MID TERM-TEST

COURSE : PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

COURSE CODE : CGE526
NAME : Zack
STUDENT ID : 2020089898
CLASS : EH244

QUESTION 1
a)
- We can call geologist in petroleum industry as petroleum geologist, they examine the
structural and sedimentary details of the rock to identify possible petroleum reserves
and decide where to drill.
- Petroleum geologist ensure the safety of the workers from start to finish. For example,
they keep workers safe by spotting and identifying dangerous high-pressure zones in
newly drilled holes.
- Geologist petroleum also play the roles as salesperson and administrative worker from
time to time. After gathering and analysing data, petroleum geologists need to come to
a decision and formulate a presentation to explain their decisions to non-geologists.

b) Lithospheric plates are part of a planetary scale thermal convection system. The energy
source for plate tectonics is Earth’s internal heat while the forces moving the plates are the
“ridge push” and “slab pull” gravity forces. For example, hot mantle from the two adjacent
cells rises at the ridge axis, creating new ocean crust. The top limb of the convection cell
moves horizontally away from the ridge crest, as does the new seafloor. The outer limbs of
the convection cells plunge down into the deeper mantle, dragging oceanic crust as well.
This takes place at the deep sea trenches. The material sinks to the core and moves
horizontally. The material heats up and reaches the zone where it rises again.
c)
- Convergent plate boundary : Subduction zone

- Divergent plate boundary

- Transform plate boundary

d)

CLASTIC NON-CLASTIC

Clastic rocks originated from the

breakdown of other rocks (could be
sedimentary, igneous, or Non-clastic sedimentary rocks are
ORIGIN metamorphic) due to weathering formed mostly by chemical and
and erosion. They are called clastic biological processes
because they are composed of
fragments of geological detritus

Composed of fragments of pre-

existing rock that formed by the Formed from chemical reactions,
PROCESS OF
disintegration of that rock and the crystalize from chemical precipitates
FORMATION
erosion, transportation, deposition, and evaporites
and lithification of those particles

Transitional, beach which is Area of Evaporite, a water-soluble mineral

DEPOSITIONAL loose particles at the edge of the sea sediment formed by evaporation
ENVIRONMENT or other body of water. Caused by from an aqueous solution. Available
waves and longshore currents at sedimentary basins worldwide

EXAMPLE OF ROCK Conglomerate Dolostone

QUESTION 2
a) I ‘I’ is the youngest and ‘P’ is the oldest.
M
F
S
R
Q
P

- Three structures occurred from these geological events is fault, folds, and
unconformities.

b) In sedimentary rocks, there are some factor that affected porosity and permeability.
Porosity is the ratio of the volume of openings (voids) to the total volume of material or
rock. Porosity represents the storage capacity of the geologic material. Size of grain is
one of the effects of porosity. If the grain is in the same size and shape, the particle will
be sorted. The porosity sorted particle will higher than unsorted particle in rock. This is
because the space between the grain or we call it voids space will be more and higher
than unsorted grain particle. The higher voids space exists between each grain, the
higher porosity in that material. So higher amount of fluid could flow or store in that
rock. If the grain is not in the same size, they will make particle be unsorted. Unsorted
particle may consist of big grain, small grain, and medium grain. The space between
grain will be less because the smaller particle would like to fill the space that exist
between others big sized grain. This will make the void spaces in that material or
sedimentary rock become lower and that cause the lower porosity for that rock. So
there will be only small amount of fluid that can flow or stored into the rock.
In term of permeability, permeability is a measure of the ease with which fluids will flow
through a porous rock, sediment, or soil. The permeability will increase as particle or
grain size increase. A material that has higher porosity does not mean they also have
higher permeability due to the poorly interconnected voids. That means the fluid cannot
flow properly into that rock.

c) In my opinion, I disagree that biostratigraphy has made it impossible to correlate

sedimentary rocks. Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on
correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages
contained within them. They use scientific method that enables the determination of
the geological age and position of rocks, geologic events and processes by comparing
sets of fossils found in different geological profiles. In addition to providing a means for
absolute dating of sedimentary rocks, high-resolution biostratigraphy can aid
researchers in interpreting stratigraphic intervals and their ages on seismic reflection
profiles, correlating between-well stratigraphic and temporal relationships, determining
sedimentation rates, and determining depositional environments and changes in
environments over time.