4th Concept: The Energy density of Universe

The Universe is made up of three things:

VACUUM
MATTER
PHOTONS (radiation fields)
The total energy density of the universe is made up of
the sum of the energy density of these three
components.
! (t ) = ! vac + ! matter + ! rad

From t=0 to t=109 years the universe has expanded by

R(t).

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Energy Density of expanding box
volume R 3
N particles
particle mass m momentum p
2
p
energy E = hν = m 2c 4 + p2c 2 = m c 2 + + ...
2m

Radiation: ( m = 0 )
Hot neutrino: ( p >> mc > 0 )
Cold gas or Cold DM ( p << mc) λ ∝ R (wavelengths stretch) :
E ≈ m c 2 = const hc
E = hν =
−1
∝R
N m c2 λ
εM ≈ ∝ R −3
N hν
R3 εR = ∝ R −4

R3
 COBE spectrum of CMB

A perfect Blackbody !
No spectral lines -- strong test of Big Bang.
Expansion preserves the blackbody spectrum.
T(z) = T0 (1+z) T0 ~ 3000 K z ~ 1100
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Acronyms in Cosmology
•  Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR)
–  Or CMB (microwave because of present temperature 3K)
–  Tutorial: Argue about 105 photons fit in a 10cmx10cmx10cm
microwave oven. [Hint: 3kT = h c / λ ]

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Cosmic Neutrino Background:
neutrinos (Hot DM) decouple from electrons (due to
very weak interaction) while still hot (relativistic 0.5
Mev ~ kT >mc2 ~ 0.02-2 eV)
Presently there are 3 x 113 neutrinos and 452 CMB photons per cm3 .
Details depend on
Neutrinos have 3 species of spin-1/2 fermions while photons are 1
species of spin-1 bosons
Neutrinos are a wee bit colder, 1.95K vs. 2.7K for photons [during
freeze-out of electron-positions, more photons created]
Initially mass doesn t matter in hot universe
relativistic (comparable to photon number density ~ R-3 ~ T3 ),
frequent collisions with other species to be in thermal equilibrium and cools
with photon bath.
Photon numbers (approximately) conserved, so is the number of relativistic
massive particles

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Concept: Particle-Freeze-Out?
Freeze-out of equilibrium means NO LONGER in
thermal equilibrium.
Freeze-out temperature means a species of
particles have the SAME TEMPERATURE as
radiation up to this point, then they bifurcate.

Decouple = switch off the reaction chain

= insulation = Freeze-out

AS 4022 Cosmology
 a massive particle
CDM/WIMPs: Cold Dark Matter, weakly-interact massive
particles
–  If DM decoupled from photons at kT ~ 1014K ~ 0.04 mc2
–  Then that dark particles were
– non-relativistic (v/c << 1), hence “cold”.
– And massive (m >> mproton =1 GeV)

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Eq. of State for Expansion
& analogy of baking bread
Vacuum~air holes in bread

Matter ~nuts in bread

▲►
▼◄ ▼▼
!
!!
Photons ~words painted

▲►
▼▼ !!
▼◄
Verify expansion doesn t
change Nhole, Nproton, Nphoton
No Change with rest energy of a
proton, changes energy of a photon

AS 4022 Cosmology
 " (t ) = ! eff (t )c 2
" (t )
2
= ! eff (t )
c
VACUUM ENERGY: ! = constant " E vac # R3

MATTER:
! R3 = constant, " m # constant

RADIATION:number of photons Nph = constant

Wavelength stretches :λ ~ R
N ph hc 1
" n ph ! 3 Photons:E = hυ = ~
R λ R
hc 1
⇒ ε ph ~ n ph × ~ 4
λ R
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Total Energy Density r ho c2 =epsilon
is given by:
! " ! vac + ! matter + ! ph

!R 0 " R!4
!3
"R

Log epsilon Radiation

Dominated
Matter
n=-4 Vacuum
Dominated
Dominated
n=-3
n=0

R
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Tutorial: Typical scaling of
expansion
H2=(dR/dt)
!
2/R2=8πG (ρ + ρ + ρ + ρ )/3
cur m r v
R 2
4! G " R2

Assume #
domination =by
csta component ρ ~ R-n
2 3
Show Typical Solutions Are
" $ R# n $ t #2
n = 2(curvature constant dominate)
n = 3(matter dominate)
n = 4(radiation dominate)
n ~ 0(vaccum dominate) : ln( R) ~ t
Argue also H = (2/n) t-1 ~ t-1. Important thing is scaling!
Tutorial: Eternal Static (R=cst) and
flat (k=0) Universe Vacuum
Dominated
Einstein introduced Λ
Critical
to enable an eternal static universe. Empty Sub-
Cycloid
⎛ 8π G ρ + Λ ⎞ 2
Critical

⎥
R =⎜
2
⎟R −kc
2

⎝ 3 ⎠
2
3 k c
R⎥ = 0 → Λ = 2
− 8π G ρ
R
Einstein' s biggest blunder. (Or, maybe not.)
Static models unstable.
R
Fine tuning.

t
 Density - Evolution - Geometry
H2 - (8πG/3) ρ = -kc2 R-2, where H=(dR/dt/R)
R(t)
ρ < ρc
Open
t k = -1

ρ = ρc Flat k
=0

ρ > ρc Closed k
= +1

3 H0 2 1.4 ×1011
Msun
ρc ≡ ≈ 10−26kg m−3 ≈
8π G (Mpc) 3
AS 4022 Cosmology
 E.g.,: Empty Universe
without vacuum Vacuum
Dominated
⎛ 8π G ρ + Λ ⎞ 2
R⎥ = ⎜
2
⎟R −kc
2

⎝ 3 ⎠ Critical

Empty Sub-
Set ρ = 0, Λ = 0. Then R⎥ = −k c
2 2 Cycloid
Critical

→ k = −1 ( negative curvature )
R⎥ = c, R = c t
R⎥ 1 R
H≡ =
R t
R 1
age : t0 = 0 =
c H0
t
Negative curvature drives
rapid expansion/flattening
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Four Pillars of Hot Big Bang
Galaxies moving apart from each other
Redshift or receding from each other
Universe was smaller.
Helium production outside stars
Universe was hot, at least 3x109K to fuse 4H  He, to overcome a
potential barrier of 1MeV.

Nearly Uniform Radiation 3K Background (CMB)

Universe has cooled, hence expanded by at least a factor 109. Photons
(3K~10-5eV) are only 10-3 of baryon energy density, so photon-to-
proton number ratio ~ 10-3(GeV/10-5eV) ~ 109
Missing mass in galaxies and clusters (Cold DM)
Cluster potential well is deeper than the potential due to baryons.
CMB fluctuations: photons climb out of random potentials of DM.
If 1/10 of the matter density in 1GeV protons, 9/10 in dark particles of
e.g. 9GeV, then dark-to-proton number density ratio ~ 1

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Cosmic Distance Ladder!
Hubble Law

Galaxies

Type Ia Supernovae
HST
Cepheids
Hipparco
s Parallax

Distance
 H0 from the HST Key Project
H 0 ≈ 72 ± 3 ± 7 km s -1 Mpc −1

Freedman, et al.
2001 ApJ 553,
47.

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Re-collapse or Eternal Expansion ?
Inflation => expect FLAT GEOMETRY
CRITICAL DENSITY
Empty
Size of Universe R(t)

Open

Flat

1/H0
Closed

Now

Time BIG CRUNCH !

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Hubble Parameter Evolution -- H(z)
⎛ ⎥
R ⎞2
8π G Λ k c 2
H2 ≡ ⎜ ⎟ = ρ+ − 2 x =1 + z = R0 R
⎝R⎠ 3 3 R
3 H02
H2 k c2 ρc =
= Ω R x 4
+ Ω M x 3
+ Ω Λ − x 2
8π G
H02 H0 2 R0 2
ρM ρ
kc 2
ΩM ≡ , ΩR ≡ R
evaluate at x = 1 → 1 = Ω0 − 2 2 ρc ρc
H 0 R0
ρ Λ
Dimensionless Friedmann Equation: ΩΛ ≡ Λ =
H2 ρc 3 H 0 2
= Ω x 4
+ Ω x 3
+ Ω + (1 − Ω ) x 2
H0 2 R M Λ 0
Ω 0 ≡ Ω M + ΩR + Ω Λ
Curvature Radius today:
⎧k = +1 Ω0 >1
c k ⎪ Density
R0 = → ⎨k = 0 Ω0 =1
H0 Ω 0 −1 ⎪k = −1 determines
⎩ Ω0 <1 Geometry
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Possible
Universes
Vacuum
Dominated

km/s
H 0 ≈ 70 Critical
Mpc Cycloid

ΩM ~ 0.3 Empty Sub-Critical

ΩΛ ~ 0.7
ΩR ~ 8×10−5
Ω = 1.0

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Precision Cosmology
h = 71 ± 3 expanding
Ω = 1.02 ± 0.02 flat
Ω b = 0.044 ± 0.004 baryons
Ω M = 0.27 ± 0.04 Dark Matter
Ω Λ = 0.73 ± 0.04 Dark Energy

t 0 = 13.7 ± 0.2 ×10 9 yr now

t∗ = 180 +220
−80
×106
yr z∗ = 20 +10
−5
reionisation

t R = 379 ± 1×10 3 yr z R = 1090 ±1 recombination

( From the WMAP 1-year data

analysis)
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Cosmology Milestones
•  1925 Galaxy redshifts λ = λ0 ( 1+ z ) V =c z

–  Isotropic expansion. ( Hubble law V = H0 d )

–  Finite age. ( t0 =13 x 109 yr )
•  1965 Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
–  Isotropic blackbody. T0 = 2.7 K
–  Hot Big Bang T = T0 ( 1 + z )
•  1925 General Relativity Cosmology Models :
–  Radiation era: R ~ t 1/2 T ~ t -1/2
–  Matter era: R ~ t 2/3 T ~ t -2/3
•  1975 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN)
–  light elements ( 1H … 7Li ) t ~ 3 min T ~ 109 K
–  primordial abundances (75% H, 25% He) as observed!
Tutorial: 3 Eras: radiation-matter-vacuum
ρR
radiation : ρR ∝ R−4 log ρ

matter : ρ M ∝ R−3 ρM
ρΛ
vacuum: ρΛ = const
R 1
a≡ = log R
R0 1+ z
ρ R,0 ρM ,0 log R e
t
ρ= 4
+ 3
+ ρΛ
a a 2/3
t
1/2
t
ρR = ρM at a ~ 10−4 t ~ 104 yr
ρM = ρ Λ at a ~ 0.7 t ~ 1010 yr log t
Presently vacuum is twice the density of matter.
 5th concept: Equation of State w
Equation of state :
ρ ∝ R− n n = 3(1 + w )
pressure p n
w≡ = = −1
energy density ρ c2 3

Radiation : ( n = 4, w = 1/ 3) d[ energy ] = work

1
pR = ρR c 2 d[ ρ c 2 R 3 ] = − p d[ R 3 ]
3
Matter : ( n = 3, w = 0 ) ρ c 2 ( 3 R 2 dR ) + R 3 c 2 dρ = − p ( 3 R 2 dR )
pM ~ ρM c S << ρ M c 2
2 R dρ p
1+ =− ≡ −w
3 ρ dR ρc 2
Vacuum : ( n = 0, w = −1)
pΛ = − ρ Λ c 2 1 d[ ln ρ]
w=− −1
3 d [ln R ]
Negative Pressure ! ?
n
w= −1
3
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Current Mysteries from
Observations
Dark Matter ?
Holds Galaxies together
Triggers Galaxy formation

Dark Energy ?
Drives Cosmic Acceleration
and negative w.

Modified Gravity ?
General Relativity wrong ?

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Density Parameters
critical density : density parameters (today) :
3 H02 ρR ρM ρΛ Λ
ρc ≡ ΩR ≡ ΩM ≡ ΩΛ ≡ =
8π G ρc ρc ρ c 3 H0 2
total density parameter today :
Ω0 ≡ ΩR + Ω M + ΩΛ
density at a past/future epoch in units of today' s critical density :
ρ
Ω≡ = ∑ Ω w x 3(1+ w ) = Ω R x 4 + ΩM x 3 + Ω Λ x ≡1 + z = R0 / R
ρc w

in units of critical density at the past/future epoch :

8π G ρ H 0 2 ΩR x 4 + ΩM x 3 + ΩΛ
Ω(x) ≡
3H 2
= 2
H
∑Ω w x 3(1+ w )
=
Ω R x 4 + Ω M x 3 + ΩΛ + (1− Ω 0 ) x 2
w

Note: radiation dominates at high

z, can be neglected at lower z.
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Key Points
•  Scaling Relation among
–  Redshift: z,
–  expansion factor: R
–  Distance between galaxies
–  Temperature of CMB: T
–  Wavelength of CMB photons: lambda
•  Metric of an expanding 2D+time universe
–  Fundamental observers
–  Galaxies on grid points with fixed angular coordinates
•  Energy density in
–  vacuum, matter, photon
–  How they evolve with R or z

•  If confused, recall the analogies of

–  balloon, bread, a network on red giant star, microwave oven

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Sample a wide range of topics
Theoretical and Observational
Universe of uniform density Quest of H0 (obs.)
Metrics ds, Scale R(t) and Redshift Applications of expansion models
EoS for mix of vacuum, photon, matter, Distances Ladders
geometry, distances

Thermal history Cosmic Background

COBE/MAP/PLANCK etc.
Freeze-out of particles,
Parameters of cosmos
Neutrinos, CDM wimps
Nucleo-synthesis He/D/H
Quest for Omega (obs.)
Galaxy and SNe surveys
Structure formation
Luminosity Functions
Inflation and origin of perturbations
Growth of linear perturbation (thanks to slides from K. Horne)
Relation to CMB peaks, sound horizon

Hongsheng
AS 4022 Zhao
Cosmology
 6th concept:
Distances in Non-Euclidean Curved
Space

How Does Curvature affect Distance

Measurements ?

Is the universe very curved?

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Geodesics!
  Gravity = curvature of space-time by matter/energy.
  Freely-falling bodies follow geodesic trajectories.
  Shortest possible path in curved space-time.
  Local curvature replaces forces acting at distance.
 Is our Universe Curved?
Closed Flat Open

Curvature: + 0 --
Sum of angles of triangle:
> 180o = 180o < 180o
Circumference of circle:
<2p r =2p r >2pr
Parallel lines: converge remain parallel diverge
Size: finite infinite infinite
Edge: no no no
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Distance Methods
•  Standard Rulers ==> Angular Size Distances
l
θ=
l
l DA =
D θ

( for small angles << 1 radian )

•  Standard Candles ==> Luminosity Distances

energy/time L ⎛ L ⎞1/ 2
F= = D DL = ⎜ ⎟
area 4 π D2 ⎝4π F⎠

•  Light Travel Time

distance 2 D c
t= = Dt =
velocity c 2t
(e.g. within solar system)
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Olber’s Paradox
Why is the sky dark at night ?
Flux from all stars in the sky :
χ max
⎛ L∗ ⎞
F= ∫n
∗ F∗ d( Vol ) = ∫ n∗ ⎜ ⎟ ( A ( χ ) R dχ )
⎝ A( χ ) ⎠
0

= n∗ L∗ R χ max
⇒ ∞ for flat space, R → ∞.
A dark sky may imply :
(1) an edge (we don't observe one)
(2) a curved space (finite size)
(3) expansion ( R(t) => finite age, redshift )

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Minkowski Spacetime Metric
ds 2 = −c 2 dt 2 + dl 2
dl 2 ⎛ 1 ⎛ dl ⎞2⎞ Time-like intervals:
dτ 2 = dt 2 − 2 = dt 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ds2 < 0, dτ2 > 0
c ⎝ c ⎝ dt ⎠ ⎠ Inside light cone.
Causally connected.
Proper time (moving clock):
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to

Space-like intervals:
open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer,
and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the
image and then insert it again.

ds2 > 0 , dτ2 < 0

Outside light cone.
Causally disconnected.

World line
of massive Null intervals Photons arrive
particle at light cone: from our past light
rest. v = c, ds2 = 0 cone.

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Flat Space: Euclidean Geometry
Cartesian coordinates :
1D: dl 2 = dx 2
dl dz 2D: dl 2 = dx 2 + dy 2
3D: dl 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2
dy
dx 4 D : dl 2 = dw 2 + dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2

Metric tensor : coordinates - > distance

Orthogonal coordinates
dl = ( dx
2
dy dz ) ⎛ 1 0 0⎞ ⎛ dx ⎞ <--> diagonal metric
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎜0 1 0⎟ ⎜ dy ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ gx x = gy y = gz z =1
⎝0 0 1⎠ ⎝ dz ⎠
Summation convention : gx y = gx z = gy z = 0
dl 2 = gij dx i dx j ≡ ∑ ∑ gij dx i dx j symmetric : g i j = g j i
i j

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Polar Coordinates
Radial coordinate r, angles φ ,θ , α ,...
r dl
1D: dl = dr
2 2
dθ
2D: dl 2 = dr 2 + r 2 dθ 2 dr
3D: dl 2 = dr 2 + r 2 ( dθ 2 + sin 2 θ dφ 2 )
4 D : dl 2 = dr 2 + r 2 [ dθ 2 + sin 2 θ ( dφ 2 + sin 2 φ dα 2 ) ]

dl 2 = dr 2 + r 2 dψ 2 generic angle : dψ 2 = dθ 2 + sin 2 θ dφ 2 + ...

dl 2 = ( dr dθ dφ ) ⎛1 0 0 ⎞ ⎛ dr ⎞ gr r = ? grθ = ?
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ gθ θ = ?
⎜0 r2 0 ⎟ ⎜ dθ ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝0 0 r 2 sin 2 θ ⎠ ⎝ dφ ⎠ gφ φ = ?
gαα = ?
AS 4022 Cosmology
 metric of space embedded in
Sphere of radius R
R = radius of curvature
1− D : R2 = x 2 0- D 2 points
2− D: R2 = x 2 + y 2 1- D circle
3− D: R 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 2-D surface of 3 - sphere
4 −D: R2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + w 2 3- D surface of 4 - sphere
?
w
D
r

χ R

xx
y
AS 4022 Cosmology
 coordinate systems
Distance varies in t
time:
D(t)
“Fiducial
observers” (Fidos)
D(t) = R(t ) χ D
t
“Co-moving” coordinates

χ or D0 ≡ R0 χ

Labels the Fidos

χ
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Reading: Non-Euclidean Metrics
open flat
k = −1, 0,+1 ( open, flat, closed )
2
dr
dl 2 = 2
+ r 2d ψ 2
1− k ( r / R )
dimensionless radial coordinates :
u = r / R = Sk ( χ)
⎛ du 2 ⎞
dl = R ⎜
2 2
+ u dψ ⎟
2 2
closed
⎝ 1− k u ⎠
2

= R 2 ( dχ 2 + Sk ( χ) dψ 2 )
2

S−1( χ ) ≡ sinh( χ ) , S0 ( χ ) ≡ χ , S+1( χ ) ≡ sin( χ )

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Reading: Circumferencer
metric :
dr 2 R
dl = 2
+ r dθ
2 2
D
1− k ( r R )
2

radial distance ( for k = +1 ) :

χ w
r

∫
dr
D= = R sin −1 ( r R)
2
0 1− k ( r R )
circumference :
2π

C= ∫ r dθ = 2 π r
0

C
" circumferencial" distance : r ≡ = R S k (D/ R) = R Sk ( χ )
2π
If k = +1, coordinate r breaks down for r > R
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Reading: Circumference
w
metric : D

dl = R ( dχ + S ( χ) dθ )
2 2 2 2 2 r
k
χ R
radial distance :
χ xx
D= ∫ gχχ dχ = ∫ R dχ = R χ
0
y

circumference :
2π
C= ∫ gθθ dθ = ∫ R S ( χ ) dθ
k = 2π R Sk ( χ )
0

Sk ( χ )
= 2π D
χ
Same result for any choice
of coordinates.
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Reading: Angular Diameter
r

metric : R
D
dl 2 = R 2 ( dχ 2 + S k2 ( χ ) dθ 2 )
radial distance :
χ w
χ
D= ∫ gχχ dχ = ∫ R dχ = R χ
0

linear size : ( l << D )

l= ∫ gθθ dθ = R S k ( χ) θ
l
DA

angular size : θ
l D = R χ = Radial Distance
θ=
DA DA = R Sk ( χ ) = Angular Diameter Distance

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Reading: Area of Spherical Shell
radial coordinate χ , angles θ , φ :
dl 2 = R 2 [ dχ 2 + Sk2 ( χ) ( dθ 2 + sin 2 θ d φ 2 ) ]
area of shell :
A= ∫ gθθ dθ gφφ dφ
π 2π
= R 2 Sk2 ( χ ) ∫ dθ sin θ ∫ dφ
0 0

= 4 π R 2 S k2 ( χ )
flux :
L L
F= = D L = R Sk ( χ ) = Luminosity Distance
A 4 π D L2

AS 4022 Cosmology
 [we will work with flats only ]
Curved Space Summary r
•  The metric converts coordinate steps (grids) to physical lengths.
R
D
•  Use the metric to compute lengths, areas, volumes, …

•  Radial distance: D≡ ∫ grr dr = R χ

χ w

•  “Circumferencial” distance
C ⎛ A ⎞ 2π
1/ 2
1
r≡ =⎜ ⎟
2π ⎝ 4 π ⎠
=
2π
∫ gφφ d φ = R Sk ( χ ) = R S k ( D R)
0

•  “Observable” distances, defined in terms of local observables (angles, open flat

fluxes), give r, not D. ⎛ ⎞1/ 2
l L
DA ≡ =r DL ≡ ⎜ ⎟ =r
θ ⎝ 4π F ⎠
closed

•  r < D (positive curvature, S+1 (x)=sin x) or r>D

(negative,
AS 4022
S-1 (x)=sinh x) or r=D (flat, S0(x)=x)
Cosmology
 7th Concept: Robertson-Walker metric
uniformly curved, evolving spacetime
w
D
ds = −c dt + R (t) ( dχ + S ( χ ) dψ )
2 2 2 2 2 2
k
2
rr r

⎛ du 2 ⎞
= −c dt + R (t) ⎜
2 2 2
+ u dψ ⎟
2 2 χ R
⎝ 1− k u ⎠
2

⎛ 2 ⎞ xx
dr
= −c 2 dt 2 + a2 (t) ⎜⎜ 2
+ r 2
d ψ 2
⎟⎟ y
⎝ 1− k ( r R0 ) ⎠
⎧ sin χ (k = +1) closed dψ 2 ≡ dθ 2 + sin 2 θ dφ 2
⎪
Sk ( χ ) = ⎨ χ (k = 0) flat a( t) ≡ R(t) / R0
⎪ R0 ≡ R(t 0 )
⎩ sinh χ (k = −1) open

radial distance = D(t) = R(t ) χ

circumference = 2 π r(t) r(t) = a(t) r = R(t ) u = R(t) S k (χ )

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Cosmological Principle (assumed) +
Isotropy (observed)
=> Homogeneity

ρ1 = ρ2 otherise not isotropic

for equidistan t fidos
AS 4022 Cosmology
 Distances-Redshift relation
λ − λ0 λ
•  We observe the redshift : z≡ = −1 λ = observed,
λ0 λ0
λ0 = emitted (rest)
•  Hence we know the expansion factor:
λ λ(t 0 ) R(t 0 ) R0
x ≡1 + z = = = =
λ0 λ(t) R(t) R(t)
t(z) = ?
•  Need the time of light emitted
•  Need coordinate of the source
χ (z) = ? R D
H0 ΩM Ω Λ r
•  Need them as functions of
χ
•  Distances
D(t, χ ) = R(t) χ DA = r0 ( χ) (1+ z)
r(t, χ ) = R(t) Sk ( χ ) DL = r0 (χ ) (1+ z )

•  E.g. D_L is 4 x D_A for an object at z=1.

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Tutorial: Time -- Redshift relation
R0
x =1 + z =
R Memorise this
dx R0 dR derivation!
=− 2
dt R dt
R0 R⎥ R⎥
=− Hubble parameter : H≡
R R R
= −x H( x)
−dx −dz
∴ dt = =
x H( x) (1+ z) H(z)

AS 4022 Cosmology
 Tutorial:
dTime
⎛ andR Distance
⎞ vs Redshift
−dx
⎜ x = 1+ z = 0 ⎟ → dt =
dt ⎝ R⎠ x H( x)
Look - back time :
−dx
t0 1 1+ z
dx
t(z) = ∫ dt = ∫ x H( x)
= ∫ R
r
D

t 1+ z 1 x H( x) χ
Age : t 0 = t(z → ∞)
Distance : D= Rχ r = R Sk ( χ )
t0 1+ z 1+ z

∫ dχ = ∫ ∫ ∫
c dt c R0 dx c dx
χ (z) = = =
t R(t) R0 1 R(t) x H( x) R0 1 H( x)
Horizon : χ H = χ (z → ∞)

Need to know R(t), or R0 and H(x).

AS 4022 Cosmology