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Def n :
A diff. equation which involves partial derivatives is called partial differential
z z
equation. for e.g. x y 1 .
Formation of a differential equation:
The solution which contains a number of arbitrary constants equal to the order of the
differential equation is called a complete integral.
Lagranges equation :
(u(x,y,z), v(x,y,z)) = 0,
Form : f ( p, q ) = 0
Method to get solution : Replace p by a and q by b in f ( p, q ) =0
Get form f ( a, b) = 0 and find relation b = F(a).
Solution : z = ax + F (a) + c.
Form : f ( z , p, q ) = 0
.(1)
Method to get solution : assume q = ap.
Then the (1) becomes f ( z , p, ap) = 0
Get form p = ( z , a )
Use dz = ( z , a ) dx + a ( z , a ) dy
dz
Solution : ( z , a) = x + ay + b.
Form : f 1 ( x, p ) f 2 y , q
.(1)
Method to get solution : assume f1 ( x, p ) = a = f 2 y, q
Solving f1 ( x, p ) = a, get p = 1 ( x, a )
Solving f 2 ( y, q ) = a, get p = 2 ( y , a )
Use dz = 1 ( x, a ) dx + 2 ( y, a ) dy
Solution : z = 1 ( x, a ) dx + 2 ( y, a ) dy + b.
This category includes those p.d.e. which do not fall directly under any
of the above four forms
We can reduce our given equations in one of the above four forms
The solution which contains a number of arbitrary constants equal to the order
of the differential equation is called the complementary function (C.F.) of a
Differential equation.
Auxiliary Equation:
Sr.
Classification of roots C.F.
No.
If roots D = m1, m2 ,m3 ,
,mn y f 1 ( y m1 x) f 2 ( y m 2 x) ..........
1
of Auxiliary equation are real and distinct
Two roots are equal (real roots) y f 1 ( y m1 x) xf 2 ( y m1 x)
2
i.e. If roots are m1= m2 , m3
,mn f 3 ( y m3 x).........
1 1
(1) e ax by e ax by if f ( a, b) 0 .
f ( D, D ' ) f ( a , b)
if f ( a 2 , ab,b 2 ) 0
and
1 1
cos ax by cos ax by
2 2
f ( D , DD' , D' ) f ( a ,ab,b 2 )
2
if f ( a 2 , ab,b 2 ) 0
1 1
xm yn xm yn
(3) f ( D, D ' ) D
1
D'
1
Use 1 t 1 t t t ...................
2 3
1 1
Or 1 t 1 t t t ................... On 1 ( D ) and use
2 3
1 1
F ( x, y ) F ( x, y ) dx and F ( x, y ) dy to get P.I.
D D'
1 1
(4) e ax by ( x, y ) e ax by ( x, y )
f ( D, D ' ) f ( D a, D'b)
1
P.I. = f ( D, D ' ) F ( x, y )
1
= F ( x, y )
D m1 D' D m 2 D' D m3 D'............. D m n D'
1 1
F ( x, y )
D m1 D m 2 D m3 ............. D m1
1
F ( x, c m1 x) dx
D m1 D m 2 D m3 .............
Where c1 is replaced by y + m1x.
Continue above process for all factors of f (D) . And get P.I. for y.