Q1.

) Answer
Various Sources of Pollutions are
a) Domestic Sources
Domestic waste sources include toilets, storage rooms and waste water from
kitchens and the bathroom. If this waste is properly contained and prevented from
entering the environment, it will not cause contamination. However, often this is not
the case. Open drainage obviously releases human waste into the environment,
which can be cleaned into rivers and other surface water.
Solid waste from homes and returns from shops, markets and businesses includes
food waste, packaging materials and other waste disposal methods. Home sources
are also responsible for the pollution of gases in the form of smoke and carbon
dioxide from domestic fires.

b) Industry
Pollution from the industrial sector has risen, posing a serious problem for the
environment. Many industrial processes produce pollutants that are transported to
the surrounding environment, usually by mechanical (air) or pipelines (surface water).
Among the most polluting industries are food processing, textile and textile industries
with packaging plants and a factory that produces liquid waste that is drawn from
rivers, often without treatment. In practice, rivers are constantly receiving pollutants
from many different sources at the same time. For example, the Little Akaki River in
Addis Ababa, is polluted by various industrial sources and domestic pollutants.

c) Agriculture
As a sector, agricultural activities are also on the rise, and are changing as well.
Today, agricultural operations use a lot of pesticides and fertilizers. Fertilizer contains
phosphate and nitrate and when this reaches the water bodies it can cause
excessive plant growth. Agriculture is also responsible for gaseous pollutants in the
form of methane produced by livestock and solid pollutants from crop residues,
packaging materials and other wastes similar to those produced domestically.
Animals also contribute to waste products and potential pollutants with their
excrement.

d) Transport
Do you live in a city or have you visited a town near where you live? If so you will no
doubt be familiar with the different types of vehicles on our roads. Some are small
cars, some are heavy vehicles. These vehicles differ not only in their size, but also in
the use of various types of petrol such as gasoline, diesel, and petrol (10% ethanol
and gasoline). If you see the origin of the diesel engine cars, you will have seen the
black gasoline produced. The intensity of brown is great in poorly maintained
vehicles, which sometimes causes air to smoke or smoke and causes coughing and
irritation of the eyes. The lack of a policy to remove old cars off the road adds to the
problem. Traffic management, common to all major cities, has made problems worse.

Due to above given sources of Pollution following are the cases occurred in Nature
1.Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming:
Ozone is a type of oxygen, which is far from the surface of the earth at an altitude of about
20 to 30 km in space. We are scattered in the stratosphere in a layer of about 3 mm thick.
This layer acts as a shield to protect the earth from the ultraviolet rays from the sun. If this
layer disappears or matures, all earthly life will be wiped out. The decline and decline in the
ozone layer have generated global concern over the past few years. This is due to the large
amount of chemical pollutants released by the industry and produced by other chemical
reactions. The main cause of ozone depletion is usually attributed to chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC) produced in most developed countries. CFCs are a much-needed energy source in
modern life. Available in many household items and products. When released into the air, it
accumulates in the upper atmosphere that destroys the ozone layer. Depletion of the ozone
layer is linked to the 'green greenhouse' and the 'global warming' event.

2. Desertification
There is no environmental problem in the world that affects people, especially the poor, such
as vandalism or corruption. UNODA defines the proliferation as 'the decline or destruction of
the world's natural resources, which can lead to conditions such as wilderness'. Causes of
deforestation are numerous.
However, the priorities include climate change, overcrowding, deforestation and increased
agriculture. About 35 percent of the land area (approximately 6 billion hectares) and 900
million people are affected by the land degradation problem. Deforestation results in the loss
of vegetation that forces men to relocate where they live when women are left homeless.
3.Loss of Biodiversity
Today, extinction or loss of biodiversity is a controversial issue among environmentalists at
the global level. Many species quickly disappear. According to estimates, 20 to 75 species
are being destroyed each day as a result of deforestation. This loss of biodiversity is mainly
due to the deterioration of the health care system. It provides the foundation for life on earth.
Biodiversity refers to life on earth. Diversity is a form of long-term environmental
sustainability. Therefore, the maintenance of its integrity is considered to be of paramount
importance to support one's health. Biodiversity encompasses all kinds of plants, animals
and micro-organisms as well as the ecosystem and biological processes that are part of
them.The growing diversity of biodiversity is due to concerns about species extinction,
reduced genetic diversity and disturbed air, water supply, fisheries and forestry. Other
species of birds such as mushrooms and kites almost disappeared.
Q2.) Answer
Yes, I believe QFD is the best for implementing the world class standard in operations some
of the major benefits are given below:-
1. A systematic way of obtaining information and presenting it.
2. Short product growth cycle.
3. Reduced startup costs.
4. A few engineering changes.
5. Reduced opportunities to put more during the construction process.
6. Location of group work.
7. Decision to agree.
8. Everything is kept in writing.
9. It helps identify the causes of consumer complaints and makes it easier to take corrective
action quickly.
10. It is a useful tool for improving product quality.
11. It is a useful competitive analysis tool for product quality.
12. It strengthens the quality.
13. Reduces refractory materials and rearranges the production area.
14. Reduces major claims.
15. Sales profits are obtained by identifying a sales pitch.
Example: - Customer needs: What is it that customers want out of a product?
Example: Customer needs for a laptop may be identified as:
 Long battery life
 Lightweight
 Extra storage
 Low price
 Easy to use
Example: The importance of each need might be:
 Long battery life = 2
 Lightweight = 4
 Extra storage = 3
 Low price = 5
 Easy to use = 3
Q3.a) Answer
There are four basic types of measurement: internal, competitive, functional, and generic
Internal measurement is a comparison of a business process with a similar process within an
organization.
Rationale for measuring competitiveness versus direct competition for a product, service,
process or method.
Performing effective simulation is a comparison of the same or similar practices within the
same or similar operations without the immediate industry.
A general benchmark in generic mark conceptualize unrelated business processes or
activities that can be performed in the same or similar way outside of the industry.
Internal benchmarking
Benefits
 most cost efficient
 relatively easy
 low cost
 fast
 good practice/training with benchmarking process
 information sharing
Challenges
 fosters mediocrity
 limits options for growth
 low performance improvement

Competitive benchmarking
Benefits
 comparing like processes
 know your competition better
 possible partnership
Challenges
 difficult legal issues
 relatively low performance improvement
 threatening

Functional benchmarking
Benefits
 provides industry trend information
 quantitative comparisons
 better improvement rate; about 35
Challenges
 diverse corporate cultures
 great need for specificity
 not invented here. syndrome

Generic benchmarking
Benefits
 high payoff; about 35 percent
 noncompetitive/nonthreatening
 broad,new perspective
 innovative
Challenges

 difficult concept
 can be difficult to identify best-in- class
  takes a long time to plan
 known world-class companies are inundated with requests

Q3.b) Answer

In business, benchmarking is a process that is used to measure the quality and performance
of your company's products, services and processes. These measurements by themselves
do not have much value - this data needs to be compared to some kind of standard.

Benchmarking is important
 Improvement of processes and procedures.
 Assess the effectiveness of past performance.
 Gives you a better idea of how the competition operates, which will help you identify
best practices to increase performance.
 Increase efficiency and lower costs, which will make your business more profitable.
 Improvement in quality and customer satisfaction.
There are 8 process to set the benchmark
1. Select a topic to benchmark
Executive and other senior management should be involved in deciding which processes are
critical to the success of the company. Then processes should be prioritized based on which
matrices are most important for all stakeholders. After prioritizing, select and define the
measures you want to collect.
2. Decide which organizations or companies you want to benchmark
Determine if you are going to do benchmark procedures in your company, a competitor, or a
company outside your industry.
If you benchmark a direct competitor, it can be difficult to collect all the data you want.
Therefore you should select several different organizations to study to get the data you
need. Gather information from many sources to get the most detailed information about the
organization you have chosen.
3. Document your current processes
Map out your current processes so that you can identify areas that need improvement and
easily compare against the chosen organization.
4. Collect and analyze data
This step is important - but it can prove difficult when you are trying to gather data from a
competitor as a lot of information can be confidential. Gather information through research,
interviews, casual conversations with contacts from other companies and formal interviews
or questionnaires.
You can also collect secondary information from websites, reports, marketing materials and
news articles. However, secondary information may not be as reliable.
After you have collected enough data, get all stakeholders together to analyze the data.
5. Measure your performance against the data you have collected
Look at the data that you have collected, along with the metrics you have collected from your
own process analysis. You may want to layer your performance metrics at the top of your
process diagram or more easily see your competitor's processes to see where you are
lagging behind.
As you analyze the comparisons, try to identify what are the reasons in your process. For
example, do you have enough people and are they adequately trained to perform the
assigned tasks? Brainstorming effectively and efficiently to fill those gaps.
6. Make a plan
Make a plan to implement the changes you think are best to close the performance gaps.
Implementation requires top to bottom total procurement. Your plan should include clearly
defined goals and should be written keeping in mind the company's culture to help minimize
any pushback you may get from employees.
7. Apply the changes
Closely monitor changes and employee performance. If new processes are not running as
expected, identify the areas that need to be folded. Ensure that all employees understand
their jobs, are well trained, and have the expertise to carry out their assigned tasks
8. Repeat the process
After successfully implementing a new process, it is time to find other ways to improve it.
Review the new processes you have implemented and see if there are any changes to be
made. If everything is going smoothly, look at other areas or more ambitious projects you
want to benchmark and start the process again
When you implement and follow the consistent practice of benchmarking correctly, your
company will grow, and you will (or even surpass) your competitors. Start now by
understanding your procedure.