Hyperbola
Equilateral hyperbola= a hyperbola
whose transverse and conjugate axes
have the same length, and whose
asymptotes at perpendicular to each
other.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hyperbola
51.01 Problem :

2. Compute the location of vertex.
3. Compute the location of the focus
of the curve.
Solution:
1. Coordinates of center of the
curve:
Center of curve is at (2,-3)

2. Location of vertex:
V(2,0) and V’(2,-6)
3. Location of focus:
F(2,2) and F’(2,-8)
51.02 Problem :
AA hyperbola has an equation of

2. Locate the position of the vertices
of the curve.
3. Locate the position of the focus of
the curve.
Solution:
1. Center of the curve:
Center of curve (4,-5)
2. Vertices of curve:
V (7,-5) and V’ (1,-5)
3. Focus of curve:
51.03 Problem :

hyperbola is equal to 18 and the
distance between foci is 12.
1. Find the equation of the curve if

the conjugate axis is parallel to
the y-axis.
transverse axis of the hyperbola.
asymptote of the hyperbola.
Solution:
1. Equation of the curve:
2. Length of transverse axis = 2a

Length of transverse axis= 2(3)
Length of transverse axis= 6
√
Hyperbola
51.04 Problem :
A hyperbola has a length of latus rectum

equal to 1 and slope of asymptotes is

hyperbola.
parabola.
the directrices of the hyperbola.
Solution:
1. Equation of Hyperbola:
Hyperbola
Distance between diretrices:
51.05 Problem :
A hyperbola passes through (2,0) and

whose foci are (-4,0)and (4,0).
hyperbola.
2. Find the second eccentricity of
the hyperbola.
3. Find the distance from the vertex
to the directrix of the hyperbola.
Solution:
3. Distance from the vertex to

directrix:
Distance from directrix to vertex:
Distance = a – d
Distance = 2 – 1
Distance = 1
51.06 Problem:
A point moves so that the difference

between its distances from (0,5) and (0,-
5) is 8.
1. Find the equation of the locus of

the point.
2. Find the eccentricity of the curve.
3. Find the latus rectum.
Solution: 51.07 Problem:
1. Equation of locus of the point: Two ground stations are located

by its coordinates as A(0,0) and
d d
1 2
8 B(0,5) the unit being 1km. An
d d
1 2
 2a airplane pilot conducting a
2a  8 reconnaisance survey knows from
the radar that a certain instant he
a4
is 3km nearer B than A.
c5
c  a b
2 2 2
1. What is the equation of the

25  16  b
2
curve that defines this data?
b 9
2
2. Compute the eccentricity of this
b3 curve.
2
y x 2
1
2 2 rectum.
a b
2
y x 2
1
16 9
2
9 y 16  144
2
2. Eccentricity of Hyperbola
C=ae
5=4e
e=1.25

2
L  2b
2(9)

a 4
L  4.5
51.07 Problem:
b2
h  0k  5
2
( y  k )  ( x  h)
2 2
2 2
a b
2
5
( y )
2  ( x 0)
2
2
1
3 4
2
2 25
Solution: y  5y  4 x 2
 1
1. Equations of curve: 9 4
4
d d
1 2
3 2
16 y  80 y  100  9 x  36
2
d d
1 2
 2a
9 x 16  80 y  64  0
2 2
2a  3
a  1.5 2. Eccentricity of curve:
2c  5
C=ae
c  2.5
2.5=1.5e
c  a b
2 2 2
2 2 e=1.67
(2.5)  (1.5)  b
2
L  2b
a
2 ( 4)
L
1 .5
L  5.33
51.08 Problem: 2
x  y 1
2
The equation of an asymptode pf a 2 2
hyperbola is equal to y=2x whuch

a b
2
5
passes thru ( ,3)
5
2 ( ) 2
2  3 1
2 2
1. Determine the equation of the a b
hyperbola
25 b  36a  4a b
2 2 2 2
2. Determine the length of the latus y  2x

rectum
y  mx  b
3. Determine the second m2
eccentricity of the hyperbola.
b
m
a
b
Solution: 2
a
b  2a
2 2
25(2a )  (36a)  4 a
2 2
1. Equation of hyperbola (2a)
100a  36a  16 a
2 2 4
64  16a
2
a2
b  2( 2 )  4
2
x y
2
1
4 16
2
4x  y  16
2
equilateral hyperbola
Solution:
1. Vertices of equilateral hyperbola

2
x  y 9
2
x  y 1
2
2. Length of Latus Rectum
2 9 9
L  2b d  3a  3
a
2 V (3,0)and (3,0)
2 (4)
L
2
L  16
c  be'
c  a b
2 2 2
c  4.47
2
c  be'
4.47  4e'
e'  1.118
51.09 Problem:
An equilateral hyperbola has an equation

2
 y 9
2
of x
1. Compute the location of the vertices

2. Compute the locatin of the foci
An equilateral hyperbola has an equation
2
y x  16
2
of
1. Compute the location of the vertices

2. Compute the location of the foci
3. Compute the distance of its directrix
from the vertex
Solution:
1. Vertices of equilateral hyperbola:
2
y  x  16
2
2
y  x 1 2
16 16
a4
V (0,4)and (0,4)
2. Location of foci of equilateral hyperbola
c a a
2 2 2
2. Location of foci:
c  2a
2 2
c a a
2 2 2
2
c  2 (3)
2
c  2a
2 2
c  18
2
c  2(16)
2
c3 2 c4 2
F (3, 2 ,0)and (3, 2 , o) F (0,4, 2 )and (0,4, 2 )
3. Eccentricity
c = ae
3 2  3e
e  1.414
51.10 Problem:
a=6
2. Equation of hyperbola
2
2xy= a
3. Distance of directrix from the vertex of
2 xy  6
2
an equilateral hyperbola:
c  ae xy  18
4 2  4e
e  1.41
3. Eccentricity
a 4
d   2.84 c=ae
e 1.41
c a a
2 2 2
Distance of directrix from the vertex:

c  36  36
2
Distance=4 - 2.84 c  8.49

Distance = 1.16 c  ae
8.49  6e
e  1.414
51.11 Problem:
The length of the conjugate axis of an
equilateral hyperbola is equal to 12. The x
and y-axis forms the asymptodes of the
equlilateral hyperbola.
1. What is the distance from the vertex to

the intersection of the x and y axis.
2. What is the equation of the equilateral
hyperbola.
3. Compute the eccentricity of the ellipse.
Solution:
1. Distance from vertex to the

intersection of x and y axis
2a=12
b 0 .4

a 1
2a  10
a5
b
 0 .4
5
b2
51.12 Problem: 2
x y
2
A hyperbola whose transverse axis is 2 2

1
parallel to the x-axis with its center at a b
2
(0,0) has an asymptode with a slope of
x y
2
0.4 vertical to 1 horizontal. The distance 1

25 4
between the vertices is equal to 10. 2
4 x  25 y  100
2

hyperbola.
asymptode
y b
hyperbola. 
x a
Solution: y 2

x 5
2x  5 y  0
1. Equation of Hyperbola
c=ae
c  a b
2 2 2
c  25  4
2
c  5.39
5.39  5e
e  1.078
Solution:
2
L  2b
a
2
18  b
2
a
9a  b
2
2c  12
c6
 9a  36  0
2
a
(a  3)(a  12)  0
a3
9
2
a
 9(3)  27
2
b
b3 3
2
x
2

y 1
9 27
2
3x  y  27
2
2. Length of transverse axis

51.13 Problem:
L = 2a
L = 2(3)
hyperbola is equal to 18 and the distance L=6
between the foci is 12.
1. Find the equation of the curve if the

conjugate axis is parallel to the y-axis
2. Conjugate the length of the transverse
axis of the hyperbola.
asymptode of the hyperbola,
asymptote of the conic
3. Compute the eccentricity of the conic.
Solution:
1. Smallest angle
2
4 x  25 y  100
2
x  y 1
2
25 4
a5
b2
2
tan  
5
  21.8
2  43.6
b y
 y b 2
a x  
x a 5
3 3 y
 2x  5 y
3 x
3 3x  3 y
y  3x 3. Eccentricity of conic:
c  a b
2 2 2
c  25  4
2
51.14 Problem:
c  5.39
c  ae
A conic has an equation of
2 5.39  5c
4x  25 y  100
2
e  1.078
1. Compute the smallest angle subtended

by the asymptote of the curve
2 xy  a
2
2
2 xy  (4 2)
xy  16
3. Sum of transverse axis and conjugate

axis:
2a  2(4) 2  11.31
sum  11.31(2)
51.15 Problem: sum  22.62
The lines x=0 and y=0 are asymptotes of 51.16 Problem:

an equilateral hyperbola whose vertex is
in the first quadrant. The distance from
The equilateral hyperbola xy=16 has the
the vertex to the origin is equal to 4 2
coordinate axis as asymptotes
1. Compute the length of the conjugate

1. Find the distance from its vertex to the
axis.
origin.
equilateral hyperbola.
vertices.
3. Compute the sum of the length of the
transverse axis and conjugate axis.
hyperbola.
Solution:
1. Length of conjugate axis:
a4 2
2a  8 2
2a  11.31
ab
 32  32
2
c
c8
c  ae
8  5.66e
e  1.41
The equilateral hyperbola xy=8 has the x-

axis and y-axis as asymptote.
vertices.
2. Compute the length of the conjugate
Solution: axis.
1. Distance from vertex to origin: 3. Compute the eccentricity of hyperbola.
2 xy  a
2
2(16)  a
2
Solution:
a  5.66 1. Distance between the vertices:
2 xy  a
2
2(8)  a
2
2. Distance between vertex
a4
D = 2a
D = 2(5.66) Distance between vertices = 2(a)
D = 11.32 Distance between vertices = 8
3. Eccentricity
51.18 Problem:
The x-axis and y-axis are the asymptotes

of the equilateral hyperbola whose vertex
in the first quadrant is 3 2 units from the
origin.
1. What is the equation of the hyperbola

2. What is the length of the conjugate axis
3. What is the ratio of the length of
transverse axis to the conjugate axis.
Solution:
2. Length of conjugate axis: = 2a a3 2

2 xy  a
2
Length of conjugate axis: = 8
2
2 xy  (3 2)
3. Compute the eccentricity of the xy  9
hyperbola:
c  ae
c 4 4
2 2 2
c  5.66
c  ae
5.66  4e
c  1.414
1. Equation of the asymptote of the
hyperbola
2
x y
2
1
9 4
a3
b2
y 2

x 3
2x  3y
2. Acute angle formed by the asymptote

2. Length of conjugate axis of the hyperbola.
L  2a b 2
tan   
L  2(3) 2 a 3
L  8.49   33.69
2  67.38
3. Ratio of the length of transverse axis to

the conjugate axis.
2a
Ratio 
2a
Ratio  1.0
51.19 Problem:
A hyperbola has an equation equal to

2
4x  9 y  36
2
1. Find the equation of the asymptote of

the hyperbola.
2. Compute the acute angle formed by
the asymptote of the hyperbola.
Solution:
2
2x  5 y  10
2
4 x  10 yy '  o
2 x  5 yy '  0
x  5y  0
x  5y
2(5 y )  5 yy '  0
y '  2 slopeofcho rds
3. Eccentricity of the hyperbola.
c 3 2
2 2 2
2. Equation of conjugate diameter:
c  3.61 X-5y=0
3.61  3e
1-5y’=0
e  1.20
Y’=1/5 slope of diameter
2
2x  5 y  10
2
51.20 Problem:
4 x  10 yy '  0
2 2 x  5 y (1 / 5)  0
2x  5 y  10
2
2 x  y  0(conjugated iamter )
1. If the equation of the diameter of the

hyperbola is equal to x-5y=0, find the
slope of the chords which are bisected by
the diameter of hyperbola.
2. Find the equation of the conjugate
diameter.
3. Find the equation of the asymptote of
the hyperbola.
Solution:
1. Slope of chord:
Solution:
1. Slope of chords bisected by diameter
of hyperbola.
xy  16
xy ' y (1)  0
y
y' 
x
3x  y  0
y  3 x
 3x
y' 
3. Equation of asymptotes x
y '  3( slopeofcho rds)
2
2 x  5 y  10
2
x  y 1
2
5 2
a 5
b 2
y 2

x 5
2x  5 y  0
51.21 Problem:
A hyperbola has an equation xy = 16

hyperbola is 3x+y=0, find the slope of the
chords which are bisected by the
diameter of the hyperbola.
diameter.
3. Find the length of the conjugate axis.
51.22 Problem:
1. What is the equation of the conic

having its center at (0,0) and its
transverse axis equal to y=0
2. If the equation of the diameter of this
conic is equal to 9x-2y=0, find the slope
of the chords which are bisected by the
diameter of hyperbola.
2. Equation of conjugate diameter: 3. Compute the equation of conjugate
3x+y=0 diameter.
3+y’=0
y’=-3 slope of diameter
Xy=16
Xy’+y(1)=0
X(-3)+y=0
Y=3x conjugate diameter
4. Length of conjugate axis:

Xy=16
2 xy  a
2
2(16)  a
2
a4 2
Length of conjugate axis = 2a
Length of conjugate axis = 2(4) 2
Length of conjugate axis = 8 2

9x  2 y  0
9  2 y'  0
9
y' 
2
2
9 x 16 y  144
2
18 x  32 yy '  0
18 x  16(9) y  0
2 x  16 y  0
x  8 y  0(conjugated iameter )
Solution:
1. Equation of conic:
3x  4 y
3 b

4 a
a4
b3
9 x 16  144
2 2
2. Slope of chords:
9 x 16  144
2 2
18 x  32 yy '  0
9x  2 y  0
18 x  4 y  0
18 x  4 y
4 y  32 yy  0
1  8 y'  0
1
y '  slopeofcho rds
8
3. Equation of conjugate diameter

52.0 GENERAL EQUATION OF CONICS
General Equations
2 2
 2Bxy  Cy  2 Dx  2Ey  F  0 Ax  Cy  Dx  Ey  F  0
2 2
A. Ax B.
1. Ellipse
1. Circle When A and C are unequal and have the
same sign .
When: B =0 and A=C
2. Hyperbola
2. Parabola
When A and C are of opposite sign
 AC  0
2
When: B
3. Circle
3. Ellipse:
When A is equal to C
 AC  0
2
When: B
4. Hyperbola
 AC  0
2
When: B
D. Hyperbola
Solution:
52.01 ME Board Oct. 1999 2
 AC  0hyperbola
B
 AC  0ellipse
2
B
 AC  0 parabola
2
What conic section is represented by
B
2
x  4y  8 x  4 y  15
2
a.) hyperbola
b.Circle
c.Ellipse
d.Parabola
Solution:
A=1
C=4
B=0
 AC
2
B
0-(1)(-4)=4>0 (hyperbola)
In the general equation of the conic is

2
 2Bxy  Cy  2 Dx  2Ey  F  0
2
Ax
 AC  , then the conic is:
2
And B
A. Circle
B. Parabola
C. Ellipes
52.03 ME Board Aprll 1999
What type of conic has an equation of

2
Ax  Cy  Dy  Ey  F  0
2
a. Circle 2
 2 Bxy  Cy  2 Dx  2 Ey  F  0
2
Ax
b. Parabola A3
c. Ellipse B0
d. Hypebola C 0
 AC  0  (3)(0)  0
2 2
B
When B  AC  0itisParabo la
2
Solution:
1. If A and C are unequal and have the
same sign, it ois an ellipse.
2. If A and C are of opposite sign it is a
hyperbola.
3. If A=C, it is a circle
 2 x  5 y  7  0 determine the curve

2
3x
a. Circle
b. Ellipse’
c. Hyperbola
d. Parabola
Solution:
2
 2 Bxy  Cy  2 Dx  2 Ey  F  0
2
Ax
52.05 ME Board Oct. 1996 where
A9
2 C  16
  4 x  2 y  20  0
2
The equation x y B0
describes:
 AC  (0)  (9)(16)  144  0
2
B
The conic is an ellipse
a. Circle
b. Ellipse
c. Parabola
d. Hyperbola
Solution:
2
 2 Bxy  Cy  2 Dx  2 Ey  F  0
2
Ax
where
A 1
B0
C 1
The conic is a circle
52.06 Problem:
What conic section is represented by
2
9x 16 y  36 x  32 y  92  0
2
a. Circle
b. Parabola
c. Ellipse
d. Hyperbola
Solution:
a. Hyperbola
52.07 Problem: b. Eliipse
c. Parabola
What conic section is

2
 8xy  4 x  12 d. Circle
2x
a. Hyperbola
Solution:
b. Ellipse
A=7
c. Parabola
C=16
d. Circle
2B=-16
B=-8
Solution:
 AC  8  7(16)  48  0
2 2
2 2
 2 Bxy  Cy  2 Dx  2 Ey  F  0
B
Ax
where It is an ellipse
A2
B  4
D 1
C 0
 AC (4)  (2)(0)  16  0
2 2
B
The conic is hyperbola
What conic section is defined by the
equation
2
7 x 16 y  60 x  96 y  156  0
2
52.08 Problem:
53.0 TANGENTS AND NORMAL Note:
Slope of a curve at a given point is equal
to the slope of the tangent at that point.
Tangents and Normal
A. Equation of tangents at a given point

(x1,y1)
2
1.change x to xx1
2
2.change y to yy 1
x x 1
3.changexto
2
y y
1
4.changeyto
2
5.changexyto
xy  yx 1 1
2
B. Equation of tangent
a 2
1. y  mx  forparabola y  4ax
m
2. y  mx  a m b
2 2 2
forellipse x 
y 1
2
2 2
a b
3. y  mx  a m  b
2 2 2
forhyperbola x 
y 1 2
2 2
a b
4. y  mx  r 1  m
2
2
forcircle x  y  r
2 2
2. Equation of normal at (4,1)
2y = x-2
y  2x  1
y  mx  b
1
m  ( slopeof tan gent )
2
y y
m 1
x  x1
53.01 Problem: y 1
2
x4
 2  8  y 1
 16 y 2 x  y  9  0(normal)
2
A curve has an equation of x
1. Compute the equation of the tangent at
point (4,1) 3. Length of sub-normal
2. Compute the equation of the normal at 2 x  y  9  0(normal)
point (4,1) wheny  0
3. Find the length of the sub-normal 2x  9
x  4.5
Solution:
Length of subnormal = 4.5-4
1. Equation of tangent at (4,1)
Length of subnormal = 0.5
 16 y
2
x
(y  y)
xx1  16 2
1
x(4)  8( y  1)
4x  8 y  8  0
x  2y  2  0
x  2 y  2(tan gent )
2. Equation of normal at (8,-1)
y  1
y  mx  b
m  0 slopeof tan gent
1
m 2
  ( slopeofnor mal )

0
53.02 Problem: Atpo int(8,1)
yy
m  1
2
xx 1
A curve has an equation of
y 1

x 8
2
x 16 y  16 x  96 y  144  0
2
y 1
x 8 

1. Find the equation of the tangent at (8,- x  8  0(normal)
1)
2. Find the equation of the normal at (8,-
1)
3. Determine the eccentricity of the curve.
Solution:
1. Equation of tangent:
x  x1 y y
xx1 16 yy  16 1 2
 96
2
1
 144  0
x(8)  16(1) y  8( x  8)  48( y  1)  144  0

8 x  16 y  8 x  64  48 y  48  144  0
32 y  32  0
y  1  0(tan gent )
1. Find the equation of the tangent at
(1,0)
2. Find the slope of the curve at (1,0)
3. Find the equation of the normal at (1,0)
Solution:
3. Eccentricity of curve:
2
x y  6 x  10 y  5  0
2
2
x  16 x  64  16( y  6 y  9)  144  64  16(9)
2
x x y y
( x 8)  16 ( y 3)  64
2 2
xx  yy  6 2  10 2  5  0
1 1
1 1
( x 8)  ( y 3)  1 x(1)  0  3 x  1  5( y  0)  5  0

2 2
64 4 x  3x  3  5 y  5  0
2
 64 5 y  2x  2  0
a
a 8 2 x  5 y  2  0(tan gent )
4
2
b
b2
64  4  c
2
c  7.746
c  ae
7.746  8e
e  0.97
53.03 Problem:

2
  6 x  10 y  5  0.
2
x y
Solution:
1. Tangent at (4,0)
2
  4 x  16 y  32  0
2
x y
2. Slope of curve at (1,0)
x  x1 y y
5 y  2x  2  0 xx  yy  4
1 1 2
 16
2
 32  0
1
2x  2 x(4)  y (0)  2( x  4)  8( y  0)  32  0
y
5 4 x  2 x  8  8 y  32  0
y  mx  b
6 x  8 y  24  0
2 3 x  4 y  12  0(tan gent )
m  slopeofcur veat(1,0)
5
5
m 2

2
yy
m2  xx
1
5 y0
 
2 x 1
 5x  5  2 y
5 x  2 y  5(normal)
53.04 Problem:
2
 16 y  32  4 x  y
2
x
1. Find the equation of the tangent at
(4,0)
2. Find the slope of the normal at (4,0)
3. Find the equation of the normal at (4,0)
Solution:
y  2x  1
2
y y1
 2 xx1  1
2
y3
2. Slope of normal at (4,0)  2 x(1)  1
2
4 y  3 x  12 y  3  4x  2
3
y   x3 4 x  y  1(tan gent )
4
y  mx  b
3
m   slopeof tan gent
4
4
m2  3 slopeofnor mal
yy
m2  xx
1
4 y0

3 x4
4 x  16  3 y
4 x  3 y  16(normal)
53.05 Problem:
A curve has an equation of y=2x+2+1
1. Compute the equation of the tangent at
(1,3)
2. Compute the equation of normal at
(1,3)
3. Compute the length of sub-normal.
1. Compute the points of tangency at the
curve.
2. Find the equation of one of the
tangents to the curve passing thru (7,5)
3. Find the sum of the distances from
(7,5) to the point of tangency.
y  4x 1 Solution:
m4
1
m   4 slopeofnor mal
1 1. Points of tangency
Equationof normal :  6 y  10
2
x
yy 6( y 
m1  1 y )  10
xx 1
xx1  2
1
1 y 3 At ( x  7, y  5)
 
4 x 1
 x  1  4 y  12
7 x  3(5  y )  10
1 1
x  4 y  11 7 x  3 y  25
1 1
3. Length of sub-normal
x  4 y  11
x  4(0)  11
x  11
Length of subnormal=11-1=10
53.06 Problem:
 6 y  10
2
x
 6 y  10
2
x
y y )  10
xx  6( 1
2
1
xx1  3( y  y )  10 1
x(10)  3( y  15)  10
10 x  3 y  55(tan gent )
xx  3( y  y )  10
1 1
Since the curve passes thru ( x1 , y ) x(4)  3( y  1)  10
1
2 4 x  3 y  13
x1  6 y  10
10 x  3 y  55(tan gent )
2

x1  10 3. Sum of distances from (7,5) to the
y1 6 points of tangency:
7 x  3 y  25
(7 10)  (515)
1 2 2
d   10.44
3  10
2 1
7 x1  x 6  25  (7 4)  (51)
2 2
5
2
d 2
42 x1  3x1  30  150
Sum of distances from (7,5) to point of
( x1  10)( x1  4)  0 tangency
x  10
1 d  d1  d 2
x 4
1 d  10.44  5
 10
2
d  15.44
y  10
1 6
 15
 10
2
y 4 6 1
1

Points of tangency (10,15) and (4,1)
2. Equation of tangents:
x y20
y  x2
m 1
1
m  1(slopeofnor mal)
2
y4 y4
1  1 
x2 x2
53.07 Problem: x2  y4
x  y  6(normal)
2
A curve has an equation of y  8x
3. Length of sub tangent:
1. Compute the equation of the tangent at AB=sub tangent
(2,4)
2. Compute the equation of the normal at m 1
1
4
(2,4) 1
x2
3. Compute the length of the subtangent) x24
x2
Solution: Length of sub-tangent = 2+2=4
2
y  8x
8( x  x1)
yy 
1 2
y (4)  4( x  2)
4x  4 y  8  0
x  y  2  0 tan gent
2. Equation of normal
3. Length of sub-normal:
4
1
h
h4
53.08 Problem:
Length of subnormal=4
 16 y
2
A parabola has an equation of x
1. Find the equation of tangent at (8,4)
2. Find the equation of normal at (8,4)
3. Find the length of the sub-normal.
Solution:
1. Equation of tangent
 16 y
2
x
16( y  y)
xx  1
2
1
x(8)  8( y  4)
8 x  8 y  4(tan gent )
y  x4
m  1(slopeof tan gent )
1
m  1(slopeofnor mal)
2
y4
1 
x 8
 x 8  y 4
m 1
1
m  1
2
53.09 Problem:
2
x y  25
2
1. Find the equation to the tangent to a

circle having a slope of 1 at the 2nd
quadrant.
2. Find the equation of normal to the
circle.
3. Find the sum of the length of
subtangent and subnormal.
Solution:
1. Equation of tangents:
m 1
x  ( x b)  25
2 2
2 x  2bx  b  25  0
2 2
B  4 AC  0(conditionf or tan gency )

2
A2
B  2b
C  b  25
2
y  x  5 2 (tan gent )
3. Sum of lengths of subtangents and
sub-normal
2 2
x1  y1  25
y  x 5 2
1 1
2
2 x1  10 2 x  25  0 1
 10 2 x  0 5
x  2( 2)   2
1
1
2
5
y  2
1 2
Points of tangency is at
5 5
 2and 2
2 2
AB  BD  BC
AB  sub tan gent
5
AB  2
2
SumAB  BC
Sum  5 2
53.10 Problem
2
x y  25
2
The equation of a circle is
1. Find the equation of the tangent on the

2nd quadrant if it has a slope of 3/4
2. Find the point of tangency on the circle.
3. Find the sum of the lengths of
subtangent and subnormal
Solution:
3
y xb
4
2
x  y  25
2
2
x  (  b)  25
2 3
4
16 x  9 x  24b 16b  400  0

2 2 2
A  25
B  24b
C  16b  400
2
24b  4(25)16b  400  0

2 2
1024 b  4000
2
b  6.25
3 x  4 y  25  0(tan gent )
53.11 Problem:
2. Point of tangency
4 y  3 x  25 A curve has an equation of
2
9x  25 y  255
2
3
y  x  6.25
4
3
x  ( 4 x  6.25)  25
2
1. Find the equation of the tangent to the

 9 x  150 x  625  400  0
2 2
16 x curve at the 2nd quarter
x  6x  9  0
2
2. Find the length of tangent intercept by
( x  3)( x  3)  0 the x and y axis.
x  3 3. Find the point of tangency
y4
Point of tangency is (-3.4)
3. Sum of lengths of subtangent and sub

normal
4 3

AB 4
AB  5.33( sub tan gent )
BC  3( subnormal)
sum  8.33
Solution:
9 x  25(4 x  41.76 x  109)  225  0
2 2
x  9.58x  22.94  0
2
2 x  4.73
9 x  25 y  225
2
y  2 x  10.44  0.98
109 x  100bx  25b  225  0
2 2
A  109 Point of tangency (-4.73,0.98)

B  100b
C  25b  225
2
 98100
2
900b
y  2 x  109 (tan gent )
2. Length of tangent intercepted by x and

y axis
When x=0
y  109  10.44
When y=o
L  (5.22)  (10.44)
2 2 2
L  11.67
53.12 Problem: 3. Equation of tangent:
A circle has an equation equal to y4
x 5 
2

x y  2ky  0
2
x  5  0(tan gent )
1. Find the value of k for which the length

of the tangent from point (5,4) to the circle
is one.
circle from points (5,4)
Solution:
1. Value of k
y
2
x  2ky
2 2
t
1  25  16  8k
40
k   5
8
2. Area of Circle
2
x y  10 y  0

2
2
x  y  10 y  25  25
2
x  ( y 5)  25
2 2
Center at (0,5) and radius = 5

Area = 78.54 sq units
3. Equation of normal
3
m 4
1
4
m 2

3
4x  3y  0
53.13 Problem:
2
x y  25
2

circle on the first quadrant from point
25
( ,0)
3
2. Find the point of tangency
3. Find the equation of normal
Solution:
25
 oy  25
3 x1 1
x1  3
2
  25
2
3 y1
y 4
1
Equation of tangent = 25
Equation of tangent: 3x+4y=25
2. Point of tangency is at (3,4)

3. Length of subtangent:
Slope of tangent=1
4
1
x2
x2
AB  2  2
53.14 Problem: AB  4( sub tan gent )
2
A curve has an equation of y  8x
1. Compute the equation of the tangent to

the curve at point (2,4)
2. Compute the equation of the normal at
point (2,4)
3. Compute the length of the subtangent
Solution:
2
y  8x
4x  4 y  8  0
x  y  2  0 tan gent
y4
1 
x2
x2  y4
y  (1) x  b
 4ay
2
x
 5 y
2
x
2
yx
5
2
 x  xb
5
53.15 Problem:
In the figure shown is a parabolic lot
having a base 20m, wide and a height of
20m. The area is to be sliced by a line OP
which cuts the parabola at 15m above the
base.
1. Find the equation of the tangent

parallel to the line OP.
2. Find the coordinates of the point of
tangency.
3. Find the area of the parabolic segment
cut out.
Solution:
1. Equation of tangent parallel to OP:
When x = -10, y=-20
 4ay
2
x
4a  5
When y = -5 at point P:
 4ay
2
x
X=5
Slope of tangent = slope of line OP
15
m 1
15
Equation of line OP:
y  20
1
x  10
x  10  y  20
x  y  10  0equationof lineOP
 x  5 x  5b
2
 4 AC  0(conditiono f tan gency )

2
B
A 1
B5
C  5b
20b  25
5
b
4
5
y  (1) x 
4
4 x  4 y  5  0(equationof tan gent )
2. Points of tangency:
x  5 x  5b  0
2
4 x  20 x  25  0
2
(2 x  5)(2 x  5)  0
5
x
2
5 5 5
y  
2 4 4
5 5
Points of tangency ( , )
2 4
3. Area of parabolic segment cut out:
Length of line OP:
L  15 15
2 2 2
L  21.21m
2. Length of subtangent=BC
4 BC
  5.33
3 4
5 5
   10
d 2 4 3. Length of sub normal = OB
2
Subnormal=3
11.25
d  7.95
2
2
A  Ld
3
2
A  (21.21)(7.95)
3
A  112.21 m
2
53.16 Problem:
A circle has a radius of 5 units with its
center at (0,0)
1. Determine the equation of the tangent
2. Compute the length of the subtangent
3. Compute the length of the subnormal
Solution:
x(3)  y (4)  25
3x  4 y  25
53.17 Problem:
The equation of a given conic is

2
x y  25
2
expressed as
1. What is the equation of he tangent (-

3,4)
2. Find the length of the sub tangent
3. Find the length of the sub normal
Solution:
1. Equation of tangent (-3,4)
x(3)  y (4)  25
 3x  4 y  25
3x  4 y  25  0
2. Length of subtangent:
AC = sub tangent
AC 4

4 3
AC=5.33 (subtangent)
3. Length of the sub normal
CD= sub normal
CD = 3
54.0 DIAMETER OF CONICS
Diameter of Conics
Diameter = locus of the mid-points of a
system of parallel chords.
A. Parabola:
1. x  4ax
2
Equation of diameter
2a
y
m
 4ay
2
2. x
X=2am
B. Ellipse:
2
1. x 
y 2
1
2 2
a b
x  a my  0
2 2
b
2
2. x 
y 2
1
2 2
b a
x  b my  0
2 2
a
C. Hyperbola:
2
1. x 
y2
1
2 2
a b
Equation of diameter you
x  a my  0
2 2
b
2.
y x 2
1
2 2
a b
x  b my  0
2 2
a
3. xy  a
2
Y=-mx
Conjugate Diameter
Two diameter of an ellipse or a hyperbola
are called conjugate diameters if each
bisect the chords parallel to other.
Polar and Pole
If tangents AB and AC are drawn tangent
to a conic, from a point A (x,y) external to
the conic, then the line through the points
of tangency B and C os called the polar of
the point A with respect to the conic.
Conversely if a line is drawn cutting the
conic at B and C and tangents
constructed at these points intersects at
A, then A is called the pole of the line with
respect to the conic.
Equation of the Polar

1. Ellipse
2
x y
2
2 2
1
a b
2
change x to xx1
2
y  yy 1
x x 1
xto
2
y y
1
yto
2
Where x and y are coordinates of the pole
Equations of Polar
xx  yy1 1
1
2 2
a b
2. Hyperbola
2
x y
2
2 2
1
a b
Equation of Polar
xx  yy 1 1
1
2 2
a b
3. Parabola:
2
y  4ax
( x  x1)
yy  4a
1 2
Equation of Polar
yy  2a( x  x )
1 1
54.01 Problem:
2
A parabola has an equation of y  8x
1. Find the equation of the diameter of the

parabola which bisects chords parallel to
the line x-y=4
parabola having a slope parallel to the
line x-y=4
3. Find the point of tangency
Solution:
1. Equation of diameter of parabola
2
y  8x
2 yy '  8
2 y (1)  8
y4
y  4  0(diameter )
2. Equation of tangents with a slope of 1:

y  (1) x  b
x  2bx  8x  b  0
2 2
Ax  Bx  C  0
2
A 1
B  2b  8
C b
2
 4 AC  0(conditionf or tan gency )

2
B
(2b 8)
2
 4(1) b  0
2
4b  8
b2
y  (1) x  2
y  x2
x  y  2  0(tan gent )
3. Point of Tangency
( x  2)  8 x
2
x  4 x  4  8x
2
( x  2)( x  2)  0
x2
2
y  8(2)
y4
Point of tangency is at (2,4)
54.02 Problem:

 6 y  10
2
x
1. Determine the equation of a diameter

of the parabola which bisects chords
having a slope of 4/3
2. Compute the equationof a tangent to
 6 y  10 which has a slope
2
the curve x
of 4/3
3. Compute the points of tangency of the
curve.
Solution:
 6 y  10
2
x
4
y' 
3
4 x
 4
3 3
x  4  0(diameter )
4
y xb
3
 6 y  10
2
x
 8 x  6b  10
2
x
 8 x  (6b  10)  0
2
x
A 1
B  8
C  (6b  10)
 4 AC  0(conditiono f tan gency )
2
B
8  4(1)(6b  10)  0
2
64  24b  40  0
24b  104  0
4 13
y  x
3 3
4 x  3 y  13(tan gent )
6(4 x  13)
y  10
3
 2(4 x  13)  10
2
x
 8 x  16  0
2
x
( x  4)( x  4)  0
x4
4(4)  13
y 1
3
Point of tangency (4,1)
54.03 Problem:
The coordinate axes are the asymptotes
of the equilateral hyperbola whose vertex
in the first quadrant is 3 2 units from the
origin.
1. What is the equation of the hyperbola

2. Find the equation of the diameter of the
hyperbola which bisects chords whose
slope is -3
diameter of the hyperbola
Solution:
a3 2
2 xy  a
2
2 xy  (9)2
 xy  9
 6 y
2
x
2. Equation of diameter of hyperbola 2 x  6 y
xy  9 x
y'  
x(3)  y  0 3
x  3equationof diameter
y  3x(diameter )
y '  1slopeofcho rds
3. Equation of diameter conjugate
y
y'  
x
y
3
x
y  3 x(diameterco njugate )
54.04 Problem:
 6 y
2
A parabola has an equation of x
parabola is x=3, find the slope of the
diameter of parabola
2. What is the equation of the tangent
which has a slope parallel to the slope of
the chords
3. What is the point of tangency
Solution:
1. Slope of chords which are bisected by
the diameter of parabola:
2. Equation of tangent having a
slope of -1
y  x  b
 6 x  6b
2
x
A 1
B  6
C  6b
 4 AC  0
2
B
36  24b  0
36 3
b 
24 2
3
y  x 
2
2 y  2 x  3
2 x  2 y  3(tan gent )
3. Point of tangency:
 2x  3
 6
2
x 2
 6x  9
2
x
 6x  9  0
2
x
( x  3)( x  3)  0
x3
2x  3 2(3)  3 3
y  
2 2 2
3
Point of tangency (3, )
2
54.05 Problem: 3. Equation of polar
A curve has an equation equal to
2
9 xx  25 yy
1 1
 225
9x  25 y  225
2
9 x(2)  25 y (3)  225
18 x  25 y  225
6 x  25 y  25
1. Compute the second eccentricity of the
curve
2. Compute the equation of the diameter
of the curve which bisects all chords
having a slope of 2.
3. Determine the equation of the polar of
the point B(2,-3) which respect to the
2
9x  25 y 0
2
conic
Solution:
2
x
2

y 1
25 9
a5
b3
25  9  c
2
c4
4  3e
e'  1.33
2. Equation of diameter of ellipse

2
9 x  25 y  225
2
18 x  50 yy '  0
18 x  100 y  0
9 x  50 y  0
2. Equation of diameter conjugate
x  5 y  diameter
1  5 y'  0
1
y '  slopeofdia meter
5
4x  2 y  0
2 x  y  0(conjugated iameter )
54.06 Problem:
3. Equation of asymptote
2 2
2x  5 y  10
2
x y
2
1
5 2
a 5
b 2
hyperbola is equal to x-5y=0, find the
slope of the chords which are bisected by 2x  5 y
the diameter of hyperbola 2x  5 y  0
diameter
3. Find the equation of the asymptotes of
the hyperbola
Solution:
1. Slope of chords bisected by the
diameter of hyperbola
4 x  10 yy '  10
4(5 y )  10 yy '  0
4 x  10 yy '  0
20 y  10 yy '  0
2  y'  0
y '  2 slopeofcho rds
54.07 Problem: 3. Length conjugate axis
A hyperbola has an equation xy=16 xy  16
2 xy  a
2
hyperbola is 3x+y=0, find the slope of the 2(16)  a
2

diameter of the hyperbola. a4 2
2. Find the equation of the conjugate Length of conjugate axis = 2a

diametr
Length of conjugate axis = 8 2
3. Find the length of the conjugate axis.
Solution:
1. Slope of chords which are bisected by
diameter of hyperbola
xy  16
xy ' y (1)  0
y
y'  
x
3x  y  0
y  3 x
3x
y'  
x
y '  3slopeofcho rds
2. Diameter of conjugate
3x  y '  0
y '  3slopeofdia meter
y  3xconjugate diameter
54.08 Problem:
The equation of elllipse is given as 3. Second eccentricity
2
16x  36 y  576
2
2
x
2

y 1
36 16
a6
1. Compute the equation of polar of the
point (4,-6) with respect to the ellipse b4
2 c'  1.115
 36 y  576
2
16x
2. Compute the equation of the diameter
of ellipse which bisects all chords havinf a
slope of 3.
3. Compute the second eccentricity of the
ellipse.
Solution:
1. Polar coordinates at (4,-6)
16 xx  36 yy  576
1 1
16 x(4)  36 y (6)  576

64 x  216 y  576
8 x  27 y  72
2. Equation of diam of ellipse

32 x  72 yy '  0
32 x  216 y  0
4 x  27 y  0
55.0 TRANSLATION OF AXES Solution:
y  y '6
55.01 Problem:
x  4x  7 y  0
2
Find the new equation of the line

x'  4 x'4  4 x'8  7 y'42  0
2
5x  4 y  3  0 if the origin is translated to

x'  7 y'38  0
2
the point (1,2)
a. 5x’+4y’+16=0
b. 4x’+3y’-12=0
C. 3x’+4y’-10=0
D. 4x’+4y’-12=0
Solution:
5x  4 y  3  0
5( x'1)  4( y '2)  3  0
5 x'5  4 y '8  3  0
5 x'4 y '16  0
55.02 Problem:
Find the new equation of the curve
 4 x  7 y  0 if the origin is translated
2
x
to point (-2,6)
a. x  7 y '38  0
2
b. x  8 y '32  0
2
A.
c. x  6 y '28  0
2
d . x  12 y '24  0
2
55.03 Problem: 55.04 Problem:
By translation of axes, simplify theb Find the new coordinates of the point (3,-
equation 5) If the axes are translated to the new
origin at (-4,6)
 6 x  6 y  15  0
2
x
a. x  6 y '
2
A. (7,-11)
b.x  5 y '
B. (6,-12)
c. x  7 y '
2
d .x  6 y ' C. (5,-10)
D. (4,-12)
Solution:
Solution:
( x 3)
2
 6( y  4)
x3
h3
h  4
k 4
y  5
x  x' h
k  6
x  x'3
3  x'  4
y  y ' k
x'  7
y  y '4
y  y ' k
( x'33)
2
 6( y '4  4) y '  11
x'  6 y'
2
New cooedinates (7,-11)
A. (5,-1)
B. (4,-1)
C. (5,-2)
D. (4,-2)
Solution:
3  x'2
x'  5
3  y '4
y '  1
55.06 Problem:
Compute the orginal coordinates with
respect to x and y axis if the translated
coordinates of this point at a new origin
(3,2)is equaL to (4,-3)
A. (7,-1)
B. (6,-1)
C. (7,-2)
D. (6,-2)
Solution:
x  43
x7
y  3  2
55.05 Problem:
y  1
Find the new coordinates of the point
(3,3) if the axes is translated to the new
origin at (-2,4)
56.0 ROTATION OF AXES
Rotation of Axes
56.01 Problem:
Compute the transform equation of the
curve xy=1 by rotating the axes through
45.
2
a.x'  y' 2
2
b.x' y '  2
2
c. x  2
2
y'
d .x' y '  2
Solution:
y  x' sin 45  y cos 45
xy  1
( x' cos 45  y ' sin 45)( x' sin 45  y ' cos 45)  1
2 2
0.5 ( x')  0.5 ( y')  1
2
x'  y' 2
2
56.02 Problem
Find the angle of rotation of the curve
3xy+y-2=0 such that the transformed
equation will have no x’y’ term.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 45
D. 22.5
Solution:
3( x' cos   y ' sin  )

( x' sin   y ' cos  )
 x' sin   y ' cos   2  0
So that there will be np x’y’ set the

coeffecient of x’y’ to zero
 3 x' y ' sin   3x' y ' cos   0

2
3 cos   3 sin 
2 2
1  2 sin 
2
1

2
sin 2
  45
POLAR COORDINATES
y = rsin
X = rcos
= +
r=
A curve has an equation of sin 2 =

6
1. Transform into rectangular
coordinates
2. Find the equation of the diameter of
the hyperbola which bisect all chords
having a slope of -2
diameter of a hyperbola
Solution:
1. Rectangular coordinates
sin 2 = 6
sin 2 cos =6
= +
sin =
Cos =
2 =6
2xy=6
xy=3
Equation of diameter of hyperbola:
xy=3
xy‟ + y(1) = 0
x(-2) + y = 0
2x = y diameter
1. Equation of conjugate diameter of

hyperbola :
y=2x
y‟=2 slope of diameter
xy=3
xy‟ + y(1) = 0
x(2) + y = 0
2x + y = 0 conjugate diameter
57.02 Problem:
A conic section is describe by the

following equation r = cos with
angle corresponds to a right triangle
with adjacent side x and opposite side y
and hypotenuse r.

rectum
2. Compute of the abcissa of the focus
of the conic section
3.Compute the area bounded by this
curve and the latus rectum
Solution:
1. Length of the latus rectum
r = cos
sin =
Cos =
r =
=x
= 4ax
4a = 1 ( latus rectum)
1. Abcissa of the focus of the conic

section:4a =
a= a= 0. 25
1. Area bounded by curve and latus

rectum:
A=
A = 0.167
57.03 Problem:
The polar equation of a curve is equal to
( 4 sin +9 ) = 36
Sin =
Cos =
(4 +9 ) = 36
4 +9 = 36
2. Total Length of the curve:
P= 2
P=2 = 16.02
2. Eccentricity of the given curve:
c = 2.24
c = ae
2.24 = 3e
e=0.745
57.04 Problem:
The equation of a conic is
r =
cos
r =
Coordinates f=of focus (2,0)

2. Area = (8) (2)
Area = 10.67
L = 4a = 8
The polar equation of the curve is
expressed as
1. compute the ordinate to the vertex of
the curve
rectum.
vertex to the directrix.
Solution:
1. Ordinate to the vertex of the curve:
=
y=r
x=r
r-r =2
Vertex at (0,1)
Ordinate of vertex = -1
2. Length of the latus rectum=4

3. Distance from vertex to directrix = a
4a = 4
a=1
(distance from vertex to directrix)

57. 06 Problem:
Given the equation of the curve r = 2

(sin
1. Which of the following gives the

distance of its centroid from the y-axis
Which of the following gives the area
enclosed by the curve.
2. Which of the following gives the total
length of the curve.
Solution:
1. Distance of its centroid from the y-
axis:
r=(sin
Multiply the left and right equation by r:
Distance of centroid from y-axis=1

2. Area enclosed by the curve:
A=
A=
A=2
A=6.28
3. Total Length of the curve
L=2 L=8.89
57.07 Problem
The polar equation of the curve is

expressed a r = l
1. Compute the area bounded by the

curve.
2. Compute the perimeter of the curve.
3. Compute the centroid of the upper
right quarter of the arc from the y-axis.
Solution:
1. Area of curve:
r=2
Multiply by r both coeff. and right

equation
This is a circle with radius =

Area =
Area=
Area=6.28
2. Perimeter of curve:
P= 2
P= ( )
P=8.89
3. Centroid of the length of curve from
x=2.414 to x=1
x=0.90
x=
When
Required distance = 1+0.90
Required distance = 1.90

58.0 COORDINATES IN SPACE
1. Polar Coordinates (r, o, , )
r=
2. Cylindrical Coordinates (r, o, z)
x = r cos
2. Spherical Coordinates ( r, , )
Point“P”having a cylindrical coordinates

Of (8, 30, 5)
1. Find the value of x in cartesian

coordinates
2. Find the value of y in cartesian
coordinates
3. Find the value of x in cartesian
coordinates.
Solution:
1. Value of x:
X=
Y=4
1. value of y:
y= 4
3. Value of z=5
58.02 Problem:
Point “P” having a rectangular

coordinates of (3, 4, 5)
1. Find the value of in Polar

coordinates
2. Find the value of in Polar
coordinates
3.Find the value of in Polar
coordinates
Solution:
1. Value of
1. Value of :
1. Value of
58.03 Problem
Point “A” having a cartesian coordinates

Of (3, 4, 5)
1. Find the value of r using Cylindrical

coordinates.
2. Find the value of by using Cylindrical
cordinates.
3. Find the value of z using Cylindrical
coordinates.
Solution:
1. Value of x:
r=5
1. Value of
1. value of z=3
58.04 Problems
Point “C” having a cartesian coordinates

of (3,4,5)
1. Find the value of r using Spherical

coordinates
2. Find the value of using Spherical
coordinates
3.Find the value of using spherical
coordinates
Solution:
1. Value of r:
1. Value of :
1. Value of
AB =
AB = 5
59. 0 SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
________________________________
______________
Solid Analytic Geometry
1. Distance Between Two Points
2. Distance from point (x,y,z) to the

plane
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
3. General Equation of the plane
Ax + By + Cx + D = 0
4. Equations of Plane in Intercept form:
5. Angle Between two planes

59. 0 SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
59.03 Problem:
he distance from A (1,8,3) to B(x,2,4)

Is equal to 7, 28, find the value of x.
Solution:
59.04 Problem:
direction parameters are (-1,2,2) and

(4,-1,8)
Solution:
59.05 Problem:
The equation of the plane passion

points (5,4,1), (4,-2,-3) and (0,6,5)
expressed
1. Find the value of B
Find the value of A
2. Find the equation of the planes
Solution:
3. The equation of plane:
59.06 Problem:
A plane is described by the equation 2x
- y + 3x = 12
1. Find the distance from the point
(1,4,6) to the given plane
2. What is the coodinate of the point on
the plane which is closest to the y-axis.
3. What is the smallest angle that the
given planes make with the plane 2x-
3y+4z=9.
Solution:
Distance from point (1,4,6) to the plane

2x + y + 3z = 12:
1. Point closes to y axis is the point of

intersection of the plane and an axis that
is x=0 and z=0.
2. Point closes to y axis is the point of
intersection of the plane and an axis that
is x=0 and z=0.
0-y+0=12
Y=-12
5. Angle between 2 planes:

2x-y+3z=12 2x-3y+4z=9
59.07 Problem:
The vertices of a triangle are A(1,1,0)

B(1,01,) and C(0,1,1)
1. Find the distance AB

2. Find the area of the triangleFind the
points pf intersection of the medians of
the triangle
Solution:
1. Distance AB
D=
1. Area of the triangles

FOR BC:
The triangle is an equilateral triangle
3. Points of intersection of the medians

of the triangle:
The point of intersection of the median
is
59.08 Problem:
The points (1,2,6) (1,6,2) arevertices of

an equilateral triangle. If the x and y
coordinates of the vertex is 5 and 2.
1. Find th value of z
2. Find the area of the triangle
3. Find the point of intersection of the
mediums of the triangle
Solution:
Value of D
Area of the triangle:
3. Point of intersection of the median of

the triangle
59.9 Problem:
The first three consecutive vertices of a

parallelogram are (6,4,-1) (7,6,-7) and
(1,7,5). If x=0 and y=5 of the fourth
vertex, find the value of z.
Solution:
59.10 Problem:
A point has a coordinates of (2,3,-6)
1. Find the distance from the origin to

the point
2. Determine the direction cosine along
the y-axis
3. Find the sum of the squares of the
direction cosines of the line from the
origin and the point (2,3,6
Solution:
1. Distance from the origin to the point:
P=
1. Direction cosine along the y axis

3. Sum of the squares of the direction of
the line from the origin and the point
(2,3-6)
Problem:
:.:4: the d i .cosuies :Oii. tb%

x-axis of the line from (-1,2,4) to (1 0 5)
© Find the direction cosines on the
y-axis of the lme from (-1 2 4) to(1 0 5)
© Find the direction cosines on the
Solution:
(D Direction cosines on the x-axis of the
line from (-1, 2, 4) to (1, 0, 5).
X2 - X
Coscx= d
Y2 Y1
Cosß= d
Z2 - Z
Cosy= d
d= J(11)2 + (2O)2 + (45)2
d=‟J4+4+ 1
Cos = 1 -(-1)
Cos cr =
© Direction cosines on the y-axis of the
line from (-1, 2, 4) to (1,, 5)
© Direction cosines on the z-axis from
(-1, 2, 4) to (1, 0, 5).
D=3
Problem:
If the vertices of a triangle are A(0, Ô,0),
B(2, 46)andC(244) : Thni the point, of
.intersectì-cji,f the median of the tnaagle
Find the length of the shortest median
of the tnangle . Find the length of the
longest median
Solution:
Point of intersection of the median of
the triangle:
Point of intersection of the medians:

( )
Length of the shortest median of the

triangle: Coordinates of mid-points:
Point D:
=1 =3
D(1,2,3)
Point E: (2,4,1)
Point F: (1,2,2)
d=
d=4.5x
c. Length of the longest median of the
triangle. d2= 7.35 d3 = 8.31
Length of longest median = 8.31
A warehouse roof needs a rectangular

skylìght wìth vertices (3 0 O‚ (3 3 0),
(0, 0, 4), (0, 3, 4). If the units meters,
find the area of the skylight.
Solution:
Area of a rectangular skylight = (3)(5)
Solution:
Area of rectangular skylight = 3 (5)
Area of rectangular skylight = 15 sq.m.
What ¡s the radius of a sphere

whose center is at the origin that passes
through (8, 1, 6)?
Solution:
(x ¡,)2 + - k) +(z )2 = r2
(8 O)2,(1 O)2+(6 -0)2=r2
r=
Problem:
What is the equation of sphere with
radius 5 and center at (-2,3,5)
Solution:
(x-h)2÷(y-k)2+(z-j)2=25 .
(x+2)2+(y-3)2+(z- 5)2=25
\
59•N Problem:
A sphere has an equation of
1. Find the ratio of the sphere

2. Find the surface area of the sphere
Solution:
OE Centroid of the sphere.
By completing squares
x2-2x+1 +y2+8y+16+z2 +16z+64 = 1 +
16 + 64 - 65
(x- 1)2+(y+4)2+(z+8)2= 16
(x-h)2 + (y - k)+ (z -j) = r2

Centroid (1, -4, -8)
Radius of the sphere.
r2= 16
r=4
© Surface area of the sphere.
S=4
S=4(ii)(16)
S = 64 ir sq.units
50.12 Solid Analytic Geometry
59.17 Problem
A given sphere has an equation of
1. Compute the centrõid of the sphere.

2. Compute the radius the sphere
3. Find the volume of the sphere
Solution:
Centroid of the sphere.

By completing squares:
x2+4x+ 4+y2- 6y + 9+z2- lOz +25+
13.=4+ 9+25
(x+2)2 + (y 3)2 + (z-5)2 = 25
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 + (z-j)2 = r2
Centroid (-2, 3, 5)
1. Radius of the sphere.
r2 = 25
r=5
1. Volume of the sphere.
V= it r
V = 523.6 cu.units
59.18 Problem:
From the given ëquation of a sphere
x2+z2+gx4yL6z± 10=0,
compute the centroid of the sphere.
© Fìnd the volume of the sphere.
© Find the ratio of the volume
to the surface area of the sphere.
50.12 Solid Analytic Geometry
Solution:
1. Centroid of the sphere:
By completing squares:
x2+8x+16+y2 4y + 4 + z2- 6z+ 9+
=16+4÷9
(x+4)2 + (y-2)2 + (z-3)2 = 9
(x+h)2 + (y-k)2 + (z-j)2 = r2
Centroid (- 4,2,3)
1. Volume of the sphere:
Vol. = 36ir cu.units
1. Ratio of volume to surface area:
Surface area = 4 It r2
Surface area = 4it (3)2
Surface area = 36It sq. units. 36it

Ratio
Ratio = 1
59.19 Problem: ________
Find the equation of a sphere of radius 3

and tangent to all three coordinate
places if the center is in the first octant.
Solution:
h=3
k=3
z=3
(xh)2+(yk)2+(ZJ)2 r2
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 + (z 3)2 = (3)2
x2+y2+z2- 6x- 6y- 6z+180=0
59.20 Problem:
Find the volume of the solid having
Coordinates of (O 0 4) (0 6 0) (3 0 )
And (0,0,0)
Solution:
V = Ah/3
V=6(3)/2(4/3)
V= 12 cu.units
59.21 Problem:
Find the volume of the solid bounded by
The plane x + y + z 1 and the coordinate
Planes.
Solution:
V=Ah/3
V= (1)(1)(1)/23
V=1/6
59.22 Problem:
Find the equation of the plane the
(Z t-3.) Parallel to the plane 3x+4y+= 4
Solution:
Equation of plane parallel to 3x+4y+z =4
is equal to 3x+4y+z = k .
3(2) + 4(1) + (-3) = k
3x + 4y + z = 7 (equation of plane)
K=7
3x+4y+z=7 (equation of plane)
59.23 Problem
Find the equabcrn of the plaiie „much
makes equal. angles with the coordrnate
288 cu.
Solution:
V=Ah/3
A=xy/2
V=xyz/2(3)
V=xyz/6
x= 12
y= 12
z= 12
x + y + z = 12
when x and y=O,z= 12
when x and z = 0, y = 12
when y and z=0,x= 12

Equation of plane x + y + z 12
59.24 Problem:
A line makes an angle of 45 with y and

60 with x. What angle does it make with
x?
Solution:
Using the condition for the sum of t
Squares of direction cosine.
Cos a + Cos2 ß + Cos2 y = 1
Cos2 a + Cos2 450 + Cos2 600 = 1
Cos2 a=0.25
Cos a= 0.50
x= 60
59.25 Problem
Find the component of the line

segment from the origin to the point
(6,3,9) on a line whose cosines are
Solution:
(OP)=x Cos
(OP) = 6(2/3) + 3(1/3) + 9(2/3)
(OP) = 4+1+6
(OP)=11
59.26 Problem:
1.Find the length of the radius vector of
(2, 1 3)
2. Find the direction cosine along the

x-axis of the radians vector
3. Find the direction cosme along the

y-axis of the radais vector
Solution:
1. Length of the radius vector of

(2, 1, 3);
P= + =3.74
2. Direction cosine along the x-axis of

the radius vector.
Direction Cosine alone the x-axis of the

radius vector(2, 1, 3)
Cos
6. Direction cosine along the y-axis of
the radius vector.
7. Direction cosine along the z-axis

of the radius vector.
Solution:
1. Length of the rçidius vector of
(2, 1, 3);
P= + =3.74
2. .Direction cosine along the x-axis of

the radius vector.
Direction Cosine alone the x-axis of the

radius vector (2, 1, 3)
7. Direction cosine along the z-axis of
the radius vector.
59.27 Problem:
Find the angle between the radius

vectors of the point (1,1,0) and (3,4,5)
Solution:

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DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS PAGE NO.

1.) EXPONENTS 1-6F

DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS PAGE NO.

DESCRIPTION OF TOPICS PAGE NO.

1.02 ECE Board April 1993:

1.06 CE Board May 1989

How many people had the disease

No. of people having the disease =

 No. of people that contracted the

Find the value of A.

Temp. after 40 min.

How many letters can a new

 No. of letters a clerk can sort after 6

No. of letters an average clerk can

The population density x miles from the

Population density at the center of the

 Population density at 10 miles from

Population at 9000 miles from center

3.11 CE Board Nov. 1998

3.12 ECE Board April 1998

3.13 ECE Board Nov 1998

3.14 ECE Board Nov 1999

Solve for the simplified value of

3.17 EE Board Oct. 1992

Find the value of x.

The is equal to:

What is the value of

If what is the value of

If , find the value of

Evaluate “b” in the following equation:

The logarithm of 1 to any base is:

What is the value of log to the base 10

If the log to the base 3 minus log of 5 to

ln 7.1 is equal to:

If log(9!)=5.5598, what is the log of 10!

log 10! = log(10.9!)

Solve for x: log (2x+7) – log (x-1) = log 5

log (2x+7) – log (x-1) = log 5

Express tanh-1 in terms of natural

Find the value of x if

a) When the roots are

b) When the roots are In the equation , one

c) When the roots are a) -7,-4 c) 8,5

Determine the value of k so that the sum

The equation of whose roots are the

The reciprocal of the roots.

Determine k so that the equation

(so that it will have one

Two engineering students attempt to

If the constant is wrong, then the

If the coefficient of first degree term is

Find the value of k in the quadratic

Find the value of C from the given

Find the value of k from the given

Find the sum of the roots of

Find the value of h in the equation

Find the value of the constant h in the

Note: These numbers indicate

2. The rth term of a binomial expansion 6. Coefficients of the term containing

3. To find the middle term of a binomial

1. Find the term independent of x

Therefore the 6th term is independent of

Coefficient of the 8th term: