System of Uniform Marking by The Kks Code: Process and Technology Control

SYSTEM
OF UNIFORM MARKING
BY THE KKS CODE
KKS
Process and Technology Control
OZ B4
System of Uniform Marking by KKS Code Process and Technology Control
OZ B4
INTRODUCTION
This methodology serves for uniform marking of equipment by the KKS code. Deviations from
and non-observation of the directives and/or valid standards by individual business units must
be approved by the KKS methodologist.
The KKS directives contain only a few examples, clarifications and rules for the sector of the
control engineering. Precise rules are created by the company (project supplier ), e.g. marking of
signals.
Certain problems and drawbacks connected with marking cannot be resolved, using the current KKS
directives. Particularly in the field of el. engineering incorporation of marking of certain suppliers into the
control systems is very problematic. Such incorporation is possible at the preparatory stage of the
projects only.
For the reasons above the current part B4 is a sole survey of examples and practical
applications, taken from the real projects. These examples need not be comprehensive and
represent only recommendations for the methodologist and the reader.
Contents:
1. Selection of Several Symbols for Presentation of Equipment and Relevant Functions....................4

2. General Principles and Terms:......................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Marking of the Control System Controlling One Technological Circuit (3.)..............................7
2.2 Marking of the Control System Controlling More Technological Circuits (4.)...........................8
2.3 Marking in Control Systems..................................................................................................... 8
3. Marking of the Control System Controlling One Technological Circuit.............................................9
3.1 Measurements (measured data collection, their distribution and processing).......................10
3.1.1 Kinds of Measuring Circuits............................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 Marking of Measuring Circuits...........................................................................................10
3.1.3 Measuring Circuits with Multiple Takeoff in a Single Point of Measurement.....................17
3.1.4 Measuring Circuit Concentration.......................................................................................18
3.1.5 Processing of Measured Values........................................................................................19
3.2 Control................................................................................................................................... 20
3.2.1 Processing of Measured Values........................................................................................20
3.2.2 Drive Control..................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3 Partial Control................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.4 Functional Control of Groups/Subgroups..........................................................................23
3.3 Regulation /Adjustment......................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1 Measured Value Processing.............................................................................................24
3.3.2 Simple Regulating Circuits................................................................................................25
3.3.3 Superior (main) Regulating Circuits...................................................................................27
3.4 Protection.............................................................................................................................. 28
3.4.2 Interlocking/locking (machine set protection)....................................................................28
3.4.3 Protection (protection of equipment).................................................................................28
3.5 Check (messages, protocols/reports, information)................................................................29
4. Marking of Control Systems Controlling More Technological Circuits............................................29
4.1 Measurements (data collection, verification, distribution for evaluation)................................30
4.1.1 Measuring Circuits Collecting Data from More Technological Circuits..............................30
4.2 Control................................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.1 Functional Groups............................................................................................................. 31
4.2.2 Control Level of the Unit.................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Regulation............................................................................................................................. 32
4.3.1 Main Regulator/Governor/Controller..................................................................................32
4.3.2 Top Level - Regulation of Units.........................................................................................32
4.4 Protection.............................................................................................................................. 33
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4.4.1 Boiler Protection................................................................................................................ 33

4.4.2 Protection of Components and Machine Sets...................................................................34
4.5 Check.................................................................................................................................... 35
4.5.1 Signaling Equipment......................................................................................................... 35
4.5.2 Control Computer.............................................................................................................. 35
4.5.3 Information Systems.......................................................................................................... 35
5. Marking in Control Systems........................................................................................................... 36
5.1 Marking of Signals................................................................................................................. 36
5.1.1 In General......................................................................................................................... 36
6. Possibilities of Breakdown in Numerical Data Positions (FN, AN)..................................................39
6.1 Breakdown in FN................................................................................................................... 39
6.2 Breakdown in AN................................................................................................................... 39
7. Application of the KKS Code and Clarification of Certain...............................................................40
7.1 Point of Measurement........................................................................................................... 40
7.1.1 Presentation of the points of measurement not equipped by instrumentation...................40
7.1.2 Level indicator - located in the field - the point of measurement is inside the technological
equipment...................................................................................................................................... 40
7.2 Instrument(ation)................................................................................................................... 41
7.3 Letter Code............................................................................................................................ 41
7.3.1 Identifying (differentiating) Letters.....................................................................................41
7.3.2 Marks for Different Layout of Instruments in Technology..................................................43
7.4 Description of the “Bubble” of the I+C Circuit........................................................................43
7.4.1 Regulation of Level Displayed on Panel with Signalling of Two Minimums.......................44
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1. Selection of Several Symbols for Presentation of Equipment and
Relevant Functions
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2. General Principles and Terms:
Since 1978 the system of marking for the power plants (power units) has been developed and
introduced in many sectors for purpose of unified marking of the application equipment. The system
enables not only to mark the technology and its parts, but also the relevant control and
electrotechnical instruments (I+C), incl. their layout and internals.
In order to create transparent relations between the control systems (equipment) and the
technology, it is necessary and inevitable to observe the rules providing this transparency. We are
speaking about the KKS rules, facilitating control and check of the equipment for the user.
To unify the terms, below you will find a short definition:
 The technology sends (transmits) requirements to the control system for realization of
different technological processes
 The control system checks fulfillment of these requirements, intervenes actively into the
processes, if necessary and renders relevant information to the operator and the possibility of
action/intervention.
The control components (instruments) installed on the equipment are necessary for solution of
these requirements. These components are by the KKS system additionally
named - marking for built-in device (internals), see Part B3,
or marking for location/layout, see Part B2.
The control components execute the control functions (measurement, control, regulation,
check), based on the requirements transmitted from the technology. Components of the control
engineering installed on the technological equipment are marked by the code of the technology. This
way the manual control and process control may be simplified.
Example of hierarchical structure of the control equipment and components with different functions.
Drive/actuator control logics necessary for control of the drive/actuator, e.g. starting,
interlocking protection...
Partial control special logics upstream the drive control, e.g. switching, pre-selection of
starting/switching ,etc. ...
Functional group programs of the automation system controlling groups of processes, e.g.
control cooling water supply, or more equal functional subgroups, e.g. pumps
anc contain superior requirements, e.g. switching the pump on/off
depending on the load ....
Drive control: Marking of the technology is used here.
Partial control: The control equipment marked by its relation to the technology is used here. At the
level 1 marking of the technology is applied, this way the link between the control system and the
technology is provided.
Functional group control: The control equipment controlling more technologies is used here. The
dominant system can again be used at the level 1 - or it replaces the data position F2 and/or the letter
*Y* in the position F3. At the main control levels the link with the technology is lost and therefore
designation and marking of the control engineering is used, e.g. *CJE*.
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Example: Survey of breakdown of the control equipment in the control hierarchy
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2.1 Marking of the Control System Controlling One Technological Circuit (3.)
Marking of the control systems of the technology is of extraordinary importance, because the
technological lings and relations are encoded.
Marking of the source of information (equipment), parts of equipment, systems and machine
sets is the basic principle of the marking. Marking of the “tangible thing” is the very basis here.
See parts B1, B2, B3.
The Figure above shows the measuring circuit containing components, transmitted signals and
marking of the measuring circuit itself.
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2.2 Marking of the Control System Controlling More Technological Circuits (4.)
If there is no more any technological or another functional relation between individual
technological circuits, parts of equipment and/or machine sets, then the superior marking is used - it has
its own rules for marking of the control system components.
From the Figure above it follows that thanks to hierarchical arrangement of the control
system change of the KKS marking takes place towards the higher control level, namely due to
grouping into the superior groups. The link with the technological equipment is thus lost.
2.3 Marking in Control Systems

Special rules and principles in marking of the technological equipment and the control system
have created a certain interrelationship between the technology and relevant control equipment of the
system. Therefore the measured values from the technology and the derived control signals are
named at the so called level 1,2,3 (system, machine set and component) which creates the link
between the technology and the signal processed by the control system.
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3. Marking of the Control System Controlling One Technological

Circuit
Basic types of signals are the so called analog signals with optional value in the range of 0 to
100% and binary signals.
The following example serves for clarification of the term “data processing control system”.
Example:
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3.1 Measurements (measured data collection, their distribution and
processing)
The chapter describes
 Recording and collection of data and measured values
 Processing of data and measured values
 Distribution of measured values
 Data processing - measured values are described in the same way like the point of
measurement, whilst the algorithms and functions will be given their own marking (described
in the chapters devoted to control, regulation, protection and check.
3.1.1 Kinds of Measuring Circuits

Measuring circuits contain sensors, transducers, converters, amplifiers, transmission paths,
recording and evaluation devices. KKS marking identifies:
direct measuring circuits , contain sensors, transducers, converters, amplifiers, transmission

paths, recording and evaluation devices, where mathematic processing of the measured value DOES
NOT TAKE PLACE.
indirect measuring circuits, contain the same elements line the direct measuring circuits, but
evaluation or recording is accompanied by mathematic processing of even more measured and/or
inserted values.
The measuring circuits of the machine sets have a special position of marking, namely where
these circuits are not given a separate marking (we are speaking about feedback /check-back for the
group of drive control, etc.)
3.1.2 Marking of Measuring Circuits

3.1.2.1 Marking of Direct Measuring Circuits
The direct measuring circuits are marked according to ČSN ISO 3511 at the level 2 in the data
position A1 by the letter C*, i.e. as the direct measuring circuits; in the data position A2 they are
identified by the block letter of the measured physical variable (e.g. pressure, temperature). At
the level 1 the measuring circuits receive marking of that system part where the transmitter of the
measured value is located, i.e. the measuring circuits are marked by the system within the
boundary of which the measured value transmitter is installed.
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Measured physical variables are decisive for marking in the data position A2. Measuring
circuits for identical physical variables are numbered in ascending order (upwardly) in individual
technological systems (level 1); at the level 2 in the position AN they are numbered by medium and
source flow. In case of additional installation of new measuring circuits and/or in case of cancellation
of unnecessary ones the already marked measuring circuits may not be remarked!
Because the measuring circuits have nearly always (measuring circuits related to the
machine sets) separate marking at the level 2 (machine set), the measuring circuits in the
technologically marked machine sets are not designated as the machine set, but as a separate
measuring circuit. For instance measuring circuits of positions and states of the equipment on the
vessels, analog positions of valves, revolutions, motor winding temperatures.
Example: Separate marking of measuring circuits of the machine sets
The example above shows measuring circuits in different parts of the technology. The
measuring circuit of the supply equipment on the vessel will not be marked in the same way like the
vessel, but as a separate measuring circuit. Measurements of revolution and temperatures of the
pump motor also represent separate measuring circuits. The same is also valid for analog
measurement of the valve position.
By suitable numbering of the measuring circuits in the position AN the relation to the machine
set, where the measurements are carried out, will be preserved (e.g. the fittings AA003 with
complementary measuring circuit of position CG003). But such additional marking is not always
possible. Exceptions can be found in the chapters below.
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3.1.2.2 Marking of Indirect Measuring Circuits
The indirect measuring circuits do not represent the opposite side to the direct measuring ones
(equipment for direct physical variable collection), but they are linked with measured values of other
measuring circuits (equipment for mediation of calculated and/or corrected measured values).
Data collection of measured variables is not direct, because the measured value transmitter
located in the technology has the primary signal modified by the complementary calculation rules.
This way measured values or signals transmit a new and/or another value than the primary one.
For unambiguous identification of these variables the letter F* (indirect measuring circuits) will
be used instead of the letter C* in the data position A1 of the level 2. The data position A2 receives,
like in case of the direct measuring circuits, marking by the relevant letter for the physical variable
pursuant to ČSN ISO 3511.
Example: Flow measurements - corrected depending on pressure and temperature, using the primary
measured values.
Example: Flow measurements - corrected depending on temperature, using more identical measured
values by selecting temperature and flow values 2 of 3.
Logical sum of measured values of direct physical variables of different kind is marked in the
data position A2 by the letter U* (composed and other variables).
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Example: Marking of calculated variable from two different measured values, e.g. enthalpy.
Example: Marking of calculated variable from one varying measured value, e.g. limit curve.
Example: Marking of calculated variable from 2 variables, where one measured and one calculated
value is entered, e.g. the flow value corrected depending on density.
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Example: Marking of two output variables through selection of the maximum value from two groups,
always with 3 measured values, interconnected through the link with selection, e.g. in case of the
double-line steam systems.
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Example: Marking of the output variable through the selection device, which is preceded by summing of
the measured values from 2 systems. Each system contains one flow measurement with 3 measured
value transmitters in a single point of measurement with a separate point of correction. Calculation of
critical steam flow in case of the double-line steam systems.
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3.1.2.3 Direct Measuring Circuits Related to Machine Sets
Processing of measured values related to marking of machine sets - we are speaking about the
equipment specified for a single machine set, e.g. drive control, interlocking, measurement in branch,
actuator control. This way processed measured data are marked usually by designation of the
relevant machine set and not by a separate marking of the measuring circuit.
Example:
For displaying of the information concerning machine set loading, the current passing through
the appliance has to be measured. Such measured data are usually marked by marking of the
relevant machine set and not by a separate marking of the measuring circuit.
Example:
Measurements of limit position of the fittings serve inter alia for step motor control. The measuring
circuits are not again marked separately.
As follows from both examples above, all other control equipment relating to the machine
sets are marked in the same way like the machine sets (incl. the signals).
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3.1.3 Measuring Circuits with Multiple Takeoff in a Single Point of Measurement

More measuring circuits connected to a single point of measurement (measured value
transmitter) are identified at the level 21 by the complementary marking in the position A3. We are
speaking for instance about temperature measurements, using thermocouples, flow measurements with
multiple takeoffs and also about the measuring circuits connected to current converters with multiple
cores and/or to voltage converters with multiple cores.
Example: Measurements of temperature by thermocouples
If the thermocouple is used as the sensor, where only one lead is used for measurement (the
second lead is the standby one), then only one mark of the measuring circuit will be used and
the data position A3 will remain unused.
Example: Measuring circuits with multiple takeoff
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3.1.4 Measuring Circuit Concentration
When concentrating the signals, then it is valid that after concentration designation of the
physical variable (used for signal processing) is preserved. Concentration of measured values with the
same physical dimensions - direct measured variables - is designated in the first data positions in AN by
the figure 9 and designation of the physical variable is preserved in the data position A2.
Example: Temperature difference
If the signals or measured values are used for limitation or suppression of the primary measured
value, then, then after processing the output signal is marked by the measuring circuit of the primary
measured value, only the signal symbol is changed from *X* to *Z*.
Example: Suppressed message
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3.1.5 Processing of Measured Values

Processing of measured values will be carried out inside the system marked at the level 1.
Processing of measured values - concentration of more measuring circuits and/or processing of
measured values related to the machine set for such systems as e.g. control (not drive control).
Processing of measured values from the control systems of more machine sets is marked at the
level 2 in the data position A1 by the letter E* - processing of measured values and signals. In the data
position A2 the kind of the control equipment is marked (e.g.: unified message, group control, etc.) The
technological system marking is preserved at the level 1.
Example: Preserved marking of technology for “processing of measured values"
Example: Data processing for the control system of intermediate condensate reheater
Processing of measured values is connected neither with the measuring circuit nor
with the machine set and therefore it will not be marked by the measuring circuit or the
machine set at the level 2.
Processing of measured values related to the system will be marked in the position A1 by the letter E*
and in the position A2 the kind of measured value processing will be determined (e.g. control of functions
group, control of subgroups, unified message, superior protection). At the level 1 the relevant technology
will always be marked.
Corresponding examples are contained in the fields of control, regulation, protection and check.
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3.2 Control
The same principles of marking the components and control levels are valid in connection with
marking of measured value processing. Marking of the technology will be used at the level 1.
3.2.1 Processing of Measured Values

After distribution the measured values are used for controlling and preserve the existing
marking.
Example: Algorithm for opening the feed water closing fittings and processing of signals for drive
control LAB90 AA001.
=LAB90 AA001 - Opening of the fittings AA001 is conditioned by the preset conditions and criteria of
other decisive components in the process of opening control :
LAD00EZ001 XK01
level L L>
LAD00 EZ001 XK02

Level LL L>
LAB10 EC001 XS51

pump subgroup 1 stop
LAB20 EC001 XS51

LAB30 EC001 XS51

LAB10 EC001 XS01

pump subgroup 1 start
LAB20 EC001 XS01

LAB30 EC001 XS01

In addition to it, when processing measured values, there are the algorithms derived from the
signals related to the system and after concentration they will be marked by their function in the
process of control by the letter E* = "processing of measured value - signal":
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Example of the minimum feed water flow control (German original)
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3.2.2 Drive Control
Name of the drive is allocated to the group of drive, incl. relevant control.
3.2.3 Partial Control

If there are drives with partial control in a single technological circuit, then the equipment can be
marked as follows
Example: Partial control for two drives
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3.2.4 Functional Control of Groups/Subgroups

Drives in a single technological circuit are controlled by a single functional control group
designated and marked like the technology at the level 1.
Example of the functional subgroup control

Functional subgroup control = LAC10EC001 Control
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3.3 Regulation /Adjustment
Marking of processed measured value - the same principles like in the sector of control are
valid for marking of regulation at the level 1. Each regulation and/or each regulating circuit is broken
down into measurement and regulation, irrespectively of whether electric, pneumatic, hydraulic or
other devices are used.
Regulation is marked by the regulating variable and not by the measuring circuit or setting
components affected by the regulation.
3.3.1 Measured Value Processing

Example: Determination of measurement and regulation (adjustment)
Regulation (adjustment) is only one of the objectives of measurement.
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3.3.2 Simple Regulating Circuits

Mechanical regulation
Example: Mechanical regulation with separated point of measurement
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Example: Marking of individual components of equipment of a simple regulating circuit
Example: Pressure control (setting) and control element
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3.3.3 Superior (main) Regulating Circuits
Example of the superior regulation (control) circuit of the return steam system
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3.4 Protection
The control protection systems maintain normal operating mode and prevent undesirable
modes (states) of the equipment. If the limits are exceeded, the system of safety interlocking is
activated - serves for protection of the machine set and prevents destruction of the equipment and/or
endangerment of persons. Marking of technology is the basis for marking of the protection system.

Measured value processing - evaluation of protections is identical with marking of data evaluation
in the sector of control.
The equipment can be marked by two ways, at the level 2 the letter E* or the letter of the technological
machine set is used from the point of the control function.
3.4.2 Interlocking/locking (machine set protection)

Protective locking/interlocking of a single appliance is marked at the level 1 like the system of
technology.
3.4.3 Protection (protection of equipment)

Protective locking/interlocking of a single appliance is marked at the level 1 like the system of
technology.
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3.5 Check (messages, protocols/reports, information)

In the control systems providing the check functions, e.g. creation of alarms and messages,
printing of reports, data displaying, etc, the same KKS marking is used for the points of measurement
and signals like for data collection and measured data recording.

Measured value processing does not request any new system of marking. The control systems
merge primary signals as well as processed signals relating to function of the equipment for purpose of
determination of the limits for messages, control and/or protection of individual machine sets. This link,
related to the drive, is designated as the source of these data.
4. Marking of Control Systems Controlling More Technological

Circuits
Superior marking
If the control equipment controls more technologies, then at the level 1, data positions F3, F2, the
character Y* can be used for the superior control, regulating and protective equipment. If the control
equipment controls more systems (data position F1), then the marking under the main group is used C*
= control engineering, e.g. control systems of the units = *CJA*.
Example:
Technological systems Superior control
Appliance (system) Name Supply system Name

Reference char. Reference char.
LAB Feed water LAY Control, regulating,
LAC Feed water - pumping device protective equipment for
LAD Feed water - preheating feed water system
(common for LAB, LAC,
LAD)
LA. Feed water system Steam LY. Control, regulating,
LB. system Condensing system protective equipment for
LC. steam, water and
condensate circulation
(common for LA, LB and
LC)
H.. Conventional heat generation CJA Interlocking control
L.. Steam, water, gas circuits Core system (common for pro
M.. machine set H.., L.., M..)
These rules cannot cover all requirements raised on marking of closed technologies (e.g.
functional group control). It is necessary to fix the rules at the level 1 for differently designated
equipment (main equipment and relevant parts of auxiliary and secondary equipment/devices).
To be able to designate the link between function of the equipment and the technology,
identification can be done in the data position G and F0, or in the position FN - by a special number.
Example: Ventilation of substation consisting of KKS systems, because functional groups and
subgroups contain different systems of KKS marking.
SAC Ventilation equipment

QKS Coolant (working medium) system
SBC Heating devices
SAC General marking of the venting
function
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4.1 Measurements (data collection, verification, distribution for evaluation)
4.1.1 Measuring Circuits Collecting Data from More Technological Circuits

If the measuring circuits collect data from more technological circuits and calculate new values
from them, at the level 1 such new value cannot be designated as the measured one. The level 1
records the marking enabling to reveal the link with the technology.
Example of concentration of the measuring circuits
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4.2 Control
4.2.1 Functional Groups

If the superior automation functions of more technological circuits are controlled by a single functional
group control, then this group control is marked by the superior marking enabling to identify the links
with other superior systems.
Example: Feed water flow control
Example: Boiler aeration (HLA) by intervention into the systems (LAB flooding, LBA deaeration, HHF
fuel preparation.
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4.2.2 Control Level of the Unit
If more technological circuits are controlled by functional groups, then at the level 1 the
marking relating to the system of technology is no more possible. In such cases the superior
marking is applied at the level 1.
Example: Control level of the unit
4.3 Regulation
4.3.1 Main Regulator/Governor/Controller

The regulating circuits, which regulate and “control” more technological circuits are marked by
the superior marking at the level 1. Regulation of more technologies with different marking in the
position F3 is related to the common marking in the position F2.
4.3.2 Top Level - Regulation of Units

The superior control systems and/or the main regulating circuits having no link of marking with
the main technological circuits are marked at the level 1 by the superior marking.
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4.4 Protection
Special control systems protecting more technological circuits are used for protection of the
main machines, parts and technologies from undesirable states and/or for protection of the operator
and the environment. Their marking is superior at the level 1 and enables to identify only the link with
the technology system.
4.4.1 Boiler Protection
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4.4.2 Protection of Components and Machine Sets
Example of Protection by Feed Pumps Using Two circuits
Level measurements in the feed tank : LAD10 Level control and monitoring : LAD10 EZ001
CL011
Level measurements in the feed tank: LAD10
CL012
Level measurements in the feed tank: LAD10 Level control and monitoring : LAD10 EZ002
CL013
Level measurements in the feed tank: LAD10
CL014
Water level -1st top level - warning signal LAD10 CL011 XK94
Water level -2nd top level - warning signal and initiation LAD10 CL911 XK96
message : selection from (LAD10CL011 and
LAD10CL012)
Water level -3rd top level - warning signal and initiation LAD10 CL913 XK96
message : selection from (LAD10CL013 and
LAD10CL014)
Protective signal LAD10 EZ001 XK01

from (LAD10CL011 and LAD10CL012
LAD10 EZ001 XK02
from (LAD10CL013 and LAD10CL014)
LAD10 EZ002 XK01
LAD10 EZ002 XK02
Initiating signal (command) for the pump No.1 LAD00EZ100 ZK11

Initiating signal (command) for the pump No.1 LAD00EZ100 ZK12
Initiating signal (command) for the pump No. 2 LAD00EZ100 ZK22
Initiating signal (command) for the pump No. 3 LAD00EZ100 ZK32
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4.5 Check
4.5.1 Signaling Equipment

Special control and check systems collecting necessary data from the technology and/or from
the relevant control system are used for displaying of states of the equipment. The data are processed
partially in advance or by inquiring only the state of the equipment. To be able to establish link with the
process technology for the operator, marking of primary measured values is allocated.
Example: reporting/signaling of states of the equipment
4.5.2 Control Computer

For controlling of more technologies the computers with the most different functions are used;
the following is valid for marking: marking of primary measured values is allocated to the
controlled variables.
4.5.3 Information Systems

The information systems having special capabilities to display the information are used for
displaying of the information. Marking of primary measured values is allocated to the variables.
Example: Process control through monitors in the control room
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5. Marking in Control Systems
5.1 Marking of Signals
5.1.1 In General
The level 3 - Marking of Components - serves for unambiguous identification of signals. A
special methodology for marking of the sector of signals is under progress.
A = alphabetic character (except the characters I and 0)

N = = numerical character
Classification of Signals B1
 X feedback - signals from processes
 Y control signals
 Z combined signals
Scope of signals B2 Breakdown of the signals into the groups X, Y, Z and their use is
 Scope of use of the signal not determined firmly, because they are dependent on version of
the control system equipment from the suppliers. Determination
Counting - number of signal BN of subgroups has to be discussed and agreed with the
methodologist.
A: The letters designating the scope of the signal for the project in question
Scope of signal Definition Type

A automatics- group control, etc. binary
B Individual /separate control (drive control) binary
C regulation binary
D loptional input
E loptional input
F loptional input
G preparation of contact measured values binary
H preparation of limit measured values binary
J derived analog values analog
K optional input
L control room and control desks/boards
M messages (individual messages, etc.)
N control - computer binary
P monitoring - monitory analog
Q preparation of analog measured data analog
R optional input binary
S optional control step binary
T optional input
U combined/linked signals
V combined/linked signals analog
W combined/linked signals binary
X locked
Y locked
Z optional input binary
optional input = specific corporate use
locked =for future uniform marking
Attention: deviations relating to hardware manufacturers are reserved
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B: Example of standard designation of signal numbers
Signal Definition Scope of Scope of signal B Scope of signal C

number signal A
01 check-back ON ON OPEN
02 check-back ON OFF CLOSED
03
08
Button command ON ON ON OPEN
09
button command OFF OFF OFF CLOSED
10
11
12
13
14
button command OFF STOP STOP manually
15
16
21 automatic command ON ON OPEN

22 automatic command OFF OFF CLOSED
31 protective command ON ON OPEN

32 protective command OFF OFF CLOSED
33 permission ON
34 permission OFF
35 locking ON
36 locking OFF
51 check-back not ON not OPEN

52 check-back not OFF not CLOSED
Attention: Signal marking is independent on hysteresis, point of switching, quiescent current, operational current, etc.
In addition to it, many projects identify:

MAX points of switching are marked by odd numbers
MIN points of switching will be allocated even numbers
B: Example of signal marking from limit value transmitter
Letters for marking of signal scope

G = Switching (preparation of limit values for switching)
H = Limit values {from analog measured signals) (optional to G*)
Marking in the position BN - decimal number is the signal number for switching and limit value
Transmitting
37 of 44
OZ B4
Example of marking the signals notifying exceeded limits
Example of signals generated through the unit creating the limit values
38 of 44
6. Possibilities of Breakdown in Numerical Data Positions (FN, AN)
6.1 Breakdown in FN
Besides possible superior marking even the unified system sections (marked in the position
FN) are considered in the data position F1F2F3 of level1. The following FN is taken into account :
Example: FN numbering
Attention: The numbers used in the control systems may not collide with marking of
technological sections of the piping.
This kind of use of the marking in the position FN for the common equipment of individual
system sections is possible only if it was marked in the technology by the functional aspects. It is
therefore advisable for the control systems to mark in the position FN the technological systems
together with the mechanical engineering - technology (see also part B1).
6.2 Breakdown in AN
Marking of purpose and function of the measuring circuits can be done by the first figures in the
position AN. Such additional classification is applied (code tables); the following rules shall be
observed:
· The set classification (A1A2) for the same kind of the measuring circuit must be identical (uniform)
in the whole power unit.
· Additional classification (A1A2) limits materially optional use of the figures, particularly if more
measuring circuits shall be marked and/or assigned at the same time to the machine set.
· The set classification (A1A2) may not lead to changes of marking during designing; once
determined rules of marking must be observed.
· arrangements and principles must be agreed prior to commence the project (consultations with the
methodologist)
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OZ B4
7. Application of the KKS Code and Clarification of Certain
Relations to the ISO 3511 Standard
7.1 Point of Measurement

In the points of measurement a thin line is drawn additionally to the line representing the piping
or to the contour of symbol of the technological equipment. If the point of measurement is not
assigned to marking of any device, then the measurable variable is designated by a letter in the
relevant point. The letter has to be selected by the Table 1. Location of the mark must be correct from
the functional point of view, it must correspond to the technological process, but need not reflect its
layout. If it is necessary to mark the point of measurement precisely in the sketch of the equipment,
then a small ring (diameter of ca 2 mm) is drawn in the relevant point, which ring ends the thin line as
above.
7.1.1 Presentation of the points of measurement not equipped by instrumentation

The point on the technological equipment which is modified for installation of the measuring
instrument (e.g. for temperature measurement), but which is not equipped by the fixed/stable
instrument.
7.1.2 Level indicator - located in the field - the point of measurement is inside the
technological equipment
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7.2 Instrument(ation)
Mark of the instrument consists of the following parts:
 horizontally drawn oval, the longer axis of which is approximately twice as long as the shorter axis
(ČSN ISO 3511-1 page18) - drawn by a thin line;
 letter code expressing the measured variable and function of the circuit
The serial number (KKS) can also be added to the marking.
7.3 Letter Code
7.3.1 Identifying (differentiating) Letters

Purpose of the instrument is designated by the letter code put into the oval representing function
of the circuit. The letter code is created as follows:
The first letter designates the measured or controlled variable. The letter from the column
2 in the Table 1. A complementary letter from the column 3 of the Table 1 is added, if necessary.
Other letters are selected from the column 4 of the Table 1.

If the letter code contains - besides the first letter - two or more further letters, then the letters must be
arranged in the following sequence I R C T Q S Z A. (This condition does not relate to the
complementary letters shown in the column 3.) The letter I can be deleted if it is the recorder equipped
by measured value indication.
If it is necessary to mark the MAXIMUM or MINIMUM, then the differentiating letters H or L will
be used - placed next to the mark of the instrument (see Table 2).
The letters are written to the right namely so that H is written from the horizontal axis up and L - down.
Table 1 - Letter code for marking of functions of the instruments (čsn iso 3511-1,2)
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OZ B4
Measured or controlled variable Complementary letter Displaying or output function
A Signalling
B Indication of state (e.g. running motor)
C Density Difference Regulation
D All el. variables2)
E Sensor, transducer
F Flow Ratio
G Measurement, position or length
H Manual control (manual start)
I Indicating
J Scanning/reading
K Time or time program
L Level
M Humidity
N Selected by the user (optional) )
3
Selected by the user (optional
O Selected by the user (optional) )
3
P Pressure or vacuum Test service line

Q Quality ) - e.g. analysis, conductance, pH
2
Integration or summing Integration or summing
R Radioactive emission (irradiation) Recording
S Speed or frequency Switching
T Temperature Transmitting
U More variables )4
Multifunctional unit
Viscosity Valve, slide valve, louver, actuator
V
Another correction component
W Heaviness, force
X Neutron flow (measurement of reactor output) ) 3
Other functions (e.g. displaying)
Y Vibrations, elongation ,extension ) 3
Mathematical member, relay
Z Emergency or security function
1
)Block letters are preset for marking of measured or controlled variables; on other places of the letter code they are used for
marking of the communication or output function. Small letters are used as complementary instead of the block letters, if such
method of marking is better understandable .
2
) It is necessary to add the note clarifying what variable is measured.
3
) If the user wants to mark the measured or controlled variable which no letter is assigned for in the table and which repeats in the
project, then any of the letters designated as “selected by the user (optional)” ca be used, but meaning of the letter for a certain
measured or controlled variable has to be defined and then this letter has to be used only and exclusively for this defined variable.
4
) The letter U can be used instead of the group of the first letters, if one member of the circuit has several different variables at the
input.
 Letter Z - „Emergency or security function“ is used, if we are speaking about the emergency
intervention, e.g. stop, shutdown of the equipment ,etc.
 Letter S - „Switching“ is used for instance for switching the pump on/off depending on the level
 Letter J - „Switching“ expresses automatic cyclic scanning of measured variable value
Table 2 - Letter code for marking of MAXIMUM, MINIMUM
Letter Kind/scope of use

code Measured variable Valve Motor Others
H MAXIMUM Open Running ON
L MINIMUM Closed Failure OFF
HH The second MAXIMUM
LL The second MINIMUM
HHH The third MAXIMUM
LLL The third MINIMUM
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7.3.2 Marks for Different Layout of Instruments in Technology

The instrument is in the field (information about the measured variable is available in the field only).
The instrument is located on the panel (operator has the information about the measured variable on
the panel).
The instrument is placed on the local control panel (the information about the measured variable is
available on the local control panel). A specific control panel can be provided by the remark next to
the mark (pressure indicator on the panel of resources).
7.4 Description of the “Bubble” of the I+C Circuit
43 of 44
OZ B4
7.4.1 Regulation of Level Displayed on Panel with Signalling of Two Minimums
Instrument with two branches (service lines) e.g. the instrument with external float chamber.
44 of 44

System of Uniform Marking by The Kks Code: Process and Technology Control

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SYSTEM

Process and Technology Control

1. Selection of Several Symbols for Presentation of Equipment and Relevant Functions....................4

4.4.1 Boiler Protection................................................................................................................ 33

2. General Principles and Terms:

To unify the terms, below you will find a short definition:

Drive control: Marking of the technology is used here.

2.3 Marking in Control Systems

3. Marking of the Control System Controlling One Technological

3.1.1 Kinds of Measuring Circuits

direct measuring circuits , contain sensors, transducers, converters, amplifiers, transmission

3.1.2 Marking of Measuring Circuits

Example: Separate marking of measuring circuits of the machine sets

3.1.3 Measuring Circuits with Multiple Takeoff in a Single Point of Measurement

Example: Measurements of temperature by thermocouples

Example: Measuring circuits with multiple takeoff

Example: Temperature difference

Example: Suppressed message

3.1.5 Processing of Measured Values

Example: Preserved marking of technology for “processing of measured values"

3.2.1 Processing of Measured Values

LAD00 EZ001 XK02

LAB10 EC001 XS51

LAB20 EC001 XS51

LAB30 EC001 XS51

LAB10 EC001 XS01

LAB20 EC001 XS01

LAB30 EC001 XS01

Example of the minimum feed water flow control (German original)

3.2.3 Partial Control

Example: Partial control for two drives

3.2.4 Functional Control of Groups/Subgroups

Example of the functional subgroup control

3.3.1 Measured Value Processing

Regulation (adjustment) is only one of the objectives of measurement.

3.3.2 Simple Regulating Circuits

Example: Mechanical regulation with separated point of measurement

Example: Pressure control (setting) and control element

3.3.3 Superior (main) Regulating Circuits

3.4.1 Measured Value Processing

3.4.2 Interlocking/locking (machine set protection)

3.4.3 Protection (protection of equipment)

3.5 Check (messages, protocols/reports, information)

3.5.1 Measured Value Processing

4. Marking of Control Systems Controlling More Technological

Appliance (system) Name Supply system Name

SAC Ventilation equipment

4.1.1 Measuring Circuits Collecting Data from More Technological Circuits

Example of concentration of the measuring circuits

4.2.1 Functional Groups

Example: Feed water flow control

Example: Control level of the unit

4.3.1 Main Regulator/Governor/Controller

4.3.2 Top Level - Regulation of Units

4.4.1 Boiler Protection

Protective signal LAD10 EZ001 XK01

Initiating signal (command) for the pump No.1 LAD00EZ100 ZK11

4.5.1 Signaling Equipment

Example: reporting/signaling of states of the equipment

4.5.2 Control Computer

4.5.3 Information Systems

Example: Process control through monitors in the control room

A = alphabetic character (except the characters I and 0)