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Introduction
Flowers, the Reproductive organs
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed: formation and dispersal
Germination
Introduction
Flowers, the Reproductive organs
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed: formation and dispersal
Germination
Introduction
Flowers, the Reproductive organs
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed: formation and dispersal
Germination
Petals
Stamens
Carpels
All structures described previously all attached to expanded end of flower stalk
= Receptacle
Introduction
Flowers, the Reproductive organs
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed: formation and dispersal
Germination
Different
Same plant plants
1. Insects recognises flower thanks to colour (and scent) of petals: there is nectar here
2. Insect lands on petals
3. On its way to the nectary, insect brushes against anther
4. Pollen grains stick onto insect’s body
5. Insect flies to another flower
6. Insect brushes against sticky stigma
7. Pollen grains transferred from insect to stigma
No nectar, no nectary
No brightly coloured or scented petals
Petals may be small or absent: replaced by bracts
Feathery stigma
Pine tree cereal
“Adaptation”
During evolution of the plant, structure and physiology of flower
has been modified to improve the chances of successful pollination by insects
sticky
Self-pollination:
Introduction
Flowers, the Reproductive organs
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed: formation and dispersal
Germination
gamete zygote
gamete
Introduction
Flowers, the Reproductive organs
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed: formation and dispersal
Germination
In mono- and dicotyledons, outer wall of ovule thickens and hardens: seed coat = testa
Introduction
Flowers, the Reproductive organs
Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed: formation and dispersal
Germination
- Activate the enzymes in the cotyledons: starch to glucose, proteins to amino acids
- Transport glucose and amino acids from cotyledons/endosperm to growing regions
- Expand vacuoles in new cells for root and shoot growth
- Maintain turgor to keep shoot upright and leaves expanded
- Photosynthesis when leaves are formed
- Transport mineral ions absorbed in roots to growing regions
If seeds germinate in late autumn, soon winter conditions may kill the young plants