When do we use the relative

pronouns who, which, whose and that?
who → when we talk about people

which → when we talk about things

whose → instead of his/her or their

We also use that for who/which.

MODAL CONCEPT EXAMPLE

Can  Ability: Julie can swim.

Permission: Can I come with you? ('May' is also used.)

Offers:  Can I help you?

Could Possibility: That story could be true - who knows!

Past ability: Charlie could swim when he was four years old.

Permission: Could I use your phone please?

Requests:  Could you tell me the way to the station please?

May Possibility: The President may come to our offices if the

meeting finishes before 5 pm.

Permission: May I borrow your dictionary?

 Might Slight possibility : We might win a prize but I doubt it.

Past form of 'may' The President said he might come.

in reported speech:

Must Obligation: Dogs must be kept on a lead.

Logical deduction: You must be tired after your long journey.

Mustn't Prohibition: You mustn't tell Alex. It's a surprise!

Should Advice: You should take an umbrella in case it rains.

Logical deduction: I've revised so I should be ready for the test.

Ought to Advice: You ought to write to your grandmother.

Logical deduction: 30 € ought to be enough for the taxi.

Shall Future tense auxiliary: I shall be in London on Monday (or I'll be ...).

Offers/suggestions Shall I order a taxi?

with ''I' and 'we': Shall we begin the meeting now?

Will Future tense auxiliary: The ticket will cost about 50€.

Invitations/offers:  Will you join us for coffee? Won't you come in?

You should go to the doctor you ought to go to the doctor

semi-modals
Semi-modal verbs are composed of two or more separate words ending with ‘to’.
Have to / have got to - be able to - ought to  are examples of semi-modal verbs

need to ought to has to ( he, she, it ) have to ( I , YOU, WE,THEY

FEW LITTLE
- Significa "algunos", "unos - Significa "algo", "un poco".
pocos". - Se utiliza con sustantivos
- Se utiliza con sustantivos incontables.
contables. - Little también puede significar
"pequeño".
· There were only a few people at · Very little is needed to make a
the meeting. happy life.
· Zimbabwe has lots of safaris, · We think too much and feel too
but very few are African. little.

Uses of For

Example sentence Verb Tense

They exercise for two hours every day. Present tense

They are exercising for three hours today. Present continuous
He has lived in Moscow for a long time. Present perfect
He has been living in Turin for three
Present perfect continuous
months.
I worked at the service station for five years. Past tense
He will be in hospital for at least a week. Future tense
However, we don't use For with expressions such as all day or all the time.

 I was there all day. (Correct)

 I was there for all day. (Incorrect)

For/since

The words for and since are used in sentences where the speaker

wants to talk about something that started in the past and continues
into the present.

For is used when specifying the amount of time (how long):

 I've had this watch for more than 40 years.

 I've only known her for a few weeks.
  He's been here for 6 months and still can't speak a word of German.
 She's been smoking for a long time. No wonder she coughs so much!

Since is used when specifying the starting point:

 I've had this watch since 1965.

 I've only known her since the beginning of last week.
 He's been here since April and he still can't speak a word of German.
 She's been smoking since she started grade 5. No wonder she coughs

 so much!


 Although: aunque, despite: a pesar de
 1. Después de although se usa un sujeto
( pronombre) más verbo:
 Although it rained alot, we enjoyed our holiday.
 I didn’t get job although I had all the necessary.

 2. Despúes de in spite of o despite, usamos un
sustantivo ( this, that, what etc ) or ing:

 In spite of the rain, we enjoy our holiday
 I didn’t get the job in spite of having all the
necessary qualifications.
 She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she went to
work.
 I spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.

 GET ON: LLEVARSELA BIEN
 GET ALONG: LLEVARSELA BIEN
 GET DOWN: BAJARSE, DESANIMAR, ESCRIBIR
 GET BACK: REGRESAR
 GETA BACK AT: VENGARSE DE

 GET IN WITH: JUNTARSE CON ALGUIEN
 GET IN ON: FORMAR PARTE DE
 GET LOOk IN: TENER UNA OPORTUNIDAD



 WHAT A : PERO QUE TAN so

 WHAT A NICE DAY
 WHAT A BEAUTIFUL GIRL

 WHAT A HOT DAY


 ON LEAVING ( al ) acompañado de un verbo con ing.
 ON WORKING


 HAVING WORKED ( habiendo ) se usa having acompañado de un
verbo en partcipio.

 HAVING DANCED

 HAVING SPOKEN