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k2
√ q
k2
V (X) = E(X 2 ) − E 2 (X) = k − 4 , σX = V = k− 4 = 0.866
1
e. Φ(1.37) = .9147
f. 1 − Φ−1.75 = .9599
i. 1 − Φ(1.5) = .0668
a. You can find .9838 is found in the 2.1 row and the .04 column of the
standard normal table (Table A-3 page A-7) so c = 2.14 .
a. Φ(c) = .9100 ⇒ c ≈ 1.34 (Use the table. 0.9099 is the entry in the 1.3
row, 0.04 column)
b. Since the normal distribution is symmetric with mean 0, 9th percentile
= -91st percentile = -1.34
c. Φ(c) = .7500 ⇒ c ≈ .675 since .7486 and .7517 are in the .67 and .68
entries of the table, respectively.
d. 25th percentile = -75th percentile = -.675
e. Φ(c) = .06 ⇒ c -1.555 (.0594 and .0606 appear as the -1.56 and -1.55
entries of the table, respectively).
Exercise 5.6 (Devore 4.32).
a. P (X ≤ 15) = Φ( 15−15.0
1.25 ) = Φ(0) = .5
2
c. P (X ≥ 10) = 1 − P (X < 10) = 1 − Φ( 10−15
1.25 ) = 1 − Φ(−4) =
1 − .00003 = .99997≈ 1
d. P (14 ≤ X ≤ 18) = P (X ≤ 18) − P (X < 14) = Φ( 18−15 14−15
1.25 ) − Φ( 1.25 ) =
Φ() − Φ(2.4) − Φ(−.8) = .9918 − .2119 = .7799
e. P (|X − 15| ≤ 3) = P (−3 ≤ X − 15 ≤ 3) = P (12 ≤ X ≤ 18) = P (X ≤
18) − P (X < 12) = Φ( 18−15 12−15
1.25 ) − Φ( 1.25 ) = Φ(2.4) − Φ(−2.4) =
.9918 − .0082 = .9836
Exercise 5.7 (Devore 4.34).
3
Φ( 10.256−µ
σ ) = .9. From the normal tables, this means 10.256−µ
σ = z.9 = 1.28, so
10.256 − µ = 1.28σ ⇒ µ + 1.28σ = 10.256.
If 5 % or resistors have a resistance smaller than 9.671 ohms, then 9.671 ohms
is the 5th percentile on the normal distribution of resistances: N(µ, σ 2 ). Hence
Φ( 9.671−µ
σ ) = .05. From the normal tables, this means 9.671−µ
σ = z.05 = −1.64,
so 9.671 − µ = −1.64σ ⇒ µ − 1.64σ = 9.671.
µ + 1.28σ = 10.256
µ − 1.64σ = 9.671
we get µ = 10 and σ = .2
4
b.
c.
The comparisons are pretty good, but they decrease as p goes from .5 to .8. In
general, the normal approximation improves with large n (for a smoother
binomial pdf) and p close to .5 (for a binomial pdf without much skew).
Exercise 5.13 (Devore 4.54). p
p = .10 and n = 200, so µX = np = 20, and σX = np(1 − p) = 18 = 4.243.
Let Y ∼ N (20, 18). Then, Y approximates X. Using the normal
approximation:
a. P (X ≤ 30) ≈ P (Y ≤ 30.5) = Φ( 30.5−20
4.243 ) = Φ(2.47) = .9932
1
a. E(X) = λ =1
1
b. σX = λ =1
5
P(between 2 and 3 hours) = P (2 ≤ X ≤ 3) = P (X ≥ 2) − P (X > 3) =
P (X ≥ 2) − (1 − P (X ≤ 3)) = .480 − (1 − 0.667) (from the previous 2
calculations) = .147
6
c. This question asks for the median m of X. By definition, F (m) = .5, so:
α
1 − e−(m/β) = .5
α
.5 = e−(m/β)
α
m
log(.5) = −
β
α
m
log(2) =
β
m = β[log(2)]1/α = 200[log(2)]1/2.5 = 172.727
a. P (X = 1, Y = 1) = p(1, 1) = .20
a. p(1, 1) = .15 , the entry in the 1st row and 1st column of the joint
probability table.
b. P (X1 = X2 ) = p(0, 0) + p(1, 1) + p(2, 2) + p(3, 3) =
.08 + .15 + .10 + .07 = .40
c. A = {(x1 , x2 ) | x1 ≥ 2 + x2 } ∪ {(x1 , x2 ) | x2 ≥ 2 + x1 }
P (A) = p(2, 0) + p(3, 0) + p(4, 0) + p(3, 1) + p(4, 1) + p(4, 2) + p(0, 2) +
p(0, 3) + p(1, 3) = .22
7
E(X1 ) = 0 · .19 + 1 · .3 + 2 · .25 + 3 · .14 + 4 · .12 = 1.7
b. P2 (0) = P (X2 = 0) = p(0, 0) + p(1, 0) + p(2, 0) + p(3, 0) + p(4, 0) = .19,
etc.