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NFC IEFR FAISALABAD

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
ASSIGNMENT NO 1

Submitted to:
Sir Junaid Alvi

Submitted By:
16-ELE-24

Registration No:
2016-UET-IEFR/FD-ELECT-23
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Q.1: Effect of Transmission Line Compensation Devices

Summary
Series capacitor
Series compensation is the method by which system voltage is improved by connecting a
condenser in series to the transmission line. In other words, reactive power is incorporated
in series compensation with transmission line to increase device impedance. This enhances
the line's power transfer capability. It is used mainly on extra and ultra high voltage boards.
A condenser series can disrupt the basic concept upon which distance and directional
relaying concepts are based. So we normally assume that fault currents only reverse their
direction for faults on two sides of a relay, and that the voltage-to - current ratio at a relay
location is a measure of the distance to a fault. A series capacitor introduces discontinuity in
the apparent impedance's reactive portion as the fault travels from the relay to, and beyond,
the condenser.
Protection Schemes for Series Capacitor
When the fault or overload occurs the broad current flows through the line's condenser
chain. So the excessive drop in voltage occurs across the transmission line. To protect the
capacitors against such abnormal voltages, the condenser terminal is connected to the spark
gaps and the surge diverter. Parallel to this, a circuit breaker is also related.
Series Reactors
Series reactors add impedance into the wire, but because the reactor angle is nearly 90
percent, as is the transmission line. If the reactor can be moved in or out of operation, the
line impedance must change and the relay zone settings will be adjusted. The series of
reactors would also influence the settings of over current relays, as the series reactor affects
the short-circuit currents.
However, since the series reactors are usually required to achieve safe current short-circuit
levels, they are seldom taken out of service without also taking the line out of service. The
reactor may be considered to be present, and the line relays set accordingly.
Protection schemes
Either shunt reactors are included in the line protection zone or shunt reactors are removed
from the line protection zone.
Shunt compensation
In shunt compensation, Information is related parallel to the transmission line for the power
grid. It functions as a source of controllable current. A reactive current is injected into the
line by varying shunt impedance to maintain the constant voltage magnitude. Thus the
transmittable active power is increased but at the cost of increasing the demand for reactive
power. There are two modes of compensation for shunting:
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Shunt capacitive compensation:

Improve the power factor using this form. Whenever an inductive load is attached to the
transmission line, the lagging load current causes the power factor to lag behind. To
compensate for this, a shunt condenser is connected which draws current leading to the
voltage source. The net effect of this is power factor change.
Shunt inductive compensation:
This method is either used when charging the transmission line, or when the receiving end
has very low load. A very low current flows through the transmission line, because of very
low or no load. Shunt capacitance induces voltage amplification (Ferranti effect) in the
transmission line. The receiving end voltage could double the sending end voltage
(generally for very long lines of transmission). Shunt inductors are wired over the
transmission line to compensate for this.
Load ability of Relays:
Distance relays protect transmission lines from faults in the power system using phase
distance protection process. This method uses line impedance as the basis in which
protection zones are formed and each zone is calculated by a predetermined percentage of
line impendence. The impedance setting will establish the impedance characteristic of the
relay, which is displayed in the R-X plane graphically as circles or quadrilaterals. A
distance relay is capable of detecting faults, indicated by a drop in line impedance, when the
impedance observed is within the impedance characteristic identified by the relay.
The power factor can also be calculated, since relays measure voltage and current values.
As a consequence, evident (S), actual (P), and reactive (Q) power can be derived from
measurements of current and voltage.

Q.4: Neutral-Grounding Resistor Neutral-Grounding

Resistor

Neutral-grounding resistor
Neutral-grounding resistor (NGR) is used for ground control systems by adding a neutral
and ground resistor between the devices. This reduces the forward ground-fault current to a
predetermined amount.
A properly built NGR program provides advantages over both unfunded and firmly
grounded systems. Since the NGR system is grounded, there are no transient over voltages
and the current of ground faults will flow, allowing it to be sensed and measured. The very
large and disruptive ground-fault currents of firmly grounded systems are absent even
because an NGR is used to ground the system. On feeders, ground-fault relays may be used
to provide limited communication and the ability to easily locate or isolate the defect.
Significance of NGR in rotating machinery protection
By installing the Neutral Grounding Resistors with appropriate characteristics between the
transformer's neutral point and the ground, the ground fault current can be restricted for a
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short time to allow the fault to be identified quickly but does not affect the equipment at the
same time. The machine neutral may not be usable on many low and medium voltage
devices.
This is especially true on Delta and W ye connected ungrounded devices. To be able to
ground these devices, grounding transformers (type Zigzag or W ye-Delta) can be used to
create a neutral, which can be attached to the ground through a Neutral Grounding Resistor,
either directly or more generally. Such combinations are known as artificial neutrals, and a
Neutral Grounding resistor can be mounted in each of them.
For very short time, a few seconds, the resistors have to consume a great energy and, as
components of the protection device, they have to ensure a high reliability. This is why they
are specifically designed to maximize the weight of the resistor elements' active material
(stainless steel) according to the maximum permissible heating over temperatures.
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Solved Example
Q.2
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Q.3
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