Introduction to Chemistry 1.

Extensive – depends on how much

matter is being considered (e.g. mass and
Chemistry volume)
- The study of matter and the changes it 2. Intensive – does not depend on how
undergoes. much matter is being considered (e.g. density)
- Also referred to as the central science, because
this discipline can be applied to other fields such The Atomic Theory
as: biology, physics, geology, ecology, etc.
The atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter
Branches of Chemistry into chemical combination.
1. Inorganic
2. Organic Dalton’s Hypothesis
3. Biochemistry 1. Elements are composed of extremely small
4. Physical particles called atoms. All atoms of a given
5. Analytical element are identical, having the same size,
6. Nuclear mass and chemical properties. The atoms of
7. Natural Products one element are different from the atoms of
8. Polymer other elements.
9. Material 2. Compounds are composed of atoms of more
10. Industrial than one element. In any compound, the ratio of
11. Environmental the number of atoms of any two of the elements
12. Food is either an integer or simple fraction.
3. A chemical reaction involves only the
Matter separation, combination or rearrangement of
- Anything that occupies space and has mass. atoms; it does not result in their creation or
destruction.
Forms of Matter
1. Substance – form of matter that has definite Extension of the Second Hypothesis
composition and distinct properties (e.g. H2O, 1. Law of definite proportions – J. Proust
C11H22O11, NH3, Au,O2) 2. Law of multiple proportions – J. Dalton
2. Mixture – combination of two or more 3. Law of conservation of mass – A.L. Lavoiser
substances that has no constant composition,
however, the identity of each of the substance is Structure of an Atom
retained. A mixture can be homogeneous if the - Atoms consists of subatomic particles
composition is the same all throughout or o Electron, which is the negative charged
heterogeneous if there is no uniform
particle ( - 1.6022 x 10 -19 C)
composition observed.
o Proton, which is the positively charged
Elements and Compounds particles ( + 1.6022 x 10 -19 C)
o Neutron, which is a electrically neutral
1. Element – a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substance by chemical particle.
means. Mostly naturally occurring. o Nucleus, which is a dense central core
2. Compound - substance composed of atoms of found in an atom.
two or more elements chemically united in fixed
The Chemical Symbols, Names, and Composition
proportions.

States of Matter
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas Where A is the atomic mass or mass number and Z
is the atomic number.
Physical and Chemical Properties
1. Physical – can be measured and observed Atomic number = # of protons (always) = # of electrons (sometimes)
without changing the composition or identity of
Mass number = # of protons + # of neutron
substance. (e.g. ice converted to water, paper
cut into pieces) # of neutron = Mass number - # of neutrons
2. Chemical – chemical changes are observed.
(e.g. 2H2O 2H2 + O2 by heating, paper Examples
turned to ashes by burning, rusting iron)
p = 8, e = 8, n = 9
Measurable Properties of Matter
p = 80, e =80, n = 119