SGT UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF NURSING

SUBJECT: Medical Surgical Nursing

Assignment On:
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mam Varsha Sehravat Versha Verma

Lecturer 170415071
Medical Surgical Nursing Bsc. Nursing 6th
Faculty of Nursing Semester
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION
 TYPES OF DISASTER
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT
o Management cycle
o Phase of disaster
management
o Triage
o Earthquake Management
o Landslide Management
o Institutional arrangement
 NURSES RESPONSIBILTY
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
• Disaster’ is defined as a crisis situation causing wide spread damage which
far exceeds our ability to recover.
• A disaster is a natural or man-made hazard that has come to fruition
resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage
or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment
• Etymologically the word disaster is derived from two Greek words - ‘dis’
meaning “bad” and ‘astor’ meaning “star” - thus suggesting that disasters are
destined to happen
• Disaster is an occurrence arising with little or no warning, which causes
serious disruption of life and perhaps death or injury to large number of
people.
• Disaster has the following effects in the concerned areas :-
• a) It completely disrupts the normal day to day life.
• b)  It negatively influences the emergency systems.
• c)  Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected
and deteriorate depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster

DEFINITION
• WHO define disaster as "The result of a vast ecological break
down in the relations between man and his environment a
serious and sudden (or slow as in drought) disruption on such
a scale that the stricken community needs extraordinary efforts
to cope with it, often with outside help or international aid."

TYPES OF DISASTER
 NATURAL
DISASTER
MAN- MADE

NATURAL MAN-MADE
MAJOR DISASTER MAJOR DISASTER
 Flood  Setting of fires
 Cyclone  Chemical pollution
 Earthquake  Wars
 Deforestation
MINOR DISASTER MINOR DISASTER
 Cold Waves  Road / train accidents
 Thunderstorm  Riots
 Heat Waves  Food poisoning
 Mud Slides  Industrial disaster
 Environmental pollution

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of

resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen
the impact of disasters.
Temporal Stages of Disaster Management:

The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards

and related disasters.
Prevention

The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of

hazards and related disasters. It involved measures
Mitigation designed to prevent hazards from causing emergency

The knowledge and capacities developed by governments,

professional response and recovery organizations,
communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond
Preparedness to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, current hazard
events or conditions.

The provision of emergency services and public assistance

during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives,
reduces health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the
Response basic subsistence needs of the people affected.

Immediate shelter, food, water, sanitation and other

humanitarian assistance to men, women and children
Relief affected by disasters.

The restoration, and improvement where appropriate,

of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of
disaster-affected communities, including efforts to
Reconstruction reduce disaster risk factors.
There are three fundamental aspects of disaster management.
 Disaster response
 Disaster preparedness
 Disaster mitigation.
Disaster phase:-
In this phase the event of the disaster takes place. This phase is characterized by
profound damage to the human society. This damage / loss may be that of human
life, loss of property, loss of environment, loss of health or anything else. In this
phase, the population is taken by profound shock.

Response phase:-
This is the period that immediately follows the occurrence of the disaster. Medical
treatment for large number of casualties is likely to be needed only after certain
types of disaster.

Emergency management divided into following points:-

 Search, rescue & first -aid
After major disaster, the need for search, rescue & first aid is likely to be so great
that organized relief service will be able to meet.

 Field care
Most injured persons converge spontaneously to health facilities, using whatever
transport is available. Provide proper health care services to casualties persons.
Bed availability &surgical service should be provided. Priority should be given to
victim identification

 Triage
Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the severity of their
injuries & likely hood of their survival with prompt medical intervention.
The triage system is common adopted base on four color code system. RED
indicates high priority; YELLOW signals medium priority; GREEN indicates
ambulatory patients & BLACK for dead patients.

 Tagging
All patients should be identified with tags, stating their name, age, place of origin ,
triage category, diagnosis & treatment.
 Identification of dead :-
Taking care of the dead is an essential part of the disaster management. Care of
dead includes:
a) Removal of the dead from the disaster area.
b) Shifting to the mortuary.
c) Identification.
d) Reception of bereaved relatives.

Relief phase
This phase begins when assistance starts to reach the disaster area. The relief
phase is determine by two factors-
a) The type of disaster
b) The type & quantity of supplies available locally.
Immediately after a disaster the health services are needed for treatment of
casualties and preventing the spread of communicable diseases. A rapid damage
assessment must be carried out in order to identify needs & resources.

General Preparedness:
• Non-perishable food to last you several days.
• Drinking water to last you several days.
• Some blankets etc. to keep you warm, in case houses are damaged.
• A supply of your medicines for several days.
• Flashlight which operates on batteries.
• A battery operated radio
• First Aid box, to take care of minor injuries.
• Good, comfortable long-boots.

 Earthquakes :-
a) Before the earthquake
• Always keep the following in a designated place: drinking water bottled, non-
perishable food (chura, gur, etc), first-aid kit, torchlight and battery-operated
radio with extra batteries.
• Teach family members how to turn off electricity, gas, etc.
• Consider retrofitting your house with earthquake-safety measures.
 • Keep heavy objects on lower shelves.
• Secure heavy furnishings.
• Secure water heater and appliances.

b) During an Earthquake
• Stay away from windows, bookcases, file cabinets, heavy mirrors, and other
heavy objects that could fall
• Watch for falling plaster or ceiling tiles
• Stay undercover until the shaking stops, and hold your cover.
• If you are under moves the desk or table than move with it.
• If in your car, stop, but not on a bridge, or under trees or a power line
• If outside, stay outside, and move to an area clear of overhead trees, power
lines, or objects that could fall from a structure
• Avoid places where there are loose electrical wires and do not touch metal
objects that are in touch with the loose wires.

c) After The Earthquake

• Be prepared for aftershocks, plan for cover when they occur
• Check for injuries, give first aid as necessary
• Remain calm, try to reassure others
• Wear shoes to avoid injury from broken glass
• Check for fire and take appropriate actions
• Check gas, water, and electric lines
• Tune to emergency broadcast system on radio

 Landslide :-
a) Before a Landslide
• Develop a Family Disaster Plan.
• In an area prone to landslides, publish a special newspaper section with
emergency information on landslides and debris flows.
• Follow instruction of local officials about local land- use zoning regulations.
• Localize the information by including the phone numbers of local emergency
services offices.

b) During Land slide

• Stay alert and awake.
• Listen to a Weather report on Radio, battery-powered radio or television for
warnings of intense rainfall.
• If you are in areas susceptible to landslides consider leaving if it is safe to do
so.
• Remember that driving during an intense storm can be hazardous.
• If you remain at home, move to a second story if possible.

c) After the Landslide

• Stay away from the slide area, there may be danger of additional slides.
• Check for injured and trapped persons near the slides.
• Help a neighbor who may require special assistance - infants, elderly people,
and people with disabilities.
•  Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency
information.
• Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow.
• Check the building foundation and surrounding land for damage.
• Take the advice of a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards or
designing corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk.
• Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide.

Institutional and Legal Arrangements

 India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of natural as well as

man-made disasters. 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes
of moderate to very high intensity.12 per cent of land is prone to floods and
river erosion.
 On 23 December, 2005, the Government of India took a defining step by
enacting the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which envisaged the creation
of
o The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) which is headed
by the Prime Minister
o State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) headed by the Chief
Ministers
 o District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) headed by the
Collector or District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner.

National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) :-

The NDMA, as the apex body for disaster management, is headed by the Prime
Minister.
Responsibility
• Laying down policies, plans and guidelines for DM.
• The guidelines will assist the Central Ministries, Departments and States to
formulate their respective DM plans.
It is considered necessary, for the prevention of disasters, or mitigation, or
preparedness and capacity building, for dealing with a threatening disaster
situation or disaster.

The National Executive Committee:-

The National Executive Committee (NEC) comprises the Union Home Secretary as
the Chairperson and the Secretaries to the GOI in the Ministries/Departments of:
 Agriculture
 Atomic Energy
 Defense
 Drinking Water Supply
 Environment and Forests
 Finance
 Health
 Power
 Rural Development Science
 Telecommunications
 Urban Development.
 The NEC is the executive committee of the NDMA, and is mandated to assist
the NDMA in the discharge of its functions and also ensure compliance of the
directions issued by the Central Government.
 NEC will prepare the National Plan for Disaster Management based on the
National Policy on Disaster Management.

State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) :-

  At the State level, the SDMA, headed by the Chief Minister, will lay down
policies and plans for DM in the State.
 It coordinate the implementation of the State Plan, recommend provision of
funds for mitigation and preparedness measures and review the
developmental plans of the different departments of the State to ensure
integration of prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures.

District Disaster Management Authority :-

 The DDMA will be headed by the District Collector, Deputy Commissioner or
District Magistrate.
 DDMA will act as the planning, coordinating and implementing body for DM
at District level.

Local Authorities
For the purpose of this policy, local authorities would include Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRI), Municipalities, District and Cantonment Boards and Town
Planning Authorities.
These bodies will ensure capacity building of their officers and employees for
managing disasters; carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in
the affected areas

Disasters can increase the transmission of communicable diseases through

following points-
a) Overcrowding & poor sanitation in temporary resettlements.
b) Disruption & contamination of water supply.
c) Ecological changes may favor breeding of vectors & increase the vector
population density.
d) Provision of emergency food, water & shelter in disaster situation from different
or new sources

National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)

 The DM Act, 2005 has made the statutory provisions for the constitution of
the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for the purpose of specialized
response to natural and man-made disasters.
 According to Section 45 of the Act, the Force has to function under the
general superintendence, direction and control of the National Disaster
 Management Authority (NDMA) and under command and supervision of
Director General, NDRF.
 The force is gradually emerging as the most visible multi-disciplinary, multi-
skilled, high-tech force of the NDMA capable of dealing with all types of
natural and man-made disasters.
 Directorate General , National Disaster Response Force (NDRF),Sector-1 R K
Puram, New Delhi -66

ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT BOARD

 Develop a National Disaster Action plan
 Helping the ministries and agencies
 Working with local authorities
 Providing documentation and information services

 During an emergency:
 Ensure the effective communication and information
 Activity and operate National emergency
 Private secretarial service and expert advice to the National Disaster
management Council and inter ministerial disaster management co-
ordination committee.
 Provide information to and liase with the economic relations divisions and
the ministry of information.

 During post disaster recovery:

 Co-operate with the planning commission and line agencies on
reconstruction requirements
 Ensure the risk reduction measures.
 Under take final evaluation.

National Institute of Disaster management

 The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) was constituted
under an Act of Parliament with a vision to play the role of a premier
institute for capacity development in India and the region
 The Centre was upgraded as the National Institute of Disaster management
(NIDM) on 16th October 2003. The Institute was inaugurated by Hon'ble
Union Home Minister on 11th August, 2004.
  Union Home Minister is the President of the Institute and Vice Chairman of
the NDMA is its Vice President.
 Besides the Institute body comprises of 42 Members, which include
Secretaries of various Ministries and department of GOI & State Govt.

FUNCTION:
 To work as a think tank for the Government by providing assistance in policy
formulation
 To facilitate in reducing the impact of disasters through:
o Planning and promoting training and capacity building services
including strategic learning.
o Research, documentation and development of national level
information base.
o System development and expertise promotion for effective disaster
preparedness and mitigation.
 Promoting awareness and enhancing knowledge and skills of all disaster.
 functions to the Institute :-
 develop training modules, undertake research
 provide assistance in national level policy formulation
 develop educational materials for disaster management including academic
and professional courses;
 provide assistance to the State Governments and State training institutes in
the formulation of State level policies, strategies, disaster management
framework and any other assistance as may be required by the State
Governments.
 undertake, organise and facilitate study courses, conferences, lectures,
seminar.

NURSES RESPONSBILITY
Assessment
 Assess the community (E.g. Local climate conductive for disaster)
 Past history of disaster
 Available community disaster
 Personal available in the community
 Local agencies
  Health care facilities available.

DIAGNOSIS
 Diagnose community disaster threats.
 Determine the actual and potential disaster threats.
 Community disaster planning.

PLANNING
Develop disaster plan:
 Aim: To provide prompt and effective medical care to the maximum possible in
order to minimize morbidity and mortality.

 Objectives:
 Prepare the staff and institutional resources.
 Create a community awareness

 Plan for:
 Constitution of disaster management committee
 Disaster control room.
 To refer the calamities to treat
 Rapid response team
 Information and communication.
 Disaster beds
 Logistic support system-equipment and supplies.
 Training and drills.

 Elements of disaster plan:

 Chain of authority
 Lines of communication
 Modes of transport
 Mobilization
 Warning
 Equation
 Rescue and recovery
 Triage
 Treatment
  Support of victims and families
 Care of dead bodies
 Disaster worker rehabilitation.

 Activation of disaster management plans:

 Develop a standard operating procedure
 Reception area-Disaster content room.
 Triage
 Documentation at control room
 Public relation
 Essential services-e.g. water and power and food
 Crowd management/security arrangements.

 Activities needed in planning:

 Identify local community communication system
 Identify disaster personnel like private and professional voluntary etc.
 Identify regional back up agencies and personnel
 Identify specific responsibilities for various personnel involved in the disaster
plan.
 Set up an emergency medical system and chain of activation.
 Identify location and accessibility of equipments and supplies.
 Check proper functioning of emergency equipments.
 Identify outdated supplies and replace

CONCLUSION
The new approach started from the conviction that development cannot be
sustained unless mitigation is built into the development process. Another
cornerstone of the approach is that mitigation must be multi-disciplinary, spanning
across all sectors of development. The new policy also emanates from the belief
that investments in mitigation are much more cost-effective than expenditure on
relief and rehabilitation. Disaster management occupies an important place in
India's policy framework, as poor people are most affected by disaster and they
are India's predominant population.
The approach has been translated into a National Disaster Framework (a roadmap)
covering institutional mechanisms, disaster prevention strategy, early warning
systems, disaster mitigation, preparedness and response, and human resource
development. The expected inputs, areas of intervention and agencies to be
involved at the National, State and district levels have been identified and listed in
the roadmap.

REFERENCES
 Brunner and Suddarth’s, Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing,
Wolters Kluwer publication Volume II, Edition 13th, Page no. 896
to 906.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_management_in_India
 www.iwapublishing.com/news/disaster-management
 www.slideshare.net/PIRATERHINO/diaster-management-ppt