2 WCDMA Radio Resource Management PDF

WCDMA RRM N-0
WCDMA Radio
Resource Management
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WCDMA RRM N-1
Objectives
l Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
p Describe the Purpose of the RRM
p Know the RRM principles:

n Channel configuration
n Power control
n Handover
n Load control
Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page1

WCDMA RRM N-2
Contents
1. RRM Overview
2. Channel Configuration
3. Power Control
4. Handover
5. Load Control

WCDMA RRM N-3
Why RRM is needed?

l To guarantee the QoS of different types of services
l To guarantee the network performance satisfy the network

planning requirement
l To increase network capacity
l The Radio resources are limited, to utilize the radio resources reasonably can greatly
improve the network performance and increase the network capacity.
l By RRM algorithms, the coverage of the network and QoS of the services will be
guaranteed and meanwhile the network capacity is maximum.

WCDMA RRM N-4
WCDMA RRM Algorithms

l Channel configuration
l Power control
l Handover
l Load control
l In order to guarantee the service QoS, the CN QoS requirement must be mapped into
some RAN parameters, so as to let RAN resource support the service .So we need “channel
configuration”.
l For CDMA system ,to guarantee the service data error rate with the minimum TX power is
very important, which can effectively increase the network coverage and capacity. So we
need “power control”
l To satisfy the UE mobility, handover is need .
l After the network is loaded, to ensure the stability of the network and the QoS of most of
the services ,”load control” must be used.

WCDMA RRM N-5
The Cooperation of WCDMA RRM

Algorithms
RAB Assignment
(QoS)
CN
Iu QoS Mapping
RNC
Initial Rate Load Control-Admission
Control
Radio Bearer Initial Channel

Allocation Configuration
l In the service setup stage, CN will send the QoS requirement to RNC by “RAB Assignment”
message. The QoS requirement include “maximum bit rate"," guaranteed bit rate”, ”time
delay allowed"," user priority”, and so on.
l Based on the initial rate, RNC perform “Admission Control” to avoid bad impact to the
system.
l After succeed the admission, RNC will allocate channels for the user and configure the
channel parameters ,such as time interval of the data processing, size of the data block,
block error rate, and so on.

WCDMA RRM N-6
The Cooperation of WCDMA RRM

Algorithms (Cont.)
Channel Setup Power Control－
Open Loop
Call service Power Control－

Closed Loop
Load Control-- UE Activity

Congestion Changes Dynamic Channel
Control configuration
Go Across Cells
Handover
Call Over
l In channel initial setup stage, to avoid interference, the initial power of the channels must
be calculated carefully, which is called “Open Loop Power Control”.
l After the initial stage, in the whole service duration ,the power of transmitter must be
controlled in real time, which is called “Closed Loop Power Control”.
l During a PS service, the activities of the user may change largely, so RNC will monitor the
activity of each user, based on which the channel is dynamically reconfigured, so as to
match the actual service requirement.
l If the user moves across a cell coverage area, RNC must reconfigure the physical channels
for the UE, to maintain the service continuously, that is function of handover .
l Channel configuration, power control, and handover are all user oriented RRM algorithms.
Load control is cell oriented algorithm.
l After the network startup, RNC will monitor the load level of all the cells. When a cell is
congested or overloaded, load control will be trigged to avoid load increase and recover
the cell to normal state.

WCDMA RRM N-7
Contents
1. RRM Overview
3. Power control
4. Handover
5. Load control

WCDMA RRM N-8
Radio Bears Provided by WRAN

l To guarantee the QoS of different types of services, in RNC,
many kinds of Radio Bearers are pre-defined:
p Conversational 12.2/28.8/32/56/64…
p Streaming 8/12/32/64/128k…
p Interactive 8/16/32/64/128/384/2048/7200/14400k…
p Background 8/16/32/64/128/384/2048/7200/14400k…
l Since the variety of the service QoS required, RAN must provide different Radio Bearers for
different service.
l Different types of Radio Bearers are configured with different transition time intervals,
different transmission block sizes, different number of transmission blocks, different
channel coding rates, different spreading factors to realize different rates and time delay
for conversational ,streaming, interactive and background services.

WCDMA RRM N-9
Initial Channel Configuration

l The initial channel configurations for CS and PS are different:
p For CS services, service rates can not be negotiated
p For PS services ,RNC can firstly decide the initial bit rate and
maximum bit rate (MBR).
n The initial bit rate is based on the configuration
n The maximum bit rate is based on:

– UE capability
– CN assignment
l For a CS service ,RNC will allocate the service rate based on the CN assignment directly.
l For a PS service ,the initial rate is not the maximum bit rate ,RNC will choose a lower rate
for the accessing service. This initial rate is based on the RNC configuration.

WCDMA RRM N-10
Dynamic Channel Configuration

l Dynamic channel configuration:
p Adjust radio bearer based on user activity
l Objective of Dynamic channel configuration

p BE services (interactive and background services)
l Target of Dynamic channel configuration

p To utilize the radio resources with high efficiency
l For BE services ,the activity changes largely, if a fixed rate is allocated, it will waste the
radio resources.
l RNC will monitor the activity of each user, and dynamically reallocate the service rate, so
as to satisfy the service requirement with minimum resources.

WCDMA RRM N-11
Dynamic Channel Configuration Algorithms

l Dynamic Channel Configuration Algorithms include:
p Rate Reallocation Algorithm
p UE State Translating Algorithm
p PS Service Always Online Algorithm
l Rate Reallocation Algorithm work in uplink and downlink independently .

p When uplink is inactive ,RNC reconfigure uplink channel
p When downlink is inactive ,RNC reconfigure downlink channel
p Rate Reallocation affect R99 BE services and HSUPA services. (HSDPA resource
reallocation is handled by “fast scheduling”)

l UE State Translating Algorithm
p UE State Translating Algorithm affects uplink and downlink both, so only when
both uplink and downlink are inactive, RNC will trigger UE translating to common
channel states, or even release the common channel .
l
PS service always online Algorithm
p For PS services, if both uplink and downlink are inactive and last for a certain
duration, RNC requires CN to release the IU connection ,after that , RNC will then
release the RRC connection. But the PDP context is always reserved .when the user
want to activate the service, it is no need to request the PDP again. So for PS
service users ,they feel they are always online.

WCDMA RRM N-12
Rate Reallocation Algorithm

l Rate Reallocation Algorithm RRC
RLC buffer
UE traffic
Threshold
RLC RLC
MAC-d
Channel
Channel
configuration
configuration
DCH1 DCH2
l RNC will monitor the RLC buffer volume in uplink and downlink.
p In downlink, RNC takes internal measurement;
p In uplink, RNC request UE report the RLC buffer volume.
l RNC will compare the measurement result with the configured threshold , then
reconfigure the channel in MAC layer.

WCDMA RRM N-13
UE Working Modes and States

l Idle Mode
l Connected Mode
p Cell_DCH
p Cell_FACH
p Cell_PCH
p URA_PCH
l UE enters connected mode after the RRC connection is established. The UE leaves the
connected mode and returns to idle mode after the RRC connection is released
l Based on the UE mobility and activity, RNC controls the UE states in connected mode.

WCDMA RRM N-14
Idle Mode
l The UE has no relation with UTRAN, only with CN. For data
transfer, a signalling connection has to be established.
l UE camps on a cell
p It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN
p UE can receive paging message from the PICH of a cell
l The idle mode tasks can be divided into three processes:

p PLMN selection and reselection
p Cell selection and reselection
p Location registration
l When a UE is switched on, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is selected and the UE
searches for a suitable cell of this PLMN to camp on.
l The NAS shall provide a list of equivalent PLMNs, if available, that the AS shall use for cell
selection and cell reselection.
l The UE searches for a suitable cell of the chosen PLMN and chooses that cell to provide
available services, and tunes to its control channel. This choosing is known as "camping on
the cell". The UE will, if necessary, then register its presence, by means of a NAS
registration procedure, in the registration area of the chosen cell.
l If the UE finds a more suitable cell, it reselects onto that cell and camps on it. If the new
cell is in a different registration area, location registration is performed.

WCDMA RRM N-15
Connected Mode
l When UE is in connected mode, there is an RRC connection
between UE and UTRAN.
l The UE position can be known on different levels:

p Cell level
p UTRAN Registration Area (URA) level
p Dedicated transport channels (DCH)
p Common transport channels (RACH / FACH)
l In connected mode ,the level of UE connection to UTRAN is determined by the quality of

service requirements of the active radio bearers and the characteristics of the traffic on
those bearers.
l The Uu interface is designed to support a large number of UEs using packet data services
by providing flexible means to utilize statistical multiplexing. Due to limitations, such as air
interface capacity, UE power consumption and network availability, the dedicated
resources cannot be allocated to all of the packet service users at all times.
l The UE state in the connected mode defines the level of activity associated to the UE. The
key parameters of each state are the required activity and resources within the state and
the required signaling prior to the data transmission. The state of the UE shall at least be
dependent on the application requirement and the period of inactivity.
l Assuming that there exists an RRC connection, there are two basic families of RRC
connection mobility procedures, URA updating and handover. Different families of RRC
connection mobility procedures are used in different levels of UE connection (cell level and
URA level):
p URA update is a family of procedures that updates the UTRAN registration area of
a UE when an RRC connection exists and the position of the UE is known on URA
level in the UTRAN;
p Handover and cell update is a family of procedures that adds or removes one or
several radio links between one UE and UTRAN when an RRC connection exists and
the position of the UE is known on cell level in the UTRAN.

WCDMA RRM N-16
Connected Mode
l Cell-DCH
p In active state
p Communicating via its dedicated channels
p UTRAN knows which cell UE stays in
l If there is huge data to be transmitted, it must allocate dedicated channel. Thus UE will be
in Cell-DCH. UE in Cell-DCH state is communicating via DCH (downlink and uplink) with
UTRAN.

WCDMA RRM N-17
Connected Mode
l Cell-FACH
p In active state
p Few data to be transmitted both in uplink and in downlink. There

is no need to allocate dedicated channel for this UE
p Downlink uses FACH and uplink uses RACH
p UE needs to monitor the FACH for its information
p UTRAN knows which cell the UE stays in
l If there is only few data to be transmitted, there is no need to allocate dedicated channel.
Thus UE will be in Cell-FACH. UE in Cell-FACH state is communicating via FACH (downlink)
and RACH (uplink) with UTRAN. UE need to monitor the FACH for its relative information
because FACH is shared for all users in the cell.

WCDMA RRM N-18
Connected Mode
l Cell-PCH
p No data to be transmitted or received
p Monitor PICH, to receive its paging
p UTRAN knows which cell the UE stays in
p UTRAN has to update cell information of UE when UE roams to

another cell
p Lower the power consumption of UE
l If UE has no data to be transmitted or received, UE will be in Cell-PCH or URA-PCH. In

these two states, UE needs to monitor PICH, to receive its paging. UTRAN knows which
cell or URA UE is now in. The difference between Cell-PCH and URA-PCH is that UTRAN
update UE information only after UE which is in URA-PCH state has roamed to other URA.
l UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roams to another cell. UE migrates
to cell-FACH state to complete the cell update. If there is also no data to be transmitted or
received, UE is back to CELL-PCH state after cell update. If the cell update times in a fixed
time reach a preset value, UTRAN will let UE migrate to URA-PCH. URA is an area of
several cells.

WCDMA RRM N-19
Connected Mode
l URA-PCH
p No data to be transmitted or received
p Monitor PICH, to receive its paging
p UTRAN only knows which URA (which consists of multiple cells)
that UE stays
p UTRAN updates UE information only after UE has roamed to other
URA
p A better way to reduce the resource occupancy and signaling
transmission
l Similar with the CELL-PCH state, UE in URA-PCH states should migrate to CELL-FACH state
to complete the URA update when it roams to other URA.

WCDMA RRM N-20
UE State Translating Algorithm

l UE State Translating Algorithm
RRC Connection
URA_PCH
URA_PCH CELL_PCH
CELL_PCH
CELL_DCH
CELL_DCH CELL_FACH
CELL_FACH
IDLE
IDLE
l Similar with Rate Reallocation Algorithm, in Rate Reallocation Algorithm ,RNC will monitor
the activity of the service in uplink and downlink both:
p If the activity in uplink and downlink are both decreased, RNC will translate the UE
from CELL_DCH to CELL_FACH states, then to CELL_PCH/URA_PCH states.

p UE in CELL_PCH and URA_PCH states will be translated back to CELL_FACH states
after paging or when the UE need to upload some data.

p UE in CELL_FACH state will be translated to CELL_DCH state if the activity in uplink
or downlink increases.

WCDMA RRM N-21
PS Service Always Online Algorithm

l PS service always online Algorithm
UE RAN CN-PS
RRC IU
PDP Context
l After the service setup, if RNC detect there is no traffic in uplink and downlink, RNC will
request CN release the service bearer , then CN will trigger bearer release signaling
procedure to release IU interface ,then RNC release RRC connection .
l After this procedure, the UE is actually in idle mode, all the resources are released. But
logically the PDP context is maintained, so the user feels online as well.
l When the user want to trigger some new traffic transition, UE just need to reestablish the
service bearer .

WCDMA RRM N-22
Contents
1. RRM Overview
3. Power Control
4. Handover
5. Load Control

WCDMA RRM N-23
Near Far Effect
Signal from UEb is

submerged in signal
from UEa
A B
l Near Far Effect is one of the difficulties of any CDMA system.

l In radio network, different UEs are differently far away from the NodeB, so the path losses
are different as well.
l In uplink , if all UEs transmit signal with same power level, the signals received by the
NodeB are very different, the difference can be up to 70 dB.
l So the signal from the farther UEs are easily submerged. The UEs near to the NodeB will
block the whole cell.
l By power control , the transmitting power of UEs are balanced, and then, by processing
gain, more UE signals can be decoded ,so the capacity is increased.

WCDMA RRM N-24
Purposes of Power Control

l Purposes of uplink power control
p Overcome near-far effect, decrease intra-frequency
interference ,then increase uplink capacity
p Save UE transmitting power
l Purposes of downlink power control

p Save the cell power resource, increase downlink capacity
p Decrease inter-cell interference
l Principle of power control

p Just enough
l In WCDMA, Power control is needed in uplink and downlink both :

l In uplink, by controlling the UE transmitting power ,the interference from each UE is
minimum, so the system capacity is increased.
l In downlink ,by controlling the dedicated channel power for each UE to make the power
occupied by each UE is minimum, the cell capacity is improved and the inter-cell
interference is well controlled.

WCDMA RRM N-25
Categories of Power Control

l Open loop power control
p Uplink Open loop power control
p Downlink Open loop power control
l Closed loop power control

p Uplink closed loop power control
p Downlink closed loop power control
l WCDMA power control is channel oriented. The transmitting power of each channel is
controlled by two steps:
p Open loop power control
p Closed loop power control
l Open loop power control works at the initial setup stage of a radio link, it will calculate a
proper initial transmitting power
l Closed loop power control works after the radio link setup stage, it will dynamically adjust
the transmitting power in real time.

WCDMA RRM N-26
Categories of Power Control (Cont.)

l WCDMA channel power control
Channels Open Loop Closed Loop No Power Control
DPDCH √ √ ×
DPCCH √ √ ×
SCH × × √
PCCPCH × × √
SCCPCH × × √
PRACH √ × ×
AICH × × √
PICH × × √

WCDMA RRM N-27
Application Scenario of Open Loop Power Control
Serving
UE Node B
RNC
1. CCCH: RRC Connection Request
RRC RRC
Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
PRACH open loop parameters
power control 2. Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP NBAP
Start RX
description
3. Radio Link Setup Response
NBAP NBAP
Downlink
4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup
DPCH open
5. Downlink Synchronization
loop power DCH - FP DCH - FP
control 6. Uplink Synchronization
DCH - FP DCH - FP
Start TX
description
7. CCCH: RRC Connection Set up
RRC RRC
Uplink DPCH 8. Radio Link Restore Indication
open loop power NBAP NBAP
RRC
control 9. DCCH: RRC Connection Setup Complete
RRC
l Open loop power control works only at the initial setup stage of radio link

WCDMA RRM N-28
Closed Loop Power Control

l Significance of closed loop power control
p Calculation result of open loop power control is not accurate
p After radio link initial setup, the radio channels change dynamically
l The open loop power control is just a simple evaluation by the transmitter, the calculation
result is not very accurate.
l After the initial access stage, because of the channel fading, mobility of the user, in order
to guarantee the QoS, the power must be dynamically adjusted.
l In order to save power, decrease the interference ,after the initial access stage, the real
time closed loop power control is necessary.

WCDMA RRM N-29

l Principle of closed inner loop power control
Measure the received signal SIR, Measure the received signal SIR,
compare it with SIR target compare it with SIR target
l Closed loop power control is realized by two parts. It works in uplink and downlink
independently.
l closed inner loop power control ：
p In uplink, NodeB will measure the received signal SIR from UE, and compare it with
a target value. If the measured value is higher than target, NodeB will control the
UE to decrease the transmitting power, otherwise, increase. In downlink, the
mechanism is similar ,UE will measure the received signal SIR from NodeB
dedicated channel, and compare it with a target value. If the measured value is
high than target, UE will control the NodeB to decrease the transmitting power on
the dedicated channel, otherwise, increase.
p The frequency of closed loop power control is 1500Hz.

WCDMA RRM N-30

l Relation between SIR and QoS
Different curve
coresponding to
different radio
channel
BLER
SIR
l The index of QoS is BLER (block error rate), but not SIR.
l SIR is measured in physical layer. BLER is monitored in MAC layer.
l For a fixed SIR, in different channel condition, for different service, the BLER will be
different.
l In order to guarantee the BLER of the service, the SIR target value must be dynamically
adjusted, which is called outer loop power control.
l Outer loop power control and inner loop power control work together to guarantee the
QoS.

WCDMA RRM N-31

l Principle of closed outer loop power control
Measure the BLER Measure the SIR and
and compare with compare with the SIR
the BLER target, then target, then adjust the
adjust the SIR target UE transmitting power
Outer loop Inner loop
BLER target
RNC NodeB UE
l In uplink, RNC will measure the BLER of the user data from NodeB ,then compare it will
BLER target value configured .If the measured value is higher than target value, RNC will
control the NodeB to increase the SIR target, otherwise decrease.
l In downlink ,the principle is the same, but the control is realized inside the UE.
l The frequency of outer loop power control is configurable.

WCDMA RRM N-32
Contents
1. RRM Overview
3. Power Control
4. Handover
5. Load Control

WCDMA RRM N-33
Purposes of Handover
l Why a mobile system need handover?
p Mobility of the user
p Balance the load
p Hierarchical cell structure
p …
l Handover is the basic function of a mobile system, by handover , the radio link between
the UE and a cell is switched to another cell, so the service is continuously maintained.
l In WCDMA system, handover can realize some other target, for instance :to balance cell
load, to realize hierarchical cell structure, so as to improve the network utilization, and
optimize network performance

WCDMA RRM N-34
Categories of Handover
l Handover in WCDMA include:
p Intra-UMTS handover
n Intra-frequency handover
n Inter-frequency handover
p Inter-system handover
l Handover in WCDMA system include：

p Intra-UMTS handover
n Intra-frequency handover
Intra-frequency hard handover
Intra-frequency soft handover
n Inter-frequency handover
Coverage-based Inter-frequency handover
QoS-based Inter-frequency handover
Load-based Inter-frequency handover
Speed-Based Inter-frequency handover
p UMTS-to-GSM Handover
n Coverage-based UMTS-to-GSM handover
QoS-based UMTS-to-GSM handover
Load-based UMTS-to-GSM handover
Service-based UMTS-to-GSM handover

WCDMA RRM N-35
Intra-Frequency Soft Handover

l Soft handover:
p UE maintains radio links with several cells
l Soft handover could be:

p Intra NodeB soft handover, called softer handover
n Softer handover is a special case of soft handover
p Inter NodeB soft handover
p Inter-RNC soft handover
l In WCDMA ,most of the handover are soft handover, it will last for a duration. In soft
handover state, UE connects will several cells
l During soft handover, the UE radio links with different cells may be from one NodeB,
different NodeB under one RNC, even NodeBs under different RNC. (Of course, the
precondition of inter-RNC soft handover is IUR interface is configured)
l During soft handover, if the UE radio links are from the same NodeB, the signals on
different radio links are combined in uplink in NodeB, this is called softer handover.

WCDMA RRM N-36
Intra-Frequency Soft Handover (Cont.)

l Characters of Intra-frequency soft Handover
p It’s a feature of WCDMA system, It only applicable between intra-
frequency cells.
p There is no gap during the handover, so ,less call drop
p More recourses needed
l During soft handover ,UE has several radio links ,so the service quality is better during
handover.
l Since WCDMA UE normally can only support one frequency transmitting and reception,
the frequency of several radio links must be the same, so it only applicable between intra-
frequency cells.
l During the soft handover ,each radio link occupies cell OVSF code resource, cell power
resource, baseband process resource, so too much soft handover will occupy more
network radio resources ,decrease the utilization of the radio network.

WCDMA RRM N-37
Intra-Frequency Soft Handover (Cont.)

l Combination of signal in soft handover
Normal soft handover Softer handover
Uplink signals Selective combination in RNC Maximum ratio combination in

NodeB
Downlink signals Maximum ratio combination Maximum ratio combination in

in UE UE
IUB transmission Occupy additional Do not occupy additional

resource transmission resource transmission resource
occupied
l During the soft handover, the signals from several radio links are combined in uplink and
downlink.
l For normal soft handover, the uplink signals are combined in RNC by selective combination,
that is, RNC select a better signal.
l For softer handover, the uplink signals are combined in NodeB by maximum ratio
combination, that is, NodeB will take rake combination ,so the combination gain is better.
l Softer handover does not occupy additional transmission resource.

WCDMA RRM N-38
Intra-Frequency Hard Handover

l Hard handover
p During the handover, RNC will firstly switch off the radio link with
the old cell, and then setup the radio link with the new cell
l The application scenario of Intra-frequency hard Handover

p Inter-RNC intra-frequency handover with out IUR interface
p High bit rate R99 BE service
l Although in most of the conditions, intra-frequency handovers are soft handovers, but is
some special scenario, intra-frequency hard handover is still needed to ensure the user
service mobility.
l During the hard handover, RNC will firstly switch off the radio link with the old cell, and
then set up the radio link with the new cell.
l Compare with soft handover, hard handover occupy less resources
l The intra-frequency handover is used in the following scenarios:
p Inter-RNC intra-frequency handover without IUR interface or IUR interface is
congested
p User service is high data rate R99 BE service, in this case ,in order to avoid
occupying more resources, RNC do not allowed soft handover, only take Intra-
frequency hard Handover.

WCDMA RRM N-39
Inter-Frequency Handover
l Inter-frequency Handover
p UE handover from one carrier to another carrier
p Inter-frequency handover must be hard handover
l Inter-frequency handover could be triggered by the following

causes:
p Coverage based
p QoS based
p Load based
p Speed based
l
When UE need to handover to another carrier, inter-frequency is needed. It must be hard
handover, that is, RNC will firstly switch off the radio link with the old cell, and then set
up the radio link with the new cell
l
Inter-frequency handover could be triggered by different causes, and the handover
procedure will be some different with each other:
l
Coverage-based handover:
p
When UE move to the border of the cell. UE will detect the current cell turn bad;
p
Compressed mode is triggered by the UE measurement report, then UE start to
measure inter-frequency neighbors
p
By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to RNC , RNC decides
to trigger handover.
l
QoS-based handover:
p
When the uplink UE TX power or NodeB down TX power is approaching the limit,
there is very probability of call drop.
p
In this case ,UE will report this condition to RNC, compressed mode is triggered by
the UE measurement report, then UE start to measure inter-frequency neighbors
p
By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to RNC , RNC decides
l Load-based handover:
p When cell load exceed a threshold ,RNC will trigger some actions to try to
decrease the cell load, one of which is inter-frequency handover.
p RNC sort all the cell users based on priorities, low priority users will be chosen to
handover to inter-frequency cell.

WCDMA RRM N-40
l Speed-based handover:
p This handover is only used in Hierarchical cell structure.
p If the UE moving speed is high, RNC will handover the UE to a macro cell to avoid
frequent handover.
p If the UE moving speed is low, RNC will handover the UE to a micro cell to make
the UE has a better service quality.

WCDMA RRM N-41
Compressed Mode
l Why does WCDMA need compressed mode?
p WCDMA UE normally has only one RF receiver
p WCDMA UE need to measure inter-frequency neighbor for

handover
l WCDMA UE has only one RF receiver, so the UE can only decoding signal from one carrier,
in normal state, the UE can not measure the inter-frequency neighbors or inter-RAT
neighbors. But the precondition of RNC triggering handover is the measurement results of
the target cells . So in order to enable the inter-frequency and inter-RAT handover,
WCDMA must introduce compressed mode.
l Compressed mode is a special working mode of the UE, it is triggered by RNC ,RNC
reconfigures the uplink and downlink physical channels to start and stop compressed
mode.
l Compressed mode could be realized by two ways: SF/2 and high layer scheduling.

WCDMA RRM N-42
Compressed Mode
l Disadvantage of compressed mode
p Compressed affects PS service throughput
p Compressed affects network performance
l
For high bit rate PS service, compressed mode is realized by high layer scheduling, so the
throughput of the service is affected during the compressed mode period
l
For low bit rate service, compressed mode is realized by “SF/2”, it will decrease the
processing gain, so the uplink and downlink physical channel power must be increased to
maintain the QoS , it will increase the downlink power load and uplink interference. so the
coverage and capacity may be affected.

WCDMA RRM N-43
Inter-RAT Handover
l Inter-RAT Handover
p UE handover from WCDMA cell to GSM cell
p Inter-RAT handover must be hard handover
l Inter-RAT handover could be triggered by the following causes:

p Coverage based
p QoS based
p Load based
p Service based
l When UE need to handover to GSM cell, inter-RAT is needed. It must be hard handover,
that is, RNC will firstly switch off the radio link with the old cell, and then set up the radio
link with the GSM cell
l Inter-RAT handover could be triggered by different causes, and the handover procedure
will be some different with each other:
l Coverage-based handover:
p When UE move to the border of the cell. UE will detect the current cell turn bad;
p Compressed mode is triggered by the UE measurement report, then UE start to
measure inter-RAT neighbors;

p By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to RNC , RNC decides
l QoS-based handover:
p When the uplink UE tx power or NodeB down TX power is approaching the limit,
there is very probability of call drop.

p In this case ,UE will report this condition to RNC by the measurement report, then
compressed mode is triggered, and UE start to measure inter-RAT neighbors

p By the measurement reports, UE reports the measure results to RNC , RNC decides
l Load-based handover:
p When cell load exceed a threshold ,RNC will trigger some actions to try to decrease
the cell load, one of which is inter-RAT handover.

p RNC sort all the cell users based on priorities, low priority users will be chosen to
handover to GSM cell.

WCDMA RRM N-44
l Service based handover:

p Based on operator strategy and characters of WCDMA and GSM, Services can be
spited ,GSM cells carry voice service, WCDMA cells carry PS service .
p After service access to WCDMA cell, if the service is more suitable to be carried on
GSM ,RNC will trigger service handover to GSM.

WCDMA RRM N-45
Contents
1. RRM Overview
3. Power control
4. Handover
5. Load Control

WCDMA RRM N-46
What is load?
l Load: Occupancy of the capacity
l WCDMA capacity include :

p Hard capacity
n Downlink OVSF code of a cell
n IUB transmission resources of a NodeB
n Baseband process resources of NodeB (CE)
p Soft capacity
n Power resource (uplink cell interference raise, downlink cell transmitting
power)
l WCDMA network load is defined by following factors:

p Downlink OVSF code of a cell
p IUB transmission resources of a NodeB
p Baseband process resources of NodeB (CE)
p uplink cell interference raise
p downlink cell transmitting power
l For a service, the caused interference and occupied power is not fixed, it is related to the
user mobility, user distribution and radio channel quality. So a cell power resource is called
soft capacity.

WCDMA RRM N-47
Purposes of Load Control

l Keep the system stable
l Guarantee the network coverage and service QoS ,

maximize the system capacity
l Distinguish the users and services with different priorities
l By a series of algorithms, RNC will try to keep the system stable, maximum the system
capacity, and provide services with different qualities based on priorities

WCDMA RRM N-48
Load Control Algorithms

l Load control algorithms include:
p PUC: (Potential User Control)
p CAC: (Call Admission Control)
p IAC : ( Intelligent Admission Control)
p LDR: (Load Reshuffling)
p OLC: (Overload Control)
l Huawei load control algorithms include:

p PUC: (Potential User Control)
p CAC: (Call Admission Control)
p IAC : ( Intelligent Admission Control)
p LDR: (Load Reshuffling)
p OLC: (Overload Control)
l If the network load is high, the UEs in idle mode with be affected by the PUC (Potential
User Control) on cell selection and reselection;
l Call Admission Control and Intelligent Admission Control will affect UE access procedure;
l If the cell is congested, the ongoing services will be affected by Load Reshuffling actions
and Overload Control actions.

WCDMA RRM N-49
Load Control Algorithms (Cont.)

Traffic
Icons for different load levels
Cell load
OLC starts
CAC and IAC:

No Load
control
PUC starts
LDR starts
l Different algorithms start at different load level.

l With the increase of the cell load , the PUC will firstly start to execute to affect the idle
mode UEs. Then the LDR starts, to affect some ongoing service .
l If the load of the cell is still increasing , CAC will reject some access to try to avoid the
overload. But processed by IAC, some service can access after DRD , rate renegotiation,
preemption ,queuing…
l At last , the OLC will be triggered to forcibly release some service or forcibly decrease the
rate of some service. Of course , it will negatively affecting user experience.

WCDMA RRM N-50
Potential User Control

l Target of PUC
p To avoid the UEs camp on the high load cell
l Principle of PUC
p To update the inter-frequency cell selection and reselection
parameters periodically according to cell load
l Target UE of PUC algorithm:

p Idle mode UEs
p CELL-FACH state UEs，CELL-PCH state UEs，URA-PCH state UEs
l The target of PUC is to balance the potential users between different carriers
l Based on cell load , RNC updates the inter-frequency cell selection and reselection
parameters by system information periodically, so as to trigger the UE cell reselect to inter-
frequency neighbors with light load.

WCDMA RRM N-51
Call Admission Control

l After access a new service, the cell load will increase. By CAC,
RNC judges if the cell has enough resources to accept each new
service.
l Call Admission Control will affect following procedures:

p RRC connection setup procedure
p RAB assignment procedure
p Handover procedure
p Service rate reconfiguration
l For each access procedure, RNC will check the load of all kinds of resources. In Call
Admission Control ,RNC will check :
l After passing the admission for all the resources, RNC accepts the new service.

WCDMA RRM N-52
Intelligent Admission Control

l When the cell load is high, CAC will reject new accesses ,the
access KPI will be very bad
l IAC will try to save these rejected accesses as much as possible,

IAC algorithm include:
p Rate negotiation
p Directly retry
p Queuing
p Preemption
l The disadvantage of CAC is obviously:

p It is not flexible for PS BE service.
p It does not consider the user and service priorities
p It does not consider the available resources of neighbor cells
l By Intelligent Admission Control, RNC could save some access failure and consider the
priorities of the users and services.
l Intelligent Admission Control algorithm include:
p Rate negotiation
For BE services, the initial bit rate could be lower, so as to increase the
n
access probability.
p Directly retry
RNC always select a most suitable cell to accept the service. If access failed,
n
RNC will select other inter-frequency neighbor cells or inter-RAT neighbor
cells to try to accept the service. So the UE has several changes to access
the network.
p Queuing
After service access failure, RNC does not reject the service immediately.
n
RNC will let the UE wait in a queue for a certain period, then try to accept
the service periodically. By queuing, the access failure caused by
instantaneous congestion could be avoided.
p Preemption
n After a high priority service access failure, RNC will release some low
priority services and accept the high priority service.

WCDMA RRM N-53
Load Reshuffling
l When the cell load is high, CAC will reject new accesses . So LDR
will adjust the ongoing services by some actions to decrease the
cell load
l LDR actions include:

p Inter-frequency/inter-RAT handover
p Service rate reduction
p Code reshuffling
l When the cell load is high than load admission threshold, CAC will reject new accesses .
LDR will adjust the ongoing services to decrease the cell load in advance.
l The triggers of LDR include:
l LDR will trigger some actions ,include:

p Inter-frequency/inter-RAT handover some low priority users to neighbor cell.
p Trigger some low priority service rate reduction
p Code reshuffling

WCDMA RRM N-54
Overload Control
l When the cell load approaching the limit ,the network is not
stable
l The overload control algorithm will try to recover the cell load
back to normal state by some actions, include:
p Fast TF (transmission format) control
p Switching BE services to common channel
p Releaseing some RABs
l The overload control actions are effective and fast
l When the cell load approaching the limit ,the network is not stable, some services could
not be maintained because of lack of power resource.
l
The idea of OLC is similar with LDR. OLC algorithm will trigger some actions to decrease
the cell load effectively. The difference is trigger threshold for OLC is much higher ,and
effect is more obvious and fast. It will affect the service quality greatly as well.
l
Triggers of OLC are “uplink cell interference raise” and “downlink cell transmitting power”.
l
OLC actions include：
p Select some low priority service to limit the TF (transmission format), that is “fast TF
control”.
p Switching low priority BE services to common channel
p Releaseing some low priority RABs

WCDMA RRM N-55
Summary
l In this course ,we discussed following RRM principles:
p Channel configuration
p Power control
p Handover
p Load control

WCDMA RRM N-56
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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WCDMA RRM N-0

Copyright © 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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p Know the RRM principles:

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Why RRM is needed?

l To guarantee the network performance satisfy the network

l To increase network capacity

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WCDMA RRM Algorithms

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The Cooperation of WCDMA RRM

Radio Bearer Initial Channel

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The Cooperation of WCDMA RRM

Call service Power Control－

Load Control-- UE Activity

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Radio Bears Provided by WRAN

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Initial Channel Configuration

n The maximum bit rate is based on:

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Dynamic Channel Configuration

l Objective of Dynamic channel configuration

l Target of Dynamic channel configuration

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Dynamic Channel Configuration Algorithms

p UE State Translating Algorithm

p PS Service Always Online Algorithm

l Rate Reallocation Algorithm work in uplink and downlink independently .

p When downlink is inactive ,RNC reconfigure downlink channel

reallocation is handled by “fast scheduling”)

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Rate Reallocation Algorithm

p In uplink, RNC request UE report the RLC buffer volume.

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UE Working Modes and States

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p UE can receive paging message from the PICH of a cell

l The idle mode tasks can be divided into three processes:

p Cell selection and reselection

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l The UE position can be known on different levels:

p UTRAN Registration Area (URA) level

p Dedicated transport channels (DCH)