MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT

Mandibular movements (GPT 8): Any movement in lower jaw.

ACCORDING TO OKESON:

By Okeson1:-

A. Based on the dimension involved in movement:-

 Rotation around the transverse or hinge axis.

 Rotation around the anteroposterior or Sagittal axis.

 Rotation around the vertical axis

 Translation in time.

B. According to the type of movement occurring in the TMJ:-

1) Rotational movements

 Horizontal axis of rotation

 Frontal axis of rotation
 Sagittal axis of rotation

2) Translational movement

C. Based on type of movement:-

 Hinge movement
 Protrusive movement
 Retrusive movement
 Lateral movement

D. Based on extent of movement:-

1) Border movement

 Extreme movements in horizontal plane

 Extreme movement in Sagittal plane
 Extreme movement in vertical plane
 Envelope of motion

2) Intra border movements

 Functional movements: Chewing cycle, swallowing,

yawning, speech
 Parafunctional movements: Clenching, Bruxism and other
habitual movements
ANY MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT IS THE RESULT OF INTERACTIONS OF A NUMBER OF
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS. THESE INCLUDE THE –

 Anatomy and physiology of temporomandibular joint,

 Contacts of opposing teeth,
 Action of the controlling and moving muscles as directed by neurophysiological activities and
 Rotational axis of the mandible.

ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT:

In the TMJ, the rotation occurs as movement within the Inferior joint cavity.

TERMINAL HINGE AXIS:

•When the condyles are in their most superior position in the articular fossae and the mouth is purely rotated
open, the axis around which movement occurs.

Frontal (vertical) axis of rotation: Mandibular movement around the frontal axis occurs when one condyle
moves anteriorly out of terminal hinge position with the vertical axis of opposite condyle remaining in the
terminal hinge position.

Sagittal axis of rotation: Mandibular movement around the sagittal axis occurs when one condyle moves
inferiorly while the other remains in the terminal hinge position.

TRANSLATIONAL MOVEMENT:

Defined as a movement in which every point of the moving object has simultaneously the same velocity &
direction .

BASED ON EXTENT OF MOVEMENT

 Border movement
 Intraborder movement

SINGLE-PLANE BORDER MOVEMENTS

 Sagittal border & functional movements

 Horizontal border & functional movements
 Frontal border & functional movements
SAGITTAL PLANE BORDER & FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS:

 Four distinct movement components:

 Posterior opening border
 Anterior opening border
 Superior contact border
 Functional

Posterior Opening Border Movements: In the sagittal plane occurs as two-stage hinging movement.

First stage:

 In CR the mandible can be rotated around the horizontal axis 20-25mm

 At this point TM ligaments tighten continued opening results in anterior and inferior translation of the
condyle.

Second stage:

 Opening beyond 20-25mm --Condyles translate ---Location of the axis of ---Rotation shifts to the rami
Condyles moving anteriorly ---& inferiorly & the anterior portion of mandible is moving posteriorly and
inferiorly ---Maximum opening is reached when the capsule ligament prevent further movement of
condyles9 Maximum opening is in range of ---40-60mm)

Anterior Opening Border Movements:

 If the condyle were stabilized in this anterior position, a hinge movement can occur ,when mandible is
closing from maximally opened to maximum protruded position.
 Because the maximum protrusive position is determined in part by stylomandibular ligaments, when
closure occurs, tightening of ligaments produces a posterior movement of the condyles
Superior Contact Border Movements: Of The Occluding Surfaces Of The Teeth

Its precise delineation depends on 5 factors:

 Amount of variation between centric relation and maximum intercuspation.

 The steepness of the cuspal inclines of the posterior teeth.
 Amount of vertical and horizontal overlap of anterior teeth.
 Lingual morphology of maxillary anterior teeth.
 General interarch relationships of the teeth.

Funtional Movement

Occur during functional activity of the mandible.

• Usually occur within border movements therefore considered free movements.

HORIZONTAL PLANE BORDER & FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS:

Traditionally GOTHIC ARCH TRACER used for recording mandibular movement in horizontal plane.

components:

 Left lateral border

 Continued left lateral border with protrusion
 Right lateral border
 Continued right lateral border with protrusion

Left lateral border movements:

 With the condyles in the centric relation position,, the result will be a left lateral border movement.
 Left condyle…>rotating condyle / working condyle
 Right condyle…>orbiting condyle/nonworking condyle

Right lateral border movements:

 Mandible comes back to the CR the right lateral border movements

 Left condyleorbiting condyle…..as it orbiting around the frontal axis of the right condyle.
 Right condylerotating condyle…because the mandible is rotating around it.
Functional movements:

 Occur near the ICP During chewing the range of jaw movements begins some distance from maximum
intercuspal position; but as the food is broken down into smaller particles, jaw action moves closer and
closer to intercuspal position.

FRONTAL (VERTICAL) BORDER &FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS:

A shield-shaped pattern can be seen that has a functional component, & four distinct movement components:-

 Left lateral superior border.

 Left lateral opening border.
 Right lateral superior border
 Right lateral opening border

Left lateral superior border movements:

 With the mandible in the maximum intercuspation ,a lateral movement is made to the left .
 Inferiorly concave path.

Left lateral opening border movements:-

 Laterally convex path.

Right lateral superior border movements:

 From maximum intercuspation position a lateral movement is made to the right. Slight differences may
occur due to tooth contacts.

Funtional movements:

 Begin and end at the Intercuspal position.

 During chewing mandible drops directly inferiorly until desired opening is achieved.
  It then shifts to the side on which the bolus is placed and rises up .in maximum intercuspation bolus is
broken down between opposing teeth. In the final millimeter of closure, the mandible shifts back to the
intercuspal position.

FUNCTIONS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS:

The three major functions of mandibular movements are

 Mastication,
 Swallowing,
 Speech.
 Secondary functions aid in respiration and expression of emotions.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS

A prosthodontist designs prosthesis to replace the lost teeth. For replacement of missing teeth and restoring
function, knowledge of the mandibular movements is essential, it helps the dentist in:

 Selecting and programming of articulators.

 Understanding the occlusion.
 Treating TMJ disturbances.
 Development of tooth for dental restorations.
 Arranging artificial teeth.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Ferrario et al. (1992) Int J Prosthodont.

 They found that males have a significantly greater mean value of vertical rest position than do females.
There is no gender difference in mean value of maximum opening.

REFRENCES

1) Jeffery P. Okeson. Management of temporomandibular disorders and occlusion, 5th edition.

2) Charles M. Heartwell. Syllabus of complete denture, 4 th edition.