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Perfect Participles
Syntax
Grammar » Verbals » Participles
Possession
[-] Particles
Emphatic Particles April 20, 2012

Negative Particles
तो Perfect participles are verbal adjectives that express a state that results from some completed action.
भी
यूँ लड़की बैठी हुई है – “The girl is (in the state of) sitting”
ही
[-] Miscellaneous लड़का सोया हुआ है – “The boy is (in the state of) sleeping”
[-] Affixes
वाला शब्द दरवाजे के ऊपर िलखे हुए हैं – “Words are (in the state of being) written above the door”
Echo Words
They often correspond to English past participles:
Pair Words
Interjections
The girl seated there.
Adverbs
Conditional Sentences The cooked food.
[-] Postpositions
को
Conjunctions The Form of Hindi perfect Participles
[-] Verbals
[-] Participles Hindi perfect participles are formed by suffixing आ, ए, or ई to a verb stem.
Verb Stem + रहा
Habitual Participles आ is used for masculine singular participles, ए is used for masculine plural participles, and ई is used for both feminine singular
Future Participles and plural participles.
Passive Participles
Perfect Participles ए is the masculine oblique ending, and ई is the feminine oblique ending.
Imperfective Participles
Conjunctive Participles Thus, perfect participles follow the same pattern as regular adjectives.

Infinitives
The following table exhibits the pattern for the verb बैठना (“to be seated”).
[-] Verbs
Participle + जाना
GENDER NUMBER PERFECT PARTICIPLE
Compulsion Idioms
Infinitive + होना Masculine Singular बैठा
Modality
Masculine Plural बैठे
[-] Mood
Imperative Mood Feminine Singular बैठी
Presumptive Mood
Subjunctive Mood Feminine Plural बैठी
Aspect
Tense Each of these participles can be translated as English participles, such as “sitting” or “seated”:
Negation
[-] Idiomatic Verbs वहां बैठी हुई लड़की मेरी बिहन है – “The girl sitting over there is my sister”
जाना
चुकना Alternatively, participles may be translated using relative phrases and finite verbs:
िमलना
चाहना वहां बैठी हुई लड़की मेरी बिहन है – “The girl who is sitting over there is my sister”
चािहये
सकना If a verb’s stem terminates with the vowel आ, then the consonant य is inserted between the verb stem and the vowel suffix of the
देना participle:
पाना
लगना खाना: खाया, खाए/खाये, खाई/खायी
होना
[-] Voice If a verb’s stem terminates with the vowel ए, or ओ, the consonant य may be inserted between the stem and the vowel suffix of the
Passive Voice participle:
Causative Verbs
Iterative Constructions सोना: सोया, सोए/सोये, सोई/सोयी
Continuity
Multiple Subjects If a verb’s stem ends with the vowel ई, it is shortened to इ before suffixing a vowel. The consonant य is added before the

Ergativity masculine singular ending, and may optionally be added before other endings. In the feminine singular and plural, the ending
Transitivity coalesces with the final vowel of the verb stem and becomes a single ई.
Indirect Verb Constructions
Compound Verbs पीना: िपया, िपए/िपये, पी
Conjunct Verbs
[-] Basic Verb Forms Some verbs have slightly irregular perfect participles:
Future Perfect
Future Continuous होना: हुआ, हुए, हुई
Future Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous जाना: गया, गए/गए, गई/गयी

Present Perfect Continuous

Future करना: िकया, िकए/िकये, की

Past Perfective
Past Perfect लेना: िलया, िलए/िलये, ली

Present Perfect
Past Continuous देना: िदया, दी/िदए, दी

Present Continuous
Past Habitual perfect participles are often followed by a form of the perfect participle of होना (हुआ, हुए, हुई). The perfect participle of होना agrees

Present Habitual with the main participle in gender, number, and case. The inclusion of a form of the perfect participle of होना may strengthen the
[-] Adjectives aspect of the participle. It can also explicitly differentiate the participle from a finite verb. For instance, consider the following
ऐसा sentence:
Reflexive Adjective
Indefinite Adjectives लड़का बैठा था
Interrogative Adjectives
Superlative Adjectives This sentence is ambiguous. It could express a past state (“the boy was sitting”), or a past action (“the boy had sat”). The inclusion

Comparative Adjectives of a form of the perfect participle of होना disambiguates the sentence:

[-] Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns लड़का बैठा हुआ था – “The boy was sitting”
Indefinite Pronouns
Relative Pronouns The inclusion of हुआ explicitly expresses a state.

Demonstrative Pronouns
Although present participles in English often imply a continuous action (such as “running”, “eating”, etc.), then can also imply
Interrogative Pronouns
states (such as “sitting”, “sleeping”, “standing”). This can create confusion for English speakers when learning Hindi, since in Hindi
Personal Pronouns
imperfective and perfect participles are always distinct.
[-] Nouns
Case
Hindi perfect participles are naturally often used with stative intransitive verbs, such as बैठना (“to be seated”), पकना (“to be
Gender
cooked”), etc., because such verbs express states.

GET CONNECTED खड़ा हुआ आदमी – “The man who is standing” – Note that technically, खड़ा is an adjective, not a participle, though it behaves like a
participle.

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पका हुआ खाना – “The cooked food”

However, perfect participles can also be used with transitive verbs.

NEWS
लाल साड़ी पहनी हुई औरत मेरी मौसी है – “The woman wearing the red sari is my aunt”
JANUARY 8, 2015

Happy New Year 2015!

In the previous example, the transitive verb पहनना (“to wear”) was used as a participle पहनी हुई (“wearing”) with an object साड़ी
Happy new year! Last year, I added about 30
(“sari”).
new... Read

JANUARY 1, 2014
The Usage of perfect Participles in Hindi
Happy New Year 2014!

Happy new year! I was very productive in

perfect participles can be used as adjectives and as adverbs.
2013. I... Read

Adjectival Usage of perfect Participles

LINKS
perfect participles can be used as attributive adjectives and as predicate adjectives. This is different than imperfective participles,
CrazyLassi's Hindi Lessons
which are generally never used as predicate adjectives.

Glovico
Attributive Use of perfect Participles
Hindi Urdu Flagship
perfect participles, like regular adjectives, can be used to attribute a state to another word. They agree with the word they modify

Hindi Verbs in gender, number, and case:

iSpeakHindi
मैंने वहां बैठी हुई लड़की को िकताब दे दी – “I gave the book to the girl sitting over there”

italki Predicate Use of perfect Participles

Jim Becker's Hindi Links perfect participles can be used like predicate adjectives also:

Justlearn बच्चा सोया हुआ है – “the child is asleep”

The participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the word it predicates.
KitaabWorld

If the participle has its own object however, the participle assumes an invariable masculine singular oblique form.
Learning Hindi

औरत साड़ी पहने हुए है – “The woman is wearing a sari”

MindurHindi

Omniglot Adverbial Use of perfect Participles

PicturEverything.com's Online Guide perfect participles can be used adverbially. When used adverbially, perfect participles generally assume the masculine singular
oblique form.

Trying to learn Hindi

Adverbial perfect participles may modify the subject or object of a clause.

Tutorical
मैंने यहाँ खड़े हुए उसको देखा था – “I had seen her while I was standing here”

मैंने उसको यहाँ खड़े हुए देखा था – “I had seen her while she was standing here”

Note the syntax: if the subject performs the action of the participle, the participle follows the subject, but if the object performs the
action of the participle, the participle follows the object. The participle may precede the subject, but a comma should be used to
indicate the unusual word order, just as in English:

यहाँ खड़े हुए, मैंने उसको देखा था – “Standing here, I had seen her”

Adverbial participles may indicate the passage of time since some completed event:

मुझे भारत आए तीन महीने हो गए हैं – “It’s been three months since I came to India”

The postposition िबना (“without”) followed by a masculine singular oblique perfect participle means “without doing something”:

िबना सोचे कुछ फैसला मत करो – “Don’t decide anything without thinking!”

perfect participles can be “possessed” by some word using the postposition का. This idiom often indicates agency (i.e., it indicates
who performed the action resulting in the state of the participle):

यह िचट्ठी मेरी िलखी हुई है – “This letter was written by me” / “I wrote this letter”

मेरा कहा कोई नहीं ध्यान देता – “No one pays attention to what I say”, i.e. “No one pays attention to what is said by me”

In the previous example, the participle is used substantivally: कहा (“said”) becomes “what is said” and मेरा (“my”) indicates the
agent: “no one pays attention to (what is) said by me”.

perfect participles may be reduplicated to indicate the duration of some past action which results in an extended state:

मैं उनके इं तज़ार में खड़ा खड़ा थक गया – “I became tired of standing around and waiting for them”

वे िदन भर बैठे बैठे ऊब गए – “Sitting around all day, they became bored”

« Passive Participles Grammar Imperfective Participl…

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Gonzalo Robert Díaz • 2 years ago

In a TV series, Razia Sultana, a Lahori juglar in the Dehli Sultanate court sings this:
(I hope I am transliterating it correctly)

में इश्कन इश्कन हो गया

दम मस्त जलंदर
मस्त हो गया

What of the participle uses described in this lesson would हो गया be?
Thanks in advance.
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hindilanguage.info Mod > Gonzalo Robert Díaz • 2 years ago • edited

Hi! हो गया is a verb. It means something like "became". It's a special form of verb called a "compound verb". You
can read about them here: http://hindilanguage.info/h...
होना means "to be" or "to happen", etc. When it is used with जाना (e.g. गया in your example), there is a sense of
change: "to become", etc. Let me know if you have any questions.
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Gonzalo Robert Díaz > hindilanguage.info • 2 years ago

Understood, thank you!
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Divija Sampathi • 5 years ago

What would be the translation of the sentence "Tell him to come here".. I am thinking it to be "usko bataao voh yahan
aaye"..Am I wrong anywhere? Kindly lemme know
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hindilanguage.info Mod > Divija Sampathi • 5 years ago • edited

You could say "usse kaho ki wo yahan aaye". Also, you could say "usse yahan aane ko kaho", etc.
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kamlesh • 8 years ago

very nice..:)
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hindilanguage.info Mod > kamlesh • 8 years ago

Thank you!
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