FIBERSPAR® LinePipe™

Engineering Guide

Fiberspar Corporation
Northwoods Industrial Park West
12239 FM 529
Houston, TX 77041

Tel: 713.849.2609
Fax: 713.849.9202

Fiberspar Corporation, Canada Headquarters

333 – 5th Avenue S.W., Suite 300
Calgary, Alberta
T2P 3B6 Canada

Tel: 403.265.9900
Fax: 403.266.7111

www.fiberspar.com

February 1, 2004
 Table of Contents
Page
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 1

2. FIBERSPAR LinePipe ............................................................................................................ 1

A. Design Overview ............................................................................................................. 1
B. Connectors ....................................................................................................................... 2

3. Fiberspar Quality System ........................................................................................................ 3

A. Overview............................................................................................................................ 3
B. Certificate of Conformance .............................................................................................. 3

4. Applicable Industry Standards ................................................................................................ 3

A. API – 15 HR - Specification for High Pressure Fiberglass Line Pipe" .......................... 3
B. CSA Z662-03-Section 13.1 - "Fibreglass Pipelines"....................................................... 4
C. ASTM D2996 - "Standard Specification for Filament-Wound
Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe"........................................................ 4
D. FIBERSPAR LinePipe – Supplemental Qualification Tests .......................................... 4

5. Long Term Hydrostatic Strength ............................................................................................ 5

A. ASTM D2992 Testing...................................................................................................... 5
B. Calculations for FS LP Product Line Per API 15 HR..................................................... 6

6. Operational and Installation Considerations........................................................................... 7

A. Chemical Compatibility and Pressure Barrier Selection................................................. 7
B. Pressure Drop Calculations and Abrasive Flow .............................................................. 7
C. Pigging and Hot Oiling ..................................................................................................... 8
D. Asphaltines, Paraffins and Hydrates................................................................................. 8
E. UV Resistance and Protection .......................................................................................... 8
F. Static Discharge................................................................................................................. 9
G. Land Installations .............................................................................................................. 9
H. Pull -Through Remediation .............................................................................................. 9
I. Marine Installations and Weighting ................................................................................ 9
J. Thermal Movement......................................................................................................... 10
K. Growth and Shrinkage from Pressure Fluctuation......................................................... 11
L. Fiberspar Installation Manual ......................................................................................... 11
M. FIBERSPAR Connector Installation ............................................................................. 11
N. Fire Resistance................................................................................................................. 11

7. Application Summary and Customer Reference List - North America.............................. 12

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide i
 APPENDIXES

Page
Appendix 1. Fiberspar Quality System Documentation............................................................ 13

Appendix 2. Typical Product Data Sheet - FS LP 3 ½” 1,500(E) ............................................ 14

Appendix 3. API 15 HR Design Calculation for FS LP 3 ½” 1,500(E) - Imperial Units........ 15

Appendix 4. API 15 HR Design Calculation for FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E) – Metric Units......... 16

Appendix 5 Maximum Pressure Rating Calculations per CSA Z662-03 Specification......... 17

Appendix 6. Chemical Resistance Data for HDPE & PEX Pressure Barriers......................... 19

Appendix 7. Thermal Expansion Data for FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E)............................................ 20

Appendix 8. Pressure Versus Axial Load for FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E) ....................................... 21

Appendix 9. FIBERSPAR LinePipe Compression Slip Connector Fittings............................ 22

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide ii
1. Introduction

Fiberspar's spoolable fiber-reinforced pipe has been developed to provide the oil and gas
industry with a family of products to address the market requirements for a reliable,
corrosion-resistant, cost-effective solution for tubulars used during the production and
transportation of oil and gas. FIBERSPAR® LinePipe™ (FS LP) is a continuously
manufactured fiber-reinforced pipe that is designed for production gathering and injection
applications. Advantages of FIBERSPAR LinePipe compared to alternative pipeline systems
include: rapid and low cost installation, improved corrosion resistance, long lengths without
joints or connections (up to 8 km), improved flow characteristics, tolerance to impact
damage, and light weight for improved safety during field installation operations.
FIBERSPAR LinePipe is designed and manufactured in accordance with the following
specifications: API 15HR - “Specification for High Pressure Fiberglass Line Pipe”, CSA
Z662-03-Section 13.1, “Fibreglass Pipelines”, and ASTM D2996 – “Standard Specification
for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin Pipe.” The following
report provides an overview of Fiberspar’s LinePipe design and qualification program.

2. FIBERSPAR® LinePipe™

A. Design Overview

The LinePipe consists of an inner thermoplastic pressure barrier layer that is reinforced
by high-strength glass embedded in an epoxy matrix.

LinePipe Product Geometry

OD

Thermoplastic Pressure Barrier

Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Laminate

Reinforced Wall

Liner Thickness

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Engineering Guide 1
 FIBERSPAR LinePipe is available in North America in sizes between 1 ¼" to 4 ½" with
pressure ratings between 1,000 psi and 2,500 psi in continuous lengths of up to 27,000
feet depending on size and reel capacity. Additional sizes of 5" and 5 ½" are available for
export. Other sizes and higher-pressure ratings are available by special order.

The selection of thermoplastic pressure barrier liner is driven by chemical compatibility

with the flow medium and operating temperatures. Materials most commonly used are
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which has excellent corrosion resistance in general
low vapor pressure (LVP) or gas gathering applications; and for higher temperature
applications, Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) is generally recommended although other
liner materials such as PVDF are available for highly specialized applications. All of
these pressure barrier materials are commonly used in the oil and gas industry with
widely published data on performance.

B. Connectors

FIBERSPAR LinePipe connectors are a full-strength, field-applied connection system.

Drawings of FIBERSPAR LinePipe compression slip connectors appear in Appendix 9.
The service-end connection is used to join the FIBERSPAR LinePipe to risers, T's or
other fittings as required. The connector can have threaded ends or bevel end for
welding. Welded-on flanges are preferred in buried applications.

Fiberspar’s pipe-to-pipe connector is a full-strength connection used to join two lengths

of LinePipe. The pipe-to-pipe design is similar to the service-end, except a double seal
carrier and two individual slips are used. The tensile and burst properties of the
FIBERSPAR connection exceed the strength of the pipe itself. All qualification and
quality tests required by CSA Z662-03 -Section 13.1, API 15 HR and ASTM D2996 are
conducted using FIBERSPAR LinePipe connectors.

Connectors can be fabricated from numerous alloys depending on application and

customer requirements. Commonly used materials for the end connectors include 4140
or 1018 steel. Machining and welding is performed by licensed machine and welding
companies with proper QA and QC procedures only. Wetted surfaces are coated
depending on customer and application requirements. For example, SRM’s Impreglon
222 or 610E coating is commonly used on wetted surfaces in general purpose low vapor
pressure production gathering applications. All welding procedures meet or exceed
NACE and CSA specifications and include x-ray inspection on welds for every
component. The seal rings are chosen based on service requirements and the three most
common materials selected are: nitrile, AFLAS, and hydrogenated nitrile buna-rubber
(HNBR).

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Engineering Guide 2
 All LinePipe connections are performed in the field by certified technicians who have
undergone training and are certified in the proper methods and procedures for installing
FIBERSPAR LinePipe connectors in accord with requirements of API 15 HR and CSA
Z662-03-Section 13.1

3. Fiberspar Quality System

A. Overview

Fiberspar has made an extensive commitment to ensure the highest level of quality is
employed in the design and manufacture of every spool of LinePipe. Toward that end, a
four-tier quality assurance system has been implemented to meet the needs of the oil and
gas industry. The Fiberspar quality system meets or exceeds the requirements of API 15
HR, and CSA Z662-03 and is ISO 9001 compliant. An overview of Fiberspar Quality
System is contained in Appendix 1.

B. Certificate of Conformance

A Certificate of Conformance (COC) is supplied to customers prior to shipment, which

summarizes the results from all quality assurance tests required by Fiberspar’s quality
system. LinePipe quality control tests meet or exceed the requirements of API 15 HR,
CSA Z662-03 -Section 13.1 and ASTM D2996 specifications.

4. Applicable Qualification Standards

A. API 15 HR – “Specification for High Pressure Fiberglass Line Pipe”

FIBERSPAR LinePipe is designed and manufactured in accord with API 15 HR.

Quality control Short-Term Failure Pressure tests required by API 15 HR (required every
5,000 ft.) are not ordinarily performed unless otherwise required by customer.
Fiberspar’s standard LinePipe test interval is at the beginning and end of each continuous
length of production, which results ordinarily in testing intervals approximately 10,000 ft.
long.

The regression curve attached to this report conducted per ASTM D2992 Procedure B at
140°F is the maximum rated operating temperature for the HDPE liner used in most
LinePipe applications. Testing at 200°F to create a regression curve for FIBERSPAR
LinePipe with cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pressure barrier liner is ongoing.

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Engineering Guide 3
 B. CSA Z662-03-Section 13.1 –“Fibreglass Pipelines”

FIBERSPAR LinePipe is designed and manufactured in compliance with CSA Z662-03-

Section 13.1.

C. ASTM D2996 – “Standard Specification for Filament-Wound Glass Fiber Reinforced

Thermosetting Resin Pipe”

FIBERSPAR LinePipe is designed and manufactured in compliance with ASTM D2996.

D. FIBERSPAR LinePipe – Supplemental Qualification Tests

In addition to the qualification tests outlined in API 15 HR, Z662-03-Section 13.1, and
ASTM D2996, Fiberspar also conducts supplemental qualification tests to ensure
FIBERSPAR LinePipe is fit for purpose for the actual commercial applications.

All qualification and quality tests are conducted on specimens, which have been pre-
conditioned by ten fully reversed bend cycles to maximum spooling strain per Fiberspar
Quality System Work Instruction WI10.006, “Pre-Conditioning of Test Specimens”.

Fiberspar has also conducted long-term spooling tests, per Fiberspar WI 10.020, “Long
Term Spooling Test”, as well as long-term brine exposure tests on both constituent
materials and pipe samples per Fiberspar WI 10.021, “Long Term Brine Exposure Test”.

Hydrotests are conducted at 1.5 times operating pressure on 100% of the FIBERSPAR
LinePipe, which is produced, per Fiberspar WI 10.005, “Hydrostatic Pressure Proof Test
Procedure”.

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Engineering Guide 4
5. Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength

A. ASTM D2992 Testing

The Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) of the FIBERSPAR LinePipe is determined in

accordance with ASTM D2992-96, Procedure B (static), at the maximum rated
temperature of the FS LP. The maximum allowable design pressure for static pressure
service for the LinePipe is determined by the formula stipulated in the applicable
specification. API 15 HR specifies that the calculations are based on a 20-year design life
and a minimum 0.67 service factor is applied to the extrapolated data to determine
maximum operating hoop stress.

Based on the actual regression curve for FIBERSPAR LinePipe it is expected that the
FIBERSPAR products will have a minimum safety factor of two times maximum
operating pressure and temperature after twenty years in service. The following is the
regression curve for FIBERSPAR LinePipe per ASTM D2992-96, Procedure B.

Regression Curve for Fiberspar Linepipe

ASTM 2992 Procedure B per API-15HR

100,000
ASTM D-2992 Data

LTHS of Test Data

95% LCL of LTHS

Hoop Stress (psi)

LTHS @ 20 yrs = 37,533 psi

HDB = 95% LCL of LTHS @ 20 yrs = 35,407 psi

HDS = 0.67 of HDB = 23,723 psi

FS LP HDS - 1,500 PSI rating and greater = 18,000 psi

FS LP HDS - 1,000 PSI rating = 13,300 psi

FS LP HDS - Less than 1,000 PSI rating = 12,000 psi

10,000
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Time (h)

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 B. Calculations for FS LP Product Line Per API 15 HR and CSAZ662-03-Section 13.1

The regression curve for FIBERSPAR LinePipe per ASTM D2992-96, Procedure B
results in a Long Term Hydrostatic Strength (LTHS) of 37,533 psi in accord with API 15
HR. The Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB), which is the 95% Lower Confidence Limit of
the LTHS, is 35,407 psi. The Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDS) is therefore 23,723 psi
after applying the 0.67 service factor stipulated by API 15 HR.

The formula used by API to calculate maximum operating hoop stress is less
conservative than required by Canadian Standards Association, Z662-03-Section 13.1.
Consequently, the FIBERSPAR LinePipe is designed to comply with the more
conservative CSA requirement, which increases the safety factor of Fiberspar design
under API 15 HR.

Fiberspar has taken the additional step of using a higher safety factor on the thinner
walled, lower pressure LinePipe products. Although this is not required by API or CSA
standards, we have chosen to incorporate additional structural material in the design of
the lower pressure rated products to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of external
abrasion, wear, and damage which can occur to pipe during handling, transport and
installation operations. Any loss of strength based on external wear would
disproportionately affect structural integrity of lower pressure, thin walled pipe when
compared to thicker walled LinePipe products.

For example, the 1,000 psi FIBERSPAR LinePipe is designed to have a maximum hoop
stress of 13,300 psi, compared to 23,723 psi HDS allowable pursuant to API 15HR. This
results in a service factor of 0.38 based on the actual regression curve, as opposed to 0.67
service factor required by API 15 HR. The higher-pressure rated FIBERSPAR LinePipe
products are designed to have an HDS of 18,000 psi, or a service factor of 0.51 per API
15 HR, which is still considerably below the maximum allowable HDS per API 15HR.

Fiberspar has utilized this conservative design approach to establish leadership for our
products in reliability and robustness for production gathering and injection applications.

Appendix 2 is a data sheet for a representative FIBERSPAR LinePipe product which is

3” ID, 3 ½” nominal diameter with recommended maximum operating pressure by
Fiberspar of 1,500 psi. Appendix 3 has an example calculation of maximum operating
pressure per API 15 HR in imperial units, and, and Appendix 4 has a sample calculation
per API 15 HR in metric units. Appendix 5 is a summary of maximum pressure ratings
allowable for various fluid services pursuant to CSA Z662-03-Section 13.1.

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6. Operational and Installation Considerations

A. Chemical Compatibility and Pressure Barrier Selection

FIBERSPAR LinePipe is designed to contain a wide range of fluids. Pressure barrier liner
selection is based on the specific anticipated service conditions. Appendix 6 contains a
list of recommendations for the most commonly encountered fluids for the most popular
FS LP pressure barriers, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and cross-linked
polyethylene (PEX). Chemical compatibility information on other pressure barrier
materials such as PVDF is available from Fiberspar upon request.

Due to the almost limitless number of combinations, concentrations, temperature and

pressure conditions which are possible in the field, Fiberspar materials scientists can
provide recommendations on a case-by-case basis for specific applications, and can also
undertake compatibility testing upon request.

Chemical compatibility of the exterior surface of FIBERSPAR LinePipe is generally not

of concern since the epoxy resin and glass fiber outer surface typically is inert in the
environments encountered in most buried applications. In some applications, an external
thermoplastic jacket is recommended to provide further protection to the laminate from
unusual external conditions, for example if immersed in an aggressive fluid, or to provide
external collapse resistance from hydrostatic pressure in deep water.

B. Pressure Drop Calculations and Abrasive Flow

FIBERSPAR Line Pipe has a smooth internal thermoplastic pressure barrier that
improves flow by reducing frictional losses when compared to steel pipe. The smooth
interior surface generally does not deteriorate in service and improved flow properties are
maintained over time. Fiberspar recommends that a ‘C’ factor of 150 be used in the
Hazen-Williams formula for friction pressure drop calculations. Friction flow factors for
other commonly used formulas are contained in FIBERSPAR LinePipe product data
sheets.

Each of the thermoplastic pressure barrier materials used by Fiberspar have good flow
abrasion properties, and will normally show less abrasive wear than steel pipe under the
same abrasive flow conditions. Where highly abrasive flow is expected, tests are
recommended to establish wear life.

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Engineering Guide 7
 C. Pigging and Hot Oiling

Pigs can be run through FIBERSPAR LinePipe to remove deposits and blockages.
However, because the thermoplastic pressure barriers in the FIBERSPAR LinePipe are
softer than steel, sharp-edged scraper-type pigs should be avoided, and soft pigs should be
used.

Intermittent hot oiling of the FIBERSPAR LinePipe up to a maximum hot oil temperature
of no more than 15°C or 30° F above maximum-rated operating temperature of the FS
LP can be employed. Because of the reduced thermal conductivity of the FS LP when
compared to steel, lower hot oiling temperatures can be employed while maintaining the
exit temperature from the line.

Fiberspar engineers can provide information and advice on selection of pig types and
sizes to avoid damage to FIBERSPAR LinePipe, as well as provide technical support
regarding temperature profiles for hot oil treatments.

D. Asphaltines, Paraffins and Hydrates

Formation of asphaltine or paraffin in hydrocarbons is caused by fluid conditions. Build

up of these precipitates inside the tubular leading to reduced flow or blockage occurs
when the precipitated solids can adhere to the pipe wall. Precipitates can adhere to
thermoplastics, and tendency depends on the specific thermoplastic. In all cases the
smooth thermoplastic internal pressure barrier material generally aids removal.
Fiberspar can provide application specific technical support based on customer request.

Since hydrate crystals tend to originate in cracks and crevices in the inner pipe surface,
the smooth thermoplastic inner surface of the FIBERSPAR LinePipe can have the effect
of delaying the onset of hydrate formation, and can be very beneficial in completely
preventing any build up.

E. UV Resistance and Protection

The outermost layers of FIBERSPAR LinePipe include a UV absorbing additive.

However, slow degradation of the outer surface of the pipe will take place when exposed
to strong sunlight over time due to the oxidizing effect of UV light on the resins. Testing
on fiber-reinforced epoxy pipe conducted over long time periods has demonstrated the
structural effects from UV exposure are minimal as the UV rays are absorbed by the outer
layers of the pipe, and any damage is limited to the outer .010 - .020” of thickness. Any
effect on the FIBERSPAR LinePipe from UV rays would be cosmetic and the pipe can
continue to be used to the full rating for the designed 20-year service life.

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Engineering Guide 8
 F. Static Discharge

Fiberspar LinePipe is an electrical insulator, and in applications that involve

transport of non-polar liquids and gases, especially at high velocities, a static
charge may be generated on pipe surfaces. If it is required to repair, purge the line,
make a new connection, etc., grounding and static control procedures should be
employed during the intervention. Static electric discharge can ignite a flammable
gas or a combustible atmosphere. Where a flammable gas or combustible mixture
may be encountered and static electric charges may be present, observe all Company
(operator, contractor, etc.) procedures for static electricity safety and control,
including procedures for discharging static electricity and personnel protection.

G. Land Installations

FIBERSPAR LinePipe can be installed using construction practices commonly employed

for stick fiberglass pipe. However, given the flexibility, continuous lengths, and axial
strength of FIBERSPAR LinePipe, specialized techniques can be employed which can
reduce installation time and costs. Fiberspar’s Installation Manual, available upon
request, summarizes general good practices, as well as some of the specialized techniques
that may be used to install FIBERSPAR LinePipe.

H. Pull-Through Remediation

FIBERSPAR LinePipe is ideally suited to repair leaking or failed steel lines by pulling
the FIBERSPAR pipe in a continuous length inside of existing pipelines. This technique
is possible because of the continuous, flexible, smooth OD, and high axial strength of the
product. Fiberspar has developed installation processes that allow continuous lengths of
up to 10,000 feet to be used to rehabilitate damaged or failing pipelines. This process
provides a full-strength, corrosion-resistant repair, and because of the improved flow
characteristics of the FIBERSPAR LinePipe when compared to steel, the reduction in
flow area from the pull-through remediation is generally offset by the better flow
properties of the FIBERSPAR LinePipe. Fiberspar can design LinePipe specifically to
provide the optimum solution where flow rates are critical

I. Marine Installations and Weighting

FIBERSPAR LinePipe is buoyant when not completely full of water and should be
weighted in most marine applications. In sub-sea pipeline remediation, it is not necessary
to weight LinePipe as the steel pipe provides sufficient weighting. If LinePipe is pulled
into position during the installation process care must be taken to avoid damaging or
snagging the pipe on rocks, sharp surfaces or other objects on the seabed. Fiberspar
should be consulted in applications involving weighting of LinePipe.

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Engineering Guide 9
 Fiberspar LinePipe is not recommended in new construction in marine environments
where there is significant risk to damage Fiberspar LinePipe from high construction or
fishing activity.

FIBERSPAR LinePipe can be used in water depths up to 50 meters. If water depth

exceeds 50 meters, an external thermoplastic jacket can be provided as a special order to
ensure collapse resistance from hydrostatic pressure when the pipe is not internally
pressurized.

J. Thermal Movement

As summarized in Section 2, FIBERSPAR LinePipe is manufactured from thermoplastic

pressure barriers, and glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin. The axial thermal expansion
coefficient for FIBERSPAR LinePipe is approximately 12.5 x 10-6 in/in-°F (2.26 x
10-5 mm/mm-°C) and the hoop wise thermal expansion coefficient is approximately
7.14 x 10-6 in/in-°F (1.28 x 10-5 mm/mm-°C).

Because the FIBERSPAR LinePipe has low axial stiffness compared to steel, forces
exerted on end fittings from temperature changes will in almost all cases be
negligible. None-the-less, it is good pipeline design practice to calculate these loads and
make sure that sufficient margins are provided to accommodate this loading.

The following formulas can be used to calculate the change in length of

FIBERSPAR LinePipe due to temperature fluctuations, or axial force exerted over a
given length.

Given a length of flowline, L, the pipe will extend or grow due to a temperature
change of ∆T:

∆L = L x α1 x ∆T
Where :-
α1 = coefficient of thermal expansion in the axial direction

The non-mechanical loads, Pnon-mecahnical, that arise from thermal expansion of

FIBERSPAR LinePipe in the case of fully restrained ends (or segments) can be written
as:

Pnon-mecahnical = ε1non-mechanical x E1 x A = α1 x ∆T x E1 x A

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Engineering Guide 10
 Where, E1 is the axial modulus of elasticity of FIBERSPAR LinePipe and A is the cross-
sectional area of the LinePipe. Thermal expansion curves for any specific FIBERSPAR
product are available upon request, or Fiberspar engineers can supply calculations for
specific cases. Appendix 7 contains a typical thermal expansion curve for FIBERSPAR
3 1/2” nominal, 1,500 psi operating pressure LinePipe.

K. Growth and Shrinkage from Pressure Fluctuation

The mechanical behavior of FIBERSPAR LinePipe is well characterized. As in the case
of thermal expansion, changes in pressure can result in changes in length or axial forces,
but again these forces are generally negligible when compared to forces that can be
exerted on end components from much higher stiffness steel pipeline materials.

Axial force / displacement curves versus pressure for individual FIBERSPAR LinePipe
products are available upon request, and an example of typical properties for 3 ½”
nominal, 1,500 psi maximum operating pressure product is contained in Appendix 8.

FIBERSPAR LinePipe is fabricated with a unique combination of materials and designed

with glass fibers oriented such that the Poisson’s ratio is greater than 0.5 so the axial hoop
strain will induce, through the Poisson’s effect, an axial contraction that is greater than the
axial extension that results from the pressure induced axial load. Physically this means
that FIBERSPAR LinePipe will often contract (or get shorter) when pressure is increased
if the ends are not restrained, which is very different from what is generally observed in
conventional stick fiberglass or steel line pipe.

L. Fiberspar Installation Manual

FIBERSPAR LinePipe should be installed in compliance with the Fiberspar Installation

Manual. A copy of the Fiberspar Installation Manual is available upon request.

M. FIBERSPAR Connector Installation

FIBERSPAR connectors must be installed pursuant to API 15 and CSA standards by

Fiberspar trained and authorized personnel pursuant to Fiberspar’s Connector Installation
Procedures, and Connector Installer Qualification Procedure. Fiberspar is able to train
customer personnel or contractors in these procedures for safe installation.

N. Fire Resistance

The Flammability Classification of FIBERSPAR products is as follows: "Non-

flammable under specified operating conditions. Material will not burn unless
exposed to direct flame."

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Engineering Guide 11
 The cured epoxy resin utilized in FIBERSPAR products is not by nature fire
resistant. Unprotected, it would provide less resistance to fire than would carbon
steel. It is not recommended that FIBERSPAR products be utilized under such
conditions that the pipe could be directly exposed to flame for any duration.

Given the implications of the above statements, it is highly recommended that the
FIBERSPAR products be completely encapsulated in any situation where exposure
to flame is a concern to prohibit such exposure.

7. Application Summary and Customer Reference List – North America

FIBERSPAR LinePipe has proven to be a cost-effective solution for production gathering

and injection applications particularly in corrosive applications. More than 2.5 million feet
have been installed for more than 75 operators since the company began commercial
operations approximately 4 years ago. Repeat orders from numerous operators has
demonstrated that the product has proven to be an attractive alternative to steel, coated/lined
steel and stick fiberglass, due to the reduction in joints and couplings, faster installation, and
competitive costs. A reference list of applications and customers for FIBERSPAR LinePipe
installations in North America is available from Fiberspar upon request.

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 Appendix 1

Fiberspar Quality System Documentation

QUALITY ASSURANCE MANUAL

QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT

Fiberspar strives to be a leader in the design and manufacture of spoolable fiber reinforced pipe for the oil
and gas industry by meeting and exceeding the expectations of our customers (internal and external).

We will attain this goal by dedicating ourselves to:

• Our Customers
• Our People
• Our Technology
• Total Quality of Product and Services
• On-Time Delivery
• Continuous Improvement

All FIBERSPAR personnel will adhere to the spirit of this Quality Policy, Quality Assurance Manual and
supporting documentation.

QUALITY SYSTEM PROCEDURE MANUAL

WORK INSTRUCTIONS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS

FORMS EXTERNAL SPECIFICATIONS

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Engineering Guide 13
 Appendix 2
FS LP 3 1/2" 1,500 (E)
3 1/2 Inch Nominal, 1,500 Series Fiberspar LinePipe w/HDPE Pressure Barrier

Product Data Sheet (Imperial Units) ASTM 2996 Designation: RTRP-11HZ1-4112

Physical Properties: Fiberspar s/n: LEEN035023
Geometry Tensile Modulus
Outside Diameter (in) 3.65 Axial (psi) 8.59E+05
Inside Diameter (in) 3.05 Hoop (psi) 1.11E+06
2
Inside Flow Area (in ) 7.28 Poisson's Ratio
Total Wall Thickness (in) 0.30 Major 0.49
2
C/S Area (in ) 3.17 Minor 0.63
Linear Weight Thermal Exp. Coeff.
Linear Weight - Air (lb/ft) 2.06 Axial (in/in -°F) 1.27E-05
Linear Weight - Water (lb/ft) 0.68 Hoop (in/in -°F) 7.39E-06
3
Net Density (lb/in ) 0.054 Thermal Conductivity
2
Flow Coefficients (BTU/hour/ft - in/°F) 1.92
Hazen - William’s 150 Resin Tg
Darcy-Wiesbach 0.0004 (°C ) 125°
Manning 0.009 ( °F) 257°

Mechanical Performance:
Maximum Operating Temperature 140 °F
Minimum Operating Temperature -29 °F 78 °F 140 °F

Max. Operating Pressure (psi) 1,500* 1,500*

Nominal Ultimate Burst Pressure (psi) 5,700 4,300

Maximum Recommended Tensile Load (lbs) 9,960 8,400

Nominal Ultimate Tensile Load (lbs) 24,900 20,900

Nominal Ultimate Compressive Load (lbs) -28,000 -22,900

Nominal Ultimate Collapse Pressure (psi) 250 250

Minimum Operating Bend Radius (in) 61 61

Minimum Spooling Diameter (in) 104 104
*Maximum Operating Pressures are based upon general oilfield water, low-vapor pressure hydrocarbon and multiphase service conditions. Specific maximum pressure
ratings are made based upon your application's service condition.

3.65 in

Thermoplastic Pressure Barrier

Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Laminate

0.147 in

0.155 in

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 14
 Appendix 3

API 15HR Design Calculation of FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E) – Imperial Units

Per Equation 1, API 15HR (Second Edition, April 1, 1995) 5.1.1 – “The published Specification
15HR Standard Pressure Rating shall be calculated by the following equation and rounded down
to the nearest integer multiple of 250 psi:”

Pr = Ss X Sf X (R02-Ri2)/(R02+Ri2) (1)

Where:
Pr = FIBERSPAR LinePipe Pressure Rating, psi

Ss = 95% Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) of the Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength (LTHS) @ 20
years per ASTM D 2992 Procedure B in psi.

Sf = 0.67 service (design) factor.

Ro = radius of the pipe at the outside of the minimum reinforced wall thickness, inches.

Ri = radius of the pipe at the inside of the minimum reinforced wall thickness, inches.

For this example: FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E)

Pr = 1,500 psi
Ro = 1.824 inches
Ri = 1.523 inches + Liner Thickness = 1.523 inches + 0.155 inches = 1.678 inches
Ss = 35,407 psi (HDB from LTHS Testing, ASTM 2992 Procedure B)

From (1) above, solve for the service (design) factor:

Sf = Pr /(Ss X (R02-Ri2)/(R02+Ri2)) (2)

Sf = 1,500/(35,407 x (1.8242 – 1.6782)/(1.8242 + 1.6782)) = 0.51

Note: API 15HR requires a maximum service factor of 0.67 for determination of the API 15HR
Standard Pressure Rating. FIBERSPAR LinePipe increases long-term reliability by using a
service factor 25% less than the maximum allowable service factor.

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 15
 Appendix 4

API 15HR Design Calculation for FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E) – Metric Units

Per Equation 1, API 15HR (Second Edition, April 1, 1995) 5.1.1 – “The published Specification
15HR Standard Pressure Rating shall be calculated by the following equation and rounded down
to the nearest integer multiple of 250 psi:”

Pr = Ss X Sf X (R02-Ri2)/(R02+Ri2) (1)

Where:
Pr = FIBERSPAR LinePipe Pressure Rating, KPa

Ss = 95% Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) of the Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength (LTHS) @ 20
years per ASTM D 2992 Procedure B in MPa

Sf = 0.67 service (design) factor.

Ro = radius of the pipe at the outside of the minimum reinforced wall thickness, mm.

Ri = radius of the pipe at the inside of the minimum reinforced wall thickness, mm.

For this example: FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E)

Pr = 10,342 kPa
Ro = 46.3 mm
Ri = 38.7 mm + Liner Thickness = 38.7 mm + 3.9 mm = 42.6 mm
Ss = 244.1 MPa (HDB from LTHS Testing, ASTM 2992 Procedure B)

From (1) above, solve for the service (design) factor:

Sf = Pr /(Ss X (R02-Ri2)/(R02+Ri2)) (2)

Sf = 10,342/(244.1 x 1,000 x (46.3 2 – 42.62)/(46.3 2 + 42.62)) = 0.51

Note: API 15HR requires a maximum service factor of 0.67 for determination of the API 15HR
Standard Pressure Rating. FIBERSPAR LinePipe increases long-term reliability by using a
service factor 25% less than the maximum allowable service factor.

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 16
 Appendix 5

Maximum Pressure Ratings Per Canadian Standards Association CSA Z662-03 Pipeline Regulations

Maximum Design Pressures Per CSA Z662 - 03 Regulations

Fibespar Max
Recommended CSA Z662-03 for
Design Pressure CSA Z662-03 for LVP CSA Z662-03 for CSA Z662-03 for
Design ID Product ID (PSI) Oilfield Water Hydrocarbons Multiphase Gas Gathering
LEDN025023 FS LP 2 1/2" 1,000 (E) 1,000 1,794 1,435 1,435 1,202
LEDN030023 FS LP 3" 1,000 (E) 1,000 1,786 1,429 1,429 1,197
LEDN035023 FS LP 3 1/2" 1,000 (E) 1,000 1,805 1,444 1,444 1,209
LEDN040023 FS LP 4" 1,000 (E) 1,000 1,789 1,431 1,431 1,198
LEDN045023 FS LP 4 1/2" 1,000 (E) 1,000 1,789 1,431 1,431 1,199
LEDN050023 FS LP 5" 1,000 (E) 1,000 1,790 1,432 1,432 1,199
LEDN055023 FS LP 5 1/2" 1,000 (E) 1,000 1,785 1,428 1,428 1,196
LEEN025023 FS LP 2 1/2" 1,500 (E) 1,500 1,994 1,596 1,596 1,336
LEEN030023 FS LP 3" 1,500 (E) 1,500 1,979 1,583 1,583 1,326
LEEN035023 FS LP 3 1/2" 1,500 (E) 1,500 1,994 1,595 1,595 1,336
LEEN040023 FS LP 4" 1,500 (E) 1,500 1,984 1,587 1,587 1,329
LEEN045023 FS LP 4 1/2" 1,500 (E) 1,500 1,981 1,585 1,585 1,327
LEEN050023 FS LP 5" 1,500 (E) 1,500 1,981 1,585 1,585 1,327
LEEN055023 FS LP 5 1/2" 1,500 (E) 1,500 1,982 1,586 1,586 1,328
LEGN012523 FS LP 1 1/4" 2,500 (E) 2,500 3,337 2,669 2,669 2,236
LEGN017523 FS LP 1 3/4" 2,500 (E) 2,500 3,317 2,653 2,653 2,222
LEGN025023 FS LP 2 1/2" 2,500 (E) 2,500 3,325 2,660 2,660 2,228
LEGN030023 FS LP 3" 2,500 (E) 2,500 3,321 2,657 2,657 2,225
LEGN035023 FS LP 3 1/2" 2,500 (E) 2,500 3,310 2,648 2,648 2,217

HDB = 95% LCL of LTHS @ 20 years (psi) =

HDPE Lined Products: Max Operating Temperature = 140 Deg. F

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 17
 Appendix 6

Chemical Resistance Data for HDPE & PEX Pressure Barriers

Chemical Class Examples HDPE PEX

Acids Carbonic R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Acetic Acid <25% R at 140 F (60 C) R at 140 F (60 C) (1)
Hydrochloric (<30%) R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Hydrochloric (>30%) R at 140 F (60 C) R at 140 F (60 C) (1)
Sulfuric <70% R at 140 F (60 C) R at 140 F (60 C) (1)
Sulfuric >70% C to N N
Hydrogen Sulfide R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Nitric See Oxidizing Agents See Oxidizing Agents
Bases Sodium Hydroxide R at 140 F (60 C) R at 140 F (60 C) (1)
Calcium Carbonate R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Salts Calcium Chloride R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Seawater R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Ferrous Chloride R at 140 F (60 C) R at 140 F (60 C) (1)
Hydrocarbons Aliphatic C1-C4, Methane-Butane R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
C5-C12 R at 73 F (23 C) R at 73 F (23 C)
C5-C12 C at 140 F (60 C) C at 140 F (60 C)
Aromatic Benzene (100%) C at 120 F (49 C) C at 175 F (79 C)
Mixed Crude Oil (100%) C at 120 F (49 C) C at 175 F (79 C)
Alcohols Methanol R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Phenol R at 140 F (60 C) C at 195 F (90 C)
Ethylene Glycol R at 140 F (60 C) R at 195 F (90 C)
Oxidizing Agents Nitric Acid R at 140 F (60 C) R at 73 F (23 C)
Hydrogen Peroxide <50% R at 140 F (60 C) R at 73 F (23 C)
Hydrogen Peroxide (90%) R at 73 F (23 C) R at 73 F (23 C)
Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Acetone, MEK, Acetaldehyde C at 140 F (60 C) C at 140 F (60 C)
Aldehydes and Ketones FAP C at 120 F (49 C) C at 135 F (57 C)
Ethers Diethyl Ether C at 140 F (60 C) C at 140 F (60 C)
Amines Diethyl Amine C at 140 F (60 C) C at 140 F (60 C)

Ratings: (1) To be upgraded to

R Recommended for Use 195 F (90 C) when
C Conditionally Recommended. Consult with Fiberspar Corp. specific antioxidant
N Not Recommended package used. Available
by end of 2002.
Based on data provided by the materials supplier and recommendations of the Plastics
Pipe Institute "Engineering Properties of Polyethylene" and TR-19 "Thermoplastic Piping
for the Transport of Chemicals", and ISO /TR10358:1993

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 18
 Appendix 7
Thermal Expansion Data for FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E)

FS LP 3 1/2" 1,500 (E)

Thermally Induced Strains as a Function of Temperature/Thermally Induced
Axial load as a Function of Temperature (constrained ends)
9.00E-04 0
Thermally Induced Axial Strain
8.00E-04
Thermally Induced Strain (IN/IN)

Thermally Induced Hoop Strain

7.00E-04 Thermal Axial Load (constrained ends)
-500

6.00E-04

Axial Load (Lbs)

-1,000
5.00E-04

4.00E-04
-1,500
3.00E-04

2.00E-04 -2,000
1.00E-04

0.00E+00 -2,500
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Tubing Temperature (°F)

Non-mechanical strains, ε1non-mechanical and ε2non-mechanical, as a function of temperature for a 3

½” nominal, 1,500 psi FIBERSPAR LinePipe. Also, the compressive axial load induced for
the same LinePipe with restrained ends as a function of a positive temperature change.

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 19
 Appendix 8
Pressure Versus Axial Load for FS LP 3 ½” 1,500 (E)
Axial Load as a Function of Pressure: Fully Constrained Ends
FS LP 3 1/2" 1,500 (E)
2,300

1,800
Axial Load of Fully Constrained End (Lb)

80 °F 100 °F

1,300 120 °F 140 °F

800

300

-200
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125% 150%
Percent of Rated Pressure

Axial Deflection per 1,000' as a Function of Pressure:

Unconstrained Ends
FS LP 3 1/2" 1,500 (E)
5
Axial Deflection per 1,000' of length (in)

-5

-10 80 °F 100 °F

120 °F 140 °F
-15

-20

-25
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 125% 150%
Percent of Rated Pressure

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 20
 Appendix 9
FIBERSPAR LinePipe Compression Slip Connector Fittings

Service End Connector

O-ring
Grooves Slip Nut
Slip
Weld Prepped Service End

Pipe to Pipe Connector

Slip Nut

Double Seal Carrier

Slip

Fiberspar® LinePipe™
Engineering Guide 21