Week 14 Learning Guide: Nervous Tissue

 Function of Nervous Tissue:

 Nervous System:

o Central Nervous System (CNS):

o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

o Nerve:

o Ganglia:

o Nucleus:

 Divisions of the PNS: (2)

1. Sensory (Afferent):

a. Visceral Sensory Division:

b. Somatic Sensory Division:

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2. Motor (Efferent):

a. Somatic Motor Division:

b. Visceral Motor Division (autonomic nervous system):

1) Sympathetic Division:

2) Parasympathetic Division:

Divisions of the Nervous System

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 Neurons:

o Properties:

 Excitability:

 Conductivity:

 Secretion:

o Classes of Neurons:

 Sensory: (afferent, toward CNS)

 Interneurons: (association neurons)

 Motor: (efferent, exit CNS)

o Structure of Neuron:

 Soma:

 Cytoskeleton:

 Dendrites:

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  Cytoplasm = Axoplasm
 Cell Membrane = Axolemma

 Axon Hillock:

 Axon:

 Classification of Neurons:

Type: Description: Sketch:

Multipolar
Neurons

Bipolar
Neurons

Unipolar
Neurons

Anaxonic
Neurons

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 Axonal Transport:
- transport of proteins to and from the soma and terminal

o Anterograde Transport:

o Retrograde Transport:

 Supporting Cells:

o Glial Cells:

 Oligodendrocytes: (in CNS)

 Schwann cells: (in PNS)

o Astrocytes:

 Secrete growth factors:

 Communicate electrically:

 Maintain homeostasis:

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 o Ependymal Cells:

o Microglia:

o Satellite Cells:

 Brain Tumors:

 Myelin:

o Myelination:

 CNS myelination:

 PNS myelination:

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 o Nodes of Ranvier:

o Internodes:

o Initial Segment:

 Diseases of the Myelin Sheath:

o Multiple Sclerosis:

o Tay-Sachs:

* Many unmyelinated fibers occur naturally in CNS and PNS; they produce slow
visceral responses.

 Conduction Velocity:

1) Nerve diameter:

2) Myelin:

 Nerve Fiber Regeneration:

Neural Tissue (cont.)

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Electrophysiology

 Neuronal communication:

o Membrane potential:

o Current:

 Resting membrane potential:

o Depends on three factors:

1.

2.

3.

o Potassium:

o Sodium:

o Na/K Pump:

 Local potentials:

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 o Neurons can be stimulated by:

a)

b)

c)

d)

o Chemical stimulation:

o Local potential characteristics:

1) Graded:

2) Decremental:

3) Reversible:

4) Excitatory or Inhibitory:

 Action Potentials

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o Ionic basis of action potential:

1)

2)

3)

4)

o Steps: (detailed)

Action Potential

+35

mV

-55

-70

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o Action potential characteristics:

 All or None:

 Nondecremental:

 Irreversible:

Local Potentials Vs. Action Potentials

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 Refractory Period:

 Two phases:

 Absolute refractory period

 Relative refractory period

Mechanism:

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 Signal Conduction in Nerve Fibers

 Unmyelinated fibers:

 Myelinated fibers:

 Internodes: (myelinated areas)

 Nodes “of Ranvier”: (non-myelinated areas)

 Saltatory Conduction:

 Synapses:

 Types of synapses:

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 Electrical synapses:

 Chemical synapses:

 Chemical synapse structure:

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 Neurotransmitter = Acetylcholine

15
 o Presynaptic neuron:
- can be axodendritic, axosomatic, or axoaxonic

 Synaptic knob:
o Synaptic vesicles:

 Events at synaptic knob:

1.

2.

3.

4.

o Postsynaptic neuron:

 Neurotransmitters:

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 o Categories:

 Acetylcholine:

 Monoamines (biogenic amines):

o Catecholamines:

 Amino acids:

 Neuropeptides:

 Neurotransmitter characteristics:

1.

2.

3.

4.

 Synaptic Transmission

o Neurotransmitters can be:

 Excitatory/Inhibitory

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  Ionotropic/Metabotropic

o Inhibitory GABA-ergic Synapse:

o Excitatory Adrenergic Synapse:

 Cessation of Signal:

o Neurotransmitter:

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 o Other Factors

 Diffusion:

 Reuptake:

 Degradation in synaptic cleft:

 Postsynaptic Potentials:

o Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

o Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

* ACh and NE:

 Summation:

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 o Temporal summation:

o Spatial summation:

 Neural Coding:

o Qualitative:

o Quantitative:

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