Menentukan kesalahan batas pada pengukuran yang melibatkan berbagai

macam alat ukur:

Misalkan kuantitas suatu besaran X akan ditentukan berdasarkan pengukuran

sejumlah variabel pengukuran A, B, dan C dengan menggunakan tiga macam alat
ukur dengan akurasi tertentu.
X = f (A,B,C)
A = A + A
B = B + B
C = C + C
Kuantitas X dapat dinyatakan sbb:
X = X + X
Maka:
X = f (A, B, C)
∂X ∂X ∂X
∆ X= | | | | | |
∂A
∆ A+
∂B
∆ B+
∂C
∆C
dengan A = A, B = B, dan C = C, serta simbol |---| menyatakan nilai
mutlak sehingga selalu bernilai positif (+)
Contoh 1:
X = 2A + 3B – 4C
A = 9,0  0,6
B = 7,5  0,8
C = 5,0  0,3
maka:
X = 2A + 3B – 4C
= 2(9,0) + 3(7,5) – 4(5,0)
= 20,5
X = |X/A|.A + |X/B|.B + |X/C|.C
= 2.A + 3.B + 4.C
= 2(0,6) + 3(0,8) + 4(0,3)
= 4,8
X = 20,5  4,8
Contoh 2:
X = 2BC/A
A = 8,0  0,1 = 8,0  100(0,1/8,0)% = 8,0  1,25%
B = 6,4  0,4 = 6,4  100(0,4/6,4)% = 6,4  6,25%
C = 5,0  0,2 = 5,0  100(0,2/5,0)% = 5,0  4,00%
maka:
X = 2BC/A
= 2(6,4)(5,0)/(8,0)
= 8,0
X = |X/A|.A + |X/B|.B + |X/C|.C
= (2BC/A2).A + (2C/A).B + (2B/A).C
= (2BC/A)[(A/A) + (B/B) + (C/C)]
= X[(A/A) + (B/B) + (C/C)]
= 8,0(1,25% + 6,25%  4,00%)
= 8,0(11,50%)
= 0,92
X = 8,0  0,92
Contoh perhitungan pengukuran daya dan faktor daya:

A W
I IL

Power
V Load
source

Data pengukuran:
Amperemeter :
A  2,5A  0,1A
Voltmeter :
V  200V  10V
Rv = 200 k
Wattmeter :
W  400W  8W
Rp = 100 k

Analisa data:
I = I  I = 2,5A  0,1A
 I/I = 0,1A/2,5A = 4%
V = V  V = 200V  10V
 V/V = 10V/200V = 5%
W = W  W = 400W  8W
 W/W = 8W /400W = 2%

Abaikan efek pembebanan & ketelitian alat ukur:

P = W = 400W
S = V.I = (200V).(2,5A) = 500VA
pf = P/S = 400W/500VA = 0,8

Abaikan efek pembebanan & perhitungkan ketelitian alat ukur:

P = P  P = W = 400W  8W
 P/P = 8W/400W = 2%

S = S  S = V.I
S = V.I
S = |S/V|.V + |S/I|.I
= I.I + V.V
= V.I [(V/V) + (I/I)]
= S [(V/V) + (I/I)]
 S/S = (V/V) + (I/I)
= 5% + 4%
= 9%
S = V.I = (200V).(2,5A) = 500VA
S = 9% S = 9% x 500VA = 45VA
S = 500VA  45VA

pf = pf  pf = P/S
pf = P/S
pf = | pf/P|.P + | pf/S|.S
= (1/S).P + (P/S2).S
= (P/S)[(P/P) + (S/S)]
= pf [(P/P) + (S/S)]
 pf/pf = (P/P) + (S/S)
= 2% + 9%
= 11%
pf = P/S = 400W/500VA = 0,8
pf = 11% pf = 11% x 0,8 = 0,088
pf = 0,8  0,088

Perhitungkan efek pembebanan alat ukur & abaikan ketelitian alat ukur:
P = W –V2(RV-1 + Rp-1)
= 400W – 2002(200.000-1+100.000-1)
= 400W – 0,6W
= 399,4W
IL = {I2 + V2(RV-1 + Rp-1)2 – 2W(RV-1 + Rp-1)}
= 2,4976A
S = V.IL
= (200V).(2,4976A)
= 499,52VA
pf = P/S
= (399,4W)/(499,52VA)
= 0,7996

Perhitungkan efek pembebanan alat ukur & ketelitian alat ukur:

P = 399,4W
IL = 2,4976A
S = 499,52VA
pf = 0,7996

P = W –V2(RV-1 + Rp-1)
P = |P/W|.W + |P/V|.V
= W + 2V(RV-1 + Rp-1).V
= 8,06W
P = 399,4W  8,06W
 P/P = 8,06W/399,4W = 2,018%

IL = | IL/I|.I + | IL/V|.V + | IL/W|.W

= {I.I + V(RV-1 + Rp-1)2.V + (RV-1 + Rp-1).W}/
{I2 + V2(RV-1 + Rp-1)2 – 2W(RV-1 + Rp-1)}
= 0,1001A
IL = 2,4976A  0,1001A
 IL/IL = 0,1001A/2,4976A = 4,010%

S = S  S = V.IL
S = S [(V/V) + (I/IL)]
 S/S = (V/V) + (I/IL)
= 5% + 4,010%
= 9,010%
S = 9,010% S = 9,010% x 499,52VA = 45,00VA
S = 499,52VA  45,00VA

pf = pf  pf = P/S
pf = pf [(P/P) + (S/S)]
 pf/pf = (P/P) + (S/S)
= 2,018% + 9,010%
= 11,028%
pf = 11,028% pf = 11,028% x 0,7996 = 0,0882
pf = 0,7996  0,0882

Resume:
 Pengukuran  Akurasi
Para pembeba Akurasi +
ideal akurasi akibat akibat
meter nan pembebanan
pembebanan pembebanan
200V  10V 200V  10V
V 200V 200V 0V 0V
200V  5% 200V  5%
2,5A  0,1A 2,4976A  0,1001A
I 2,5A 2,4976A 0,0024A 0,0001A
2,5A  4% 2,4976A  4,010%
400W  2% 399,4W  2,018%
P 400W 399,4W 0,6 W 0,1 W
400W  8W 399,4W  8,1W
0,8  11% 0,7996  11,028%
pf 0,8 0,7996 0,0004 0,0002
0,800  0,088 0,7996  0,0882