Ali Hamad Bakar

DIGITAL CIRCUIT DESIGN

Transistor - Transistor Logic Gate (TTL)

13/05/2015
Transistor – transistor Logic gates

TARNSISTOR – TRANSISTOR LOGIC GATES

Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction
transistor (BJT) and resistors. It is called transistor–transistor logic because both the logic
gating function, and the amplifying function are performed by transistors

TTL is notable for being a widespread integrated circuit family used in many applications such
as computers, industrial controls, test equipment and instrumentation, consumer electronics,
synthesizers, etc. The designation TTL is sometimes used to mean TTL-compatible logic levels
even when not associated directly with TTL integrated circuits, for example as a label on the
inputs and outputs of electronic instruments.

We can think of a bipolar transistor as two diodes placed very close together, with the point
between the diodes being the transistor base. Thus, we can use transistors in place of diodes to
obtain logic gates that can be implemented with transistors and resistors only. This is called
transistor-transistor logic (TTL), and it is the most widely used family of components available
today.

A smart designer realized that the DTL NAND gate of Figure B.8 could be constructed from a
two-emitter transistor connected to a transistor inverter. The multi-emitter transistor is the critical
piece of technology that makes TTL logic gates possible.

This circuit's truth table, then, is equivalent to that of the NOR gate:
Transistor – transistor Logic gates

In order to turn this NOR gate circuit into an OR gate, we would have to invert the output logic
level with another transistor stage, just like we did with the NAND-to-AND gate example

Transistor AND Gate

The use of transistors for the construction of

logic gates depends upon their utility as fast switches. When
the base-emitter diode is turned on enough to be driven into
saturation, the collector voltage with respect to the emitter
may be near zero and can be used to construct gates for the
TTL logic family. For the AND logic, the transistors are in
series and both transistors must be in the conducting state to
drive the output high.

Transistor OR Gate

The use of transistors for the construction of logic gates

depends upon their utility as fast switches. When the base-
emitter diode is turned on enough to be driven into saturation,
the collector voltage with respect to the emitter may be near
zero and can be used to construct gates for the TTL logic
family. For the OR logic, the transistors are in parallel and the
output is driven high if either of the transistors is conducting.
Transistor – transistor Logic gates

Transistor NAND Gate

The use of transistors for the construction of

logic gates depends upon their utility as fast switches. When
the base-emitter diode is turned on enough to be driven into
saturation, the collector voltage with respect to the emitter may
be near zero and can be used to construct gates for the TTL
logic family. For the NAND logic, the transistors are in series,
but the output is above them. The output is high unless both A
and B inputs are high, in which case the output is taken down
close to ground potential.

Transistor NOR Gate

The use of transistors for the construction of logic gates

depends upon their utility as fast switches. When the base-
emitter diode is turned on enough to be driven into saturation,
the collector voltage with respect to the emitter may be near
zero and can be used to construct gates for the TTL logic
family. For the NOR logic, the transistors are in parallel with
the output above them so that if either or both of the inputs
are high, the output is driven low.
Transistor – transistor Logic gates

Transistor NOR Gate

The use of transistors for the construction of

logic gates depends upon their utility as fast switches. When
the base-emitter diode is turned on enough to be driven into
saturation, the collector voltage with respect to the emitter
may be near zero and can be used to construct gates for the
TTL logic family. In this alternative way to
achieve NOR logic, only one transistor is used with the two
inputs tied to its base through resistors. If either or both of the
inputs is high, the output is driven low.