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Ans. Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of (warp & weft) yarns at right angles in a prede-termined pattern.
Ans. Putting required number of yarn packages in the creels, in desired order, in order to make warper’s beam.
Figure shows a creel.
Fig. A Creel
Q. How many types of creeling are done in warp preparation process?
Ans. Magazine creel, reversible creel, duplicate creel and truck creel.
Ans. Warper’s beam: A beam on which yarn is wound on the warping machine.
Weaver’s beam: A roller on which large flanges are usually fixed so that a warp may be wound on it in readiness
for weaving.
Q. What is direct or beam warping system?
Ans. The winding of the total number of warp ends in full width in a single operation from creeled bobbins,
either onto a weaver’s beam, or on to a sectional beam.
For example;
number of warp yarns = 3360
creel capacity = 560
Number of warp beams = totoal number of warp yarns/creel capacity
= 3360/560
= 6
Ans. In this warping system several sections are wound in sequence and parallel to each other on a drum.
Ans. Every loom requires three primary motions to produce woven fabric :
1. Shedding
2. Picking
3. Beating-up
Ans. 1. Let-off
2. Take-up
3. Weft selection
Ans. Warp protectors are only necessary in looms which use a free flying media to insert the weft, such as a
shuttle or a projectline. They stop the loom before beat-up can occur if the media fails to be arrested in the correct
position after it has traversed the loom.
Q. What is drawing-in?
Ans. • Shedding
• Picking
• Beating up
• Take up and let off
Ans. It is a primary motion in weaving that does separation of warp threads, according to pattern, to allow for
weft insertion or picking prior to beating. It is the mechanism that raises certain harnesses above the others.
Yarns that pass through the heald eyes in those harnesses are raised above that are not controlled by the raised
harnesses. In this way, a sheet of warp yarns is up, and a sheet of yarns is down. The space between two yarn
sheets is called “shed”.
Q. What are open shedding, semi open shedding and closed shedding methods?
Fig. Open-shedding
Closed shedding: It is a method of forming a shed in which all warp threads are brought to the same level after the
insertion of each pick of weft. They are of two types i.e., bottom closed and centre closed sheddings. The
difference between them is that the terms ‘bottom’ and ‘centre’ indicate the position of the warp threads when at
rest.
Ans. Picking is the second operation of the weaving process. After the shed has been formed, the length of
weft is inserted through the shed.
Ans. Beating-up is the third operation of the weaving cycle. As soon as a weft yarn is inserted, the reed
pushes or beats-up the weft to the fell of the cloth.
Ans. The fell of the cloth is the edge which is nearest to the reed as the cloth is being woven. In other words,
beating-up occurs when the reed pushes the newly inserted weft against the fell of the cloth (Refer fig.).
Q. What is temple?
Ans. It is a device used in weaving to hold fabric at the fell as near as possible to the width of the warp in the
reed.
Ans. This is the motion which delivers warp to the weaving area at the required rate and at a suitable constant
tension by unwinding it from a flanged tube known as the weaver’s beam.
Q. What are positive and negative let -off (warp control) motions?
Ans. Positive let off motion: A mechanism controlling the rotation of the beam on a weaving or other fabric
forming machine where the beam is driven mechanically.
Negative let off motion: A mechanism controlling the rotation of the beam on a weaving or other fabric forming
machine where the beam is pulled round by warp against a braking force applied to beam.
Ans. This is the motion that withdraws fabric from the weaving area at a constant rate. It ensures that the
required pick spacing is maintained, and then winds it onto the cloth roller.
Ans. It is the form of weaving in which two adjacent warp yarns cross each other between the picks.
Ans. A warp pile fabric in which loops are created, without positive assistance, by varying the relative positions
of the fell and the reed. A high tension is applied to the ground warp and a very low tension to the pile warp.
Ans. The tapping shedding system is a motion of tappets and cams that cause shafts to be raised to form the
shed. The mechanical arrangement of this system occupies so much of space that it can accomodate maximum
of eight shafts and that is why its eight shafts represent maximum size of its weave repeat. This limits to the
weaving of plain weaves, simple twills and simple sateen and satin weaves. Incase, the repeat of the desired
design require more than eight shafts, then a dobby loom has to be used. Fig. shows tappet shedding with roller
reversing.
Ans. A mechanism for controlling the heald shafts of a loom. It is required when the number of heald shafts or the
number of picks in repeat of pattern or both are beyond the capacity of tappet shedding This is a shedding system
capable of having upto 32 shafts. Being able to accomodate up to 32 shafts, a much greater weave repeat and
complicated design is possible.
Ans. This shedding system has no shafts. A harness consisting of as many cords as there are ends in the warp
sheet connects each end individually to the Jacquard machine situated high above the loom. Therefore, each warp
can weave independently of all the others. Since each warp yarn can be controlled individually, the greatest weave
repeat is possible . This enables most intricate designs to be woven. Fig.1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 show single lift
jacquard shedding, double lift jacquard shedding, double lift jacquard shedding formation and electronic jacquard
respectively.
Fig.1.1 : Single lift jacquard shedding Fig.1.2 :Double lift jacquard shedding
Fig.1.3 : Double lift jacquard shedding formation
Shuttleless loom:
1. Projectile or gripper loom
2. Rapier loom
3. Air jet loom
4. Water jet loom
Ans. Healds
Shuttle
Warp sheet
Rapier is a flexible steel tape, one end of which takes the filling yarn half the width of the fabric to
the centre of the shed where a second rapier picks up the yarn and takes it the remaining half of
the fabric across the shed. Sometimes there is sysytem of single rapier that takes the filling yarn
across the fabric and then empty rapier returns back leaving the new filling yarn in place. Different
rapier systems are shown in figure.
Ans. In water jet loom, a water jet is propelled across the shed with the force, that takes the filling yarn to the
other side.
Ans. Selvedge is the woven edge portion of a fabric parallel to the warp edge. It is a firmer construction than
rest of the fabric that provides neat edge and a secure grip for fininshing machines.
Usually the selvedge has an increased number of ends per inch. Selvedges may contain special effects or brand
names or fabric descriptions woven into them.
Ans. Tuck-in selvedge is formed by tucking-in protruding portions of each pick into the next warp shed, alongside
the new pick, and beating them up together with it.
Ans. Leno selvedge is formed by one or more pairs of strong, highly tensioned ends that interface with the weft
on the leno principle. Warp threads are crossed and interwoven into the edges of the fabric.
Ans. Fused selvedge is the thermoplastic warp and weft that are welded together by heat and pressure.
Ans. Helical selvedge is formed by nipping each pick between two strong, highly tensioned ends which interwine
continuously, each end having a helical configuration.
Ans. Double-pick interwoven selvedge is formed by interweaving a strong selvedge end with the legs of the
protruding loops, using a small reciprocating shuttle.
Ans. Inserted selvedgeis formed by inserting additional short double picks of strong fine yarn by means of a
reciprocating needle.
Ans. Traditional selvedge is formed without making special provision on a shuttle loom weaving plain cloth.
Ans. This is the type of weave in which floating threads are carried on the surface of the fabric and introduced at
intervals to form the patterns. The floats are not long and the patterns are usually geometric, i.e. zigzag stripes in
white yarn on a coloured plain weave ground.
Ans. This is the type of automatic loom in which the loom takes the empty bobbin from the shuttle and
automatically relpaces it with a new, full bobbin into the same shuttle. This exchange is made without stopping
the loom. In this case, the weaver is restricted to one shuttle and one colour warp yarn ( called battery type).
Another new type can use four colours in the warp.
Q. What is narrow fabric?
Ans. This is the type of any textile fabric made by interlacing fibres or yarns which does not exceed 45 cm ( in
the U. K.) and does not exceed 30 cm ( in the U. S. A. and other counries). Narrow fabrics are characterised by
the edges, which are the essential feature.
Ans. This is the type of loom used for making narrow fabrics.
Ans. This is the type of shuttleless weaving machine in which the weft is drawn from a stationary supply and
introduced into the shed in the form of a double-pick by a weft inserter needle. The weft is retained at the opposite
selvedge by the action of knittting or by the introduction of a locking thread from a separate supply.
Ans. Any weave which varies or combines the basic weaves, plain, satin and twill.
Ans. This is the type of loom meant for narrow fabric such as ribbons and tapes, the picking being done by a
special type of small shuttle controlled by a swivel.
Ans. A fabric in which figure is achieved by the introduction of additional weft threads into base fabric to
produce small clipped woven-in-spot effects. The figuring yarn is fed from a series of shuttles mounted over the top
of the weaving surface.
Ans. It is a method of making woven plain or patterned narrow fabrics, where warp is controlled by tablets made
of thin, stiff material, e.g. cardboard, plastic, bone, etc. Tablets are usually about 5 to 10 cm square, although
other shapes, e.g. triangles, hexagons, etc. are also used. Each tablet has a hole at each corner through the warp
yarns are threaded. Rotating the tablets controls the rise and fall of the warp yarns.
Ans. A loom having two or more shuttles used for weaving fabrics containing weft yarns different as to size,
twist or colour.