Paper 1

1. a. Nucleus
b. Proton
c. Equal numbers of protons and electrons
d. 5
e. Lithium
2. a. i. Boxes 1 and 2 because they both have only one type of atom.
ii. Boxes 3 and 5 because they both have two different molecules
b. i. Simple Distillation
ii. Chromatography
iii. Crystallisation
3. a. Reversible arrow
b. i. (X) ammonium chloride
(Y) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride
ii. D
c. C because ammonia molecules have lower mass or smaller Mr thus
travels faster and so travel further in the same time
4. a. 35, 41
b. 80 − 43 = 37 cm3
100 + 10 + 80 = 190 cm3
37 × 100 ÷ 190 = 19.47% = 19%
c. Decreased
Decreased
No effect
5 a. concentration of copper(II) sulfate solution
volume of copper(II) sulfate solution
b. i. 5.5, 11.5
ii. H, because it has the biggest temperature increase
iii. F , because there is no temperature increase
 6. a. The atoms of both elements have one electron in the outer shell
b. i. (1) Sodium melts
(2) Sodium disappears
ii. Final colour is blue because the solution is alkaline
iii. D
c. Lithium
d. Potassium catches fire
e. 2Rb + 2H2O → 2RbOH + H2

7. (a) (i) B and E

(ii) It is the only one that shows all atoms and all bonds
(iii) D and F, they have the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae
(iv) 4
(b) (i) Incomplete combustion leads to the formation of carbon
Monoxide
(ii) It reduces the capacity of blood to transport oxygen
(c) Nitrogen in the air and oxygen react at high temperatures which
causes the formation of nitrogen oxide. These oxides then react
with water vapour in the atmosphere to form nitric acid

8. (a) Gas is produced and thus it escapes.

(b) i. Balance reading was recorded too late thus acid concentration is
greater than recorded.
ii. Loss in mass directly proportional to acid concentration
(c) There are more particles in the same volume thus collide more
frequently which raises the rate of reaction.

9. (a) Crude oil is heated which results in the vapour entering the lower
part of the column. There is a temperature gradient up the column so the
vapour in the diesel fraction rises up the column until it condenses. At a
height where its boiling point is lower than the temperature in the column
the diesel fraction is removed
(b) Dodecane contains hydrogen and carbon only and contains only
single bonds.
 (c) C
(d) C8H18
(e) i. Ultraviolet Radiation
ii. HCl
iii. Attached to files.
iv. Substitution.
(f) i. D
ii. Attached to files.

10(a) Volume is more precise

Avoids refilling the measuring cylinder
(b) 18.7, 8.1
(c) i. 29.5 ii. 20.8
(d) 20.0 + 20.0 = 40.0 cm3
30.0–18.5 = 11.5 °C
q = 40.0 × 4.2 × 11.5
q = 1900 J
(e) 1600 ÷ 0.040 = −40 (kJ/mol)

11. (a) zinc chloride , hydrogen

Calcium nitrate , water + carbon dioxide
(b) (i) Use excess aluminium hydroxide
Stir thoroughly
(ii) To remove unreacted aluminium hydroxide
(iii) Use filter paper or paper towel

(c) 27 + (3 × 17) = 78
3.9 ÷ 78 = 0.05 mol thus sulfuric acid is in excess
(d) (27 × 2) + (32 × 3) + (16 × 12) = 342
mass = 342 x 0.25
85.5 g
(e) 209 ÷ 331 = 0.631 mol
0.631 x 100 = 84%
0.75
Page 2
1. (a) A (b) C (c) B (d) A

2. (a) Solid = 5.3 water = 20.9

(b) (10.5 ÷ 16.8) × 100 = 62.5
(c) The gas will escape so the mass of solid remaining will be less than
it should be. The value of the calculated solubility will be then lower.

3. (a) Fluorine (b) Iodine

(c)(i) Cl2 + 2Br– → 2Cl– + 2Br (ii) Loss of electrons
(iii) 2Br → Br2
(d) Attached to files

4. Do a flame test by dipping a wire into the substance and hold it on the
blue Bunsen flame. If flame is yellow then cation is sodium. If flame is
lilac then cation is potassium.

Dissolve solid in water. Add dilute nitric acid and aqueous silver
nitrate. If white precipitate forms the anion is chloride, if no
precipitate forms then anion is sulfate.

5. (a) Zinc has displaced cadmium

(b)(i) Zn2+ + 2e(–) → Zn
(ii) 2H2O → 4H+ + O2 + 4e
(iii) pH decreases due to the formation of hydrogen ion.
(c) The ions of copper are the same size thus the layers of positive ions
can easily slide over one another. The ions of zinc and copper have
different sizes, this disrupts the layers of the copper ions hence it is
more difficult for the layers of ions to slide over one another.

6. (a) Attached to files.

(b) Attached to files.
(c) All of the water has been removed
(d) n(MgCO3) = (1.68 ÷ 84) = 0.02 mol
n(H2O) = (1.08 ÷ 18) = 0.06 mol X=3
 (e) mol = 4.2÷ 82 = 0.051
1 mol = 24 dm3
0.051 = 1.23 dm3
(24000 ÷ 24 ) x 1.23 = 1230 cm3

7. (i) Graph A
The backward reaction is endothermic so an increase in
temperature shifts the equilibrium to the left hence the percentage of
NO decreases.

Graph B
There are fewer moles of gas on the left so an increase in pressure
shifts the equilibrium to the left hence the percentage of NO
decreases.
(ii) The catalyst increases the rate of both the forward and reverse
reactions to the same extent thus there is no effect.

(b)(i) Because a proton is transferred from HNO3 to NH3

(ii) n(HNO3) = 15.8 × 150 mol = 2370 mol
vol(NH3) required = (2370 ÷ 14.8) = 160 (dm3 )

8. (a) (i) Chloroethene

(ii) Polychloroethene
(b)

(c) i. Attached to file.

ii. Water

9. (a)(i) To provide an enzyme to increase the rate of the reaction.

(ii) Oxygen from the air reacts with ethanol to form ethanoic acid
(iii) Reaction is too slow at lower temperatures thus the enzyme is
denatured at higher temperatures.

(b)(i) C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH

(ii) Addition
(iii) 300 degrees Celsius.
60-70 atm

(c) Carboxylic acid - propanoic acid

Alcohol - butanol-1-ol