M54 Unit 6 Temperature & Shrinkage

Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey
Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis
UNIT 6: Temperature and Shrinkage
(Study time allocation = 10 hours)
1. INTRODUCTION
This unit consists of two parts. The first part describes the effects of temperature variation on
the structures, quantification of temperature loads, and its effects on the structure. The second
part deals with the effects of shrinkage and creep on concrete structure. The method of
analysis for the both is similar, hence grouped into this unit.
2. TEMPERATURE VARIATION
The temperature of both the bridge structures and its environment changes on a daily and
seasonal basis. This affects the overall bridge structure (movement of the bridge deck as a
whole) and also induces stresses within the structure (stress variation along the depth of the
cross-section). The temperature variation on a daily basis (heating and cooling) is idealised as
linear gradients along the depth of the section. This temperature difference causes curvature
of the deck resulting in the self equilibrating internal stresses. Two types of stresses are
induced within the structure, namely primary and secondary stresses.
The temperature of a bridge deck varies throughout its mass. The variation is caused by:
• the position of the sun
• the intensity of the suns rays
• thermal conductivity of the concrete and surfacing
• wind
• the cross sectional make-up of the structure
The effects are complex and have been investigated in the UK by the Transport Research
Laboratory (TRL). Changes occur on a DAILY (short term) and ANNUAL (long term) basis.
Daily there is heat gain by day and heat loss by night. Annually there is a variation of the
ambient (surrounding) temperature.
2.1. Temperature – BS5400-2

For the design purposes, the minimum and maximum bridge temperatures are available from
figure 7 and 8 of the code. These shade air temperatures are for mean sea level for a return
period of 120 years (cl. 5.4.1). The adjustment factors for the height above mean sea level and
a 50 years return period are available in cl. 5.4.2.1 and cl. 5.4.2.2 respectively. In the former
case, the minimum shade air temperature is increased by 2oC and maximum shade air
temperature is reduced by 2oC. In the latter case, the minimum shade air temperature is
PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.1

reduced by 0.5oC for every 100m increase in height above sea level and the maximum shade
air temperature is reduced by 1oC for every 100m height of the location above mean sea level.
2.3.1. Effective Bridge Temperature

The effective temperature is a theoretical temperature derived by weighting and adding
temperatures at various levels within the superstructure (cl. 5.4.1). The weighting is in the
ration of the area of cross-section at the various levels to the area of cross-section of the
superstructure.
The minimum and maximum effective bridge temperatures depends upon the type of
construction and minimum and maximum shade air temperatures. These values are given in
Table 10 and 11 of the code. Various types of construction is categorised into 4 groups (Fig. 9
of the code) as shown in Figure 6.1. The values in Table 10 and 11 assume a surface thickness
of 40mm for group 1 and 2, and 100mm for group 3 and 4. Table 12 of the code yields
modification factors for the surfacing other than above specified values.
Figure 6.1: Temperature difference for different types of construction (Fig. 9, BS5400-2)

The thermal expansion coefficient βT = 12 x 10-6 /oC for normal aggregates and 9 x 10-6/ oC
for limestone aggregate, and the short term modular ratio αe is used.
2.3.2. Temperature Difference Within Superstructure

Temperatures near the top are controlled by incident solar radiation, and temperatures near the
bottom are controlled by shade temperature. The general distribution is indicated in Figure
5.2. Positive represents a rapid rise in temperature of the deck slab due to direct sunlight
(solar radiation). Negative represents a falling ambient temperature due to heat loss (re-
radiation) from the structure.
surfacing
deck slab
beam
Heating (positive) Cooling (negative)

Figure 6.2: Typical temperature distributions
Research has indicated that for the purposes of analysis the distributions (or thermal
gradients) can be idealised for different ‘groups’ of structure as defined in Figure 9 of
BD37/01 cl. 5.4. (Figure 6.1).
The critical parameters are the thickness of the surfacing; the thickness of the deck slab and
the nature of the beam. Concrete construction falls within Group 4. The values in Figure 9 of
the code (Figure 6.1) relates to the surfacing depth of 40mm for groups 1 and 2, and 100m for
group 3 and 4. For other depths of surfacing, different values will apply, which are given in
Appendix C of the BS5400 (BD37/01).
2.3.3. Primary Stresses

Primary stresses occur in both simply supported and continuous bridges and are manifested as
a variation of stresses with depth. The restraint stresses are determined through the
temperature gradient along the depth. Self-equilibrating stresses are generated into the section
as a result of the restraint stresses. They are determined by balancing the restrained stresses
with an equivalent system of a couple and a direct force acting at the neutral axis position.
2.3.4. Secondary Stresses

Secondary stresses occur in continuous bridges only and result due to a change in the global
reactions and bending moments. They are determined by applying the couple and the force at
each end of the continuous bridge and determining the resulting reactions and moments.
These are then added to the live load reactions and moments.

Continuous deck
Restrained deck
Mt Mt Restrained moments
in each span
Restrained moments
Mt Mt in continuous span
Mt Mt Relaxing flexural
moments
Final flexural
moments
Figure 6.3: Secondary temperature effects.
Primary stresses are not necessarily larger than secondary stresses. Both can be significant
and depend on a whole range of variables. Once calculated they are included in Combination
3.
EXAMPLE 1 (Primary stress calculation)

Determine the stresses induced by both the positive and reverse temperature differences for
the concrete box girder bridge shown in Figure 6.4. {A=940,000mm2, I=102,534x106 mm4,
Depth to neutral axis = 409mm, βT = 12 x 10-6, E = 34 kN/mm2).
2000
70 surfacing T1
220 h1
409 h2 T2
1000 250 250

591
220 h3 T3
1000
Figure 6.4: Box girder dimensions & temperature distribution
1. Calculate critical depths of temperature distribution
From BD 37/01 Figure 9 this is a Group 4 section, therefore:
h1=0.3h = 0.3x1000 = 300 > 150 Thus h1 = 150mm

h2=0.3h = 0.3x1000 = 300 > 250 Thus h2 = 250mm
h3=0.3h = 0.3x1000 = 300 > 170 Thus h3 = 170mm
2. Calculate temperature distribution
Basic values are in Figure 9 (BD5400:2) which are modified for depth of section and surface
thickness by interpolating from Table 24.
T1 = 17.8 - (17.8-13.5)20/50 = 16.10oC

T2 = 4.0 - (4.0-3.0)20/50 = 3.60oC

T3 = 2.1 - (2.1-2.5)20/50 = 2.26oC
3. Calculate restraint forces at critical points
This is accomplished by dividing the depth into convenient elements corresponding to

changes in the distribution diagram and/or changes in the section. (see Figure 3.2)
F = Ec β T T i A i
F1 = 34000 x 12 x 10-6 x [(16.1 - 3.6)/2] x 2000x150 /1000 = 765kN

F2 = 34000 x 12 x 10-6 x (3.6) x 2000x150 /1000 = 441kN
F3 = 34000 x 12 x 10-6 x [(3.6+2.6)/2] x 2000x(220-150)/1000 = 177kN
F4 = 34000 x 12 x 10-6 x(2.6/2) x 2 x (250-70)x250 /1000 = 48kN
F5 = 34000 x 12 x 10-6 x(2.26/2) x 1000x170 /1000 = 78kN
TOTAL F = 1509kN (tensile)

0
16.1
Top slab 220 h1=150 0
F1F2
3.6 409
F3
180 h2=250 0 F4
2.6 NA
430
0
h3=170 2.26 F5
Figure 6.5: Element forces
4. Calculate restraint moment about the neutral axis
M = [765(409-50) + 441(409-75) + 177(409-185) + 48(409-280) - 78(591-170x2/3)]/1000
M = 431kNm (hogging)
5. Calculate restraint stresses
f = Ec βT Ti
f01 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 16.1 = -6.56 N/mm2
f02 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 3.6 = -1.47 N/mm2
f03 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 2.6 = -1.06 N/mm2
f04 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 0 = 0.00 N/mm2
f05 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 0 = 0.00 N/mm2

f06 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 2.26 = -0.92 N/mm2
6. Calculate balancing stresses
Direct stress f10 = 1509 x 103 / 940000 = 1.61 N/mm2.
Bending stresses f2i = My/I
431 × 10 6
f21 = × 409 = 1.71 N/mm2
102534 × 10 6
431 × 10 6
f22 = × 259 = 1.08 N/mm2
102534 × 10 6
431 × 10 6
f23 = × 180 = 0.75 N/mm2
102534 × 10 6
431 × 10 6
f24 = ×9 = 0.06 N/mm2
102534 × 10 6
431 × 10 6
f25 = − × 421 = -1.76 N/mm2
102534 × 10 6
431 × 10 6
f26 = − × 591 = -2.47 N/mm2
102534 × 10 6
7. Calculate final stresses
Restraint Balancing direct Balancing Final stresses

stresses stress bending stresses
1 -6.56 1.61 1.71 -3.24 (C)
2 -1.47 1.61 1.08 1.14 (T)
3 -1.06 1.61 0.75 1.3 (T)
4 0 1.61 0.06 1.67 (T)
5 0 1.61 -1.76 -0.15 (C)
6 -0.92 1.61 -2.47 -1.78 (C)
Table 6.1 Summary of stresses

-6.56 1.61 1.71 -3.24

-
150 1.14
-1.06
250
+ 1.67
430
170 -
-0.92 -2.47 -1.78

Restrained Stresses due Stresses due Final self-
stresses to relaxing to relaxing equilibrating
force moment stresses
Figure 6.6: Final stress distribution (Positive)
The final stress distribution is shown in Figure 6.6. Similar calculations for the cooling
(reverse) situation are shown in Figure 6.7.
3.827 -1.38 -0.56 1.89

200 +
200
-1.39
-
200
200
-1.11
200
+
2.57 0.83 2.00

Restrained Stresses due Stresses due Final self-
stresses to relaxing to relaxing equilibrating
force moment stresses
Figure 6.7: Final stress distribution (Negative)
2.3.5. Annual variations

Annual (or seasonal) changes result in a change in length of the bridge and therefore affects
the design of both bearings and expansion joints.
The thermal movement of a bridge takes place about a point called the thermal centre or the
stagnant point and defines the length and direction over which movement occurs.
The deck movement Δl = βL T L

where T = temperature change and is based on a total possible range of movement given by
the difference of the MAXIMUM and MINIMUM shade temperatures and specified in the
Code for a given bridge location as Isotherms in Figures 8 and 9 of BD 37/01.
These are further modified to take account of the bridge construction in Tables 10 and 11 of
BD 37/88 to give the effective bridge temperature (Sec. 6.2.1).
The bearings and expansion joints are set in position to account for actual movements which
will depend upon the time of year in which they are installed. This is shown graphically in
Figure 6.8 in relation to the ‘setting’ of an expansion joint.
Point at which expansion joint installed
Contraction Expansion
Tc Te
T(min) T(max)
TOTAL RANGE
Figure 6.8: Effect of installation on expansion joint movement
The two extreme situations illustrate the problem. If the joint is set fully extended at T(max)
then as the deck cools the joint will over-extend resulting in failure of the joint. Conversely if
the joint is set fully closed at T(min) then as the deck expands it will jam. Ideally a graph
showing the local temperature variation with time of year is needed to accurately set the joint,
but more often than not this is not available and an engineering judgement has to be made. It
is also wise to install a joint that has a slightly greater range than calculated in order to
provide an extra margin of safety.
EXAMPLE 2 (Overall movement calculation)

Determine the expected range of movement for the bridge deck in Example 1 assuming that it
is simply supported over a span of 25m, surfacing is 100mm, and is located in London, UK.
From Figure 7 of BD 37/01 Minimum shade air temperature = -12 oC
From Figure 8 of BD 37/01 Maximum shade air temperature = +37 oC
From Table 10 of BD 37/01 Minimum effective bridge temperature = -7 oC
From Table 11 of BD 37/01 Maximum effective bridge temperature = +36 oC
Therefore range = 36 - (-7) = 43 oC.

Movement range = 12 x 10-6 x 43 x (25 x 103) = 12.9 mm.
Theoretically this should be modified to account for stiffness or friction of the bearing by an
amount Δ= PL/AE due to the frictional resistance (μR) of a sliding bearing or stiffness
resistance of a laminated rubber bearing.
2.2. Temperature (Thermal Actions) – BS EN 1991-5

Thermal actions are treated as indirect variable actions in and are required to be calculated for
each relevant design situation, i.e. persistent design situation, temporary design situation and
accidental design situation, etc. Various terminologies related to this code are defined in Sec.
1.5 of the code, whereas the models for thermal actions on bridges are presented in Sec. 6.
The temperature distribution within an individual structural element is split into four essential
components, as shown in Fig. 5.9 (Fig. 4.1 of the code). These include;
• A uniform temperature component, ΔTu
• A linearly varying temperature difference component about z-z axis, ΔTMY
• A linearly varying temperature difference component about y-y axis, ΔTMZ
• A non-linear temperature difference component, ΔTE
Figure 5.9: Constituent components of a temperature profile.
2.3.6. Bridge Deck Types

For the purpose of defining thermal action on bridge decks, the bridge decks are categorised
into the following three types.
• Type 1: Steel deck: - Steel box girder
• Steel truss or plate girder
• Type 2: Composite deck
• Type 3: Concrete deck - concrete slab

- concrete beam
- concrete box girder
As in the BS codes, the temperature load (action) is split into two components, Uniform
temperature component (termed as effective temperature in BS code) and temperature
difference component.

2.3.7. Uniform temperature component

The uniform temperature component depends on the minimum and maximum temperature of
the bridge, which are related to the maximum and minimum shade air temperatures.
2.2.3.1 Shade Air Temperature

The shade air temperatures, Tmax and Tmin, to be used for the purpose of estimating maximum
and minimum uniform bridge temperatures, Te,max and Te,min, should be based on national
maps of isotherms, established for mean sea level with an annual probability of being
exceeded of 0.02. These are defined in the National annexes. These are reproduced below.
Figure 5.10a: Isotherm for minimum shade air temperature

Figure 5.10b: Isotherm for maximum shade air temperature

For the cases where the shade air temperature for other circumstances, i.e. other than mean
sea level, for a different annual probability of excedance, etc, guidance in given in Annex A
of the code.
2.2.3.2 Uniform Temperature Components

The uniform temperature components are related to the shade air temperatures using the
following figure (Fig. 6.1 of the code).
Figure 5.11: Correlation between Shade air temperature and uniform temperature
The uniform temperature components needs to be adjusted for various deck surfacing.
Guidance for this is given in National Annex of the code (reproduced below).

2.2.3.3 Range of uniform bridge temperature components

The overall range of the uniform bridge temperature component, ΔTN, is given by
ΔTN = Te,max – Te,min
The characteristic value for maximum contraction range of the uniform bridge temperature,
ΔTN,Con ,is given by
ΔTN,Con = T0 – Te,min
Similarly, the characteristic value for maximum expansion range of the uniform bridge
temperature, ΔTN,Exp ,is given by
ΔTN,Exp = Te,max – T0
In order to establish the maximum contraction and expansion range, the initial bridge
temperature, To, is required. This value should be taken as the temperature at which the bridge
elements are restrained. If this temperature is not predictable, average temperature of the
construction may be assumed. In the absence of any data, a value of 10oC may be used
(Annex A of the code).
For bearings and expansion joints, in the absence of any further information, the UK National
Annex defines the maximum expansion and contraction range as follows,
(ΔTN,Exp + 20oC) and (ΔTN,Con + 20 oC)
If the temperature at which the bearings and expansion joints are set is specified, the
uncertainty is reduced and hence the range can be reduced as follows.
(ΔTN,Exp + 10oC) and (ΔTN,Con + 10 oC)

2.3.8. Temperature difference components

Due to the cooling and heating of the bridge deck surface, a temperature profile along the
vertical axis of the deck. This is represented by temperature difference component, isolating
the uniform temperature component from this profile. This vertical temperature difference
may be produced by
• Restraint of free curvature due to the form of the structure, e.g. portal frame, continuous
beam, etc.
• Friction at rotational bearings
• Non-linear geometric effects (2nd order effects).
The code highlights two approaches for quantifying the temperature difference components of
thermal actions on a bridge. The first approach is based on linear vertical temperature
difference, whereas the second approach includes the non-linear effects. The selection of the
approaches is let down to the national annexes. The UK national annex recommends the use
of second approach unless otherwise specified for individual project and agreed by local
authorities.
2.2.3.1 Vertical temperature components with non-linear effects

This approach includes the non linear effects of temperature difference components. The
profile to be used for this case are same as specified in the BS Code (Fig. 6.1, with groups 1
and 2 referred to as type 1, group 3 refered to as type 2 and group 4 refered to as type 3).
2.3. Shrinkage
2.3.1. Introduction
Shrinkage stresses are induced in all concrete bridges whether they consist of precast elements
or constructed in-situ. Generally the stresses are low and are considered insignificant in most
cases.
However, where a concrete deck is cast in-situ onto a prefabricated member (be it steel of
concrete) then shrinkage stresses can be significant. Figure 5.9 illustrates how shrinkage of
the in-situ concrete deck affects the composite section.
+ F -
-
Z
F
NA
M
+ +
Restrained Balancing forces Final stresses

shrinkage force and stresses
Figure 5.9: Effect of deck slab shrinkage on composite section

Shrinkage produces COMPRESSION in the top region of the precast concrete beam. When
the concrete deck slab is poured it flows more or less freely over the top of the precast beam
and additonal stresses are induced in the beam due to the wet concrete. As it begins to set,
however, it begins to bond to the top of the precast beam and because it is partially restrained
by the precast beam below, shrinkage stresses are induced in both the slab and the beam.
Tensile stresses are induced in the slab and compressive stressses in the top region of the
beam.
For the purposes of analysis a fully composite section is assumed, and the same principles
applied as when calculating temperature stresses.
In-situ concrete deck Tension
Compression
Precast concrete beam
Figure 5.10: Development of shrinkage stresses
The total restrained shrinkage force is assumed to act at the centroid of the slab and results in
a uniform restrained stress throughout the depth of the slab only. Since the composite section
is able to deflect and rotate, balancing stresses are induced due to a direct force and a moment
acting at the centroid of the composite section. (see Figure 5.9).
Restrained shrinkage force F = -E A εcs
where E = Young’s modulus of the in-situ concrete; A = area of the slab, and εcs = shrinkage
strain and depends upon the humidity of the air at the bridge site. In the UK guidance is given
in Table 5.2 reproduced below.
Table 5.2: Shrinkage strains and creep reduction factors

Environment εcs фc
-6
Very humid, e.g. directly over -100 x10 0.5
water
Generally in the open air -200 x 10-6 0.4
-6
Very dry, eg. dry interior -300 x 10 0.3
enclosures
2.3.2. Shrinkage modified by creep

Creep is a long term effect and modifies the effects of shrinkage in that the apparent modulus
of the concrete is reduced, which in turn reduces the modular ratio, which in turn affects the
final stresses in the section. The effect of creep is defined by the creep coefficient ф.
ф = long term creep strain / initial elastic strain due to constant compressive stress.
Total long term strain εco = (1 + ф) εc = ( 1 + ф) fcc / Ec

Where Ec is the short term modulus for concrete.
Long term modulus of concrete E’c = fcc / εco = Ec / (1 + ф)
E’c = фc Ec
where фc = 1/(1 + ф) defined as the reduction factor for creep.
Therefore modular ratio would be:

E E 1
α eL = cb' = cb
Ec Ec φc
Where Ecb = modulus of concrete in the beam. (This assumes that all of the shrinkage has
already taken place in the beam.). The value of фc is generally taken as 0.5, but the guidance is
given in Table 5.2.
EXAMPLE 3 (Shrinkage stresses)

A continuous composite bridge is located over a waterway, and consists of a series of Y8
precast pre-stressed concrete beams at 2m centres and with a 220mm deep in-situ concrete
slab. Young’s modulus for the Y-beam concrete is 50 N/mm2 and for the in-situ slab it is 35
N/mm2. Determine the stresses induced in the section due to shrinkage of the top slab.
1. Calculate properties of section
Modular ratio = 50/35 = 1.429.

Therefore transformed width of slab = 2000/1.429 = 1400mm.
AT(slab)= 140 x 22 = 3080 cm2
Table 5.3: Section properties

Section A (cm2) y (cm from top) A y (cm3)
slab 3,080 11 33,880
Y8 beam 5,847 98.1 573,591
8,927 607,471
Distance of neutral axis from top = 607471/8927 = 68 cm.
Ix (slab) = 140x223 / 12 = 124227 cm4.
Ix (comp) = 124227 + 3080 x (68-11)2 + 118.86 x 105 + 5847 x (76.1+22-68)2
= 273 x 105 cm4
2. Calculate restrained shrinkage stresses
F = -50 x 1400 x 220 x (-200 x 10-6 ) = 3080 kN.

M = 3080 x (0.68-0.11) = 1756 kNm.
Restrained shrinkage stress f0 = -3080 x 103 / 308000 = -10 N/mm2 (T)

or f0 = E ε = 50 x 1000 x (-200) x 10-6 = 10 N/mm2
3. Calculate balancing stresses
f = direct stress + bending stress = f10 + fbi = F/A + My/I
f12 = -(3080 x103 )/ (892700 x 1.429) - (1756x106x680) / (273x109x1.429)
= - 2.41 - 3.06 = - 5.47 N/mm2
f22 = -(3080x103) / (892700x1.429) - (1756x106x[680-220]) / (273x109x1.429)
= - 2.41 - 2.07 = - 4.48 N/mm2
f23 = - 2.41 x 1.429 - 2.41 x 1.429 = - 6.40 N/mm2
f24 = - 2.41 x 1.429 - (1756x106x[1400 + 220 - 680] ) / (273x109)
= - 3.44 + 6.05 = 2.61 N/mm2
4. Final stresses
f1 = - 5.47 + 10 = 4.53 N/mm2
f2 = -4.47 + 10 = 5.53 N/mm2
f3 = -6.4 N/mm2
f4 = 2.61 N/mm2
10 - 5.47 4.53
+ - 4.48 -6.40 + 5.53
-6.40 - -
2.61 2.61
Restrained Balancing forces Final stresses
shrinkage force and stresses
Figure 5.11: Final stress distribution

It is clear that there is a substantial level of tension in the top slab which can not only cause
cracking, but also results in a considerable shear force at the slab/beam interface which has to
be resisted by shear links projecting from the beam.
2.4. Tasks
(1) A simply supported slab bridge of 1m depth has a carriageway width of 10m and
a span of 25m, determine:
(i) the arrangement and magnitude of HA loading to give the worst mid-span
bending moment.
(ii) the value of the gross BM at midspan under HA loading and dead load
(iii) The combination applicable to dead loads, live loads and temperature
and corresponding load factors.
(2) Calculate the residual stresses due to a temperature rise throughout the 1m depth
of a reinforced concrete slab bridge with 100mm surfacing, and located in
London.
Assume E = 30 kN/mm2, βL = 12 x 10-6 / 0C.

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Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey

Bridge Deck Loading and Analysis

UNIT 6: Temperature and Shrinkage

(Study time allocation = 10 hours)

2.1. Temperature – BS5400-2

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.1

2.3.1. Effective Bridge Temperature

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.2

2.3.2. Temperature Difference Within Superstructure

Heating (positive) Cooling (negative)

2.3.3. Primary Stresses

2.3.4. Secondary Stresses

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.3

Figure 6.3: Secondary temperature effects.

EXAMPLE 1 (Primary stress calculation)

1000 250 250

Figure 6.4: Box girder dimensions & temperature distribution

1. Calculate critical depths of temperature distribution

From BD 37/01 Figure 9 this is a Group 4 section, therefore:

h1=0.3h = 0.3x1000 = 300 > 150 Thus h1 = 150mm

2. Calculate temperature distribution

T1 = 17.8 - (17.8-13.5)20/50 = 16.10oC

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.4

T3 = 2.1 - (2.1-2.5)20/50 = 2.26oC

3. Calculate restraint forces at critical points

This is accomplished by dividing the depth into convenient elements corresponding to

F1 = 34000 x 12 x 10-6 x [(16.1 - 3.6)/2] x 2000x150 /1000 = 765kN

TOTAL F = 1509kN (tensile)

Figure 6.5: Element forces

4. Calculate restraint moment about the neutral axis

M = [765(409-50) + 441(409-75) + 177(409-185) + 48(409-280) - 78(591-170x2/3)]/1000

5. Calculate restraint stresses

f01 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 16.1 = -6.56 N/mm2

f02 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 3.6 = -1.47 N/mm2

f03 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 2.6 = -1.06 N/mm2

f04 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 0 = 0.00 N/mm2

f05 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 0 = 0.00 N/mm2

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.5

f06 = -34000 x 12x10-6 x 2.26 = -0.92 N/mm2

6. Calculate balancing stresses

Direct stress f10 = 1509 x 103 / 940000 = 1.61 N/mm2.

Bending stresses f2i = My/I

7. Calculate final stresses

Restraint Balancing direct Balancing Final stresses

Table 6.1 Summary of stresses

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.6

-6.56 1.61 1.71 -3.24

-0.92 -2.47 -1.78

3.827 -1.38 -0.56 1.89

2.57 0.83 2.00

2.3.5. Annual variations

The deck movement Δl = βL T L

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.7

Figure 6.8: Effect of installation on expansion joint movement

EXAMPLE 2 (Overall movement calculation)

From Figure 7 of BD 37/01 Minimum shade air temperature = -12 oC

From Figure 8 of BD 37/01 Maximum shade air temperature = +37 oC

From Table 10 of BD 37/01 Minimum effective bridge temperature = -7 oC

From Table 11 of BD 37/01 Maximum effective bridge temperature = +36 oC

Therefore range = 36 - (-7) = 43 oC.

PG Cert/PG Diploma/MSc in Bridge, Civil and in Structural Engineering Page SE1M54.5.8

Movement range = 12 x 10-6 x 43 x (25 x 103) = 12.9 mm.

2.2. Temperature (Thermal Actions) – BS EN 1991-5

Figure 5.9: Constituent components of a temperature profile.

M54 Unit 6 Temperature & Shrinkage

M54 Unit 6 Temperature & Shrinkage