ASSIGNMENT

MAMMALIAN PHYSIOLOGY
Topic:-Mechanism of Digestion for
Carbohydrate, Protein and Fats
Submitted To:-Dr.Aniruddha Sharma
Submitted By:-Anjita Deka

Roll No:-1018
GU Roll No:-UA-191-028-0538
B.Sc. Biotechnology CBCS 2nd semester
 Introduction: - The chemistry of digestion is simple
because, in the case of all three major types of food
(carbohydrates, proteins and fats) the basic process of
hydrolysis is involved. The only difference lies in the types of
enzymes required to promote the hydrolysis reactions for each
type of food.

R”-R’+H2O→ R”OH+R’H
(what R denoted for ?)
Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a
molecule using water.

Digestion of carbohydrates :-
*only three major sources of carbohydrates exist in the
normal human diet. They are Sucrose , which is the
disaccharide known popularly as cane sugar ; lactose , which is
a disaccharide found in milk ; and starches , which are large
polysaccharide present in almost all non-animal foods ,
particularly in potatoes and the different types of grains.
Why staars
*the diet also contains a large amount of cellulose , which is a
carbohydrate. However no enzymes of hydrolyzing cellulose
are secreted in the human digestive tract.
*the digestions of carbohydrates is different parts of digestive
system occurs as follows :
 •In the mouth:- we take carbohydrate in the form of
disaccharide and polysaccharide. No change of disaccharide
occurs in the mouth cavity but only boiled starch is digested by
the salivary amylase (ptyalin ) into maltose.

•In the stomach :- In the acid media , the function of

ptyalin is lest. So no change of carbohydrates occurs in the
stomach. HCL hydrolyze some sucrose only.

•In the duodenum :- The acidity is neutralized by the

help of local hormone secretin and facilitates the action of
pancreatic amylase and converts all from of starch in to
maltose.
Starch→Maltose

• In the intestine:- The carbohydrate splitting enzyme of

small intestine (maltose ,lactose and sucrose)digest all the
Disaccharide in following way:-

 Maltose
→ Glucose + Glucose

 Lactose→ Glucose + Glucose

 Sucrose→ Glucose + Fructose
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Digestion of protein:-
The digestion of protein in different parts of digestive system
occurs as follows :
•In the mouth :- No digestion of protein in the mouth.
•IN the stomach:-in presence of pepsin and gastric HCL
, protein is converted into peptone.

 Protein→ Peptone

•In the duodenum:- Here trypsin and chymotrypsin of

pancreatic juice act on broken and unbroken peptone and
converts it into polypeptide.

Protein/peptone→ Polypeptide

 In the small intestine :-Here the intestinal juice mainly

the erepsin ( proteolytic enzyme) hydrolyzes the peptone
and converts the polypeptide into end products of protein
digestion i.e. amino acid. This amino acid is absorbed in
the gut by active and passive process.
So the protein digestion occurs in the following form:-
Protein→ Peptone→ Polypeptide→ Amino acid

Digestion of Fat:-
We take fat in the form of neutral fat (triglyceride).The
digestion of fat in different parts of the digestive system occurs
as follows :

 In the mouth:- No digestion of fat occurs in the mouth

cavity.
 In th stomach:- Fat digestion may occur in the stomach
because the fat splitting enzyme (gastric lipase) is present
in the gastric juice but this enzyme is inactive in the acid
media.
 In the small intestine:- the main digestion of fat occurs
in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase with the help of
bile salts.
The first step in fat digestion is physically to
break the fat globules into very small sizes so that the
water-soluble digestive enzymes can act on the globules
surfaces. This process is called emulsification of the fat.
Most of the emulsification occurs in the
duodenum under the influence of bile. However, bile does
contain a large quantity of bile salts as well as the
phospholipid lecithin. Both of these , but especially the
lecithin are extremely important for emulsification of the
fat.
The polar parts ( the points where ionization
occurs in water ) of the bile salts and lecithin molecules
are highly soluble in water, whereas most of the remaining
portion of their molecules are highly soluble in fat.
Therefore, the fat-soluble portions of these liver
secretions dissolve in the surface layer of the fat globules ,
with the polar portions projecting.
The lipase enzymes are water-soluble compounds
and can attack the fat globules only on their surfaces and
splits into free fatty acids and monoglycerides
Fat→ Emulsified fat→ Monoglycerides&fatty acids

• Fat are digested in the following way:-

Triglyceride→Diglyceride+Fatty acid
Diglyceride→Monoglyceride+fatty acid
monoglyceride→Glycerol+fatty acid

References
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