Timber

Ti b
Timber
Relative embodied CO2 of various materials by weight

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Timber Timber

Green Oak construction

• The growth rings in a tree:
visible
• Summer wood darker than
spring wood.
• number of rings- the age of
the tree

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 Timber-cell structures Timber construction

Softwood (Scots pine) Diffuse-porous hardwood Ring porous hardwood

(Betula
(B l Pendula)
P d l ) (oak)

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Timber Timber

• Coniferous trees, narrow rings: better quality (spruce and Timber Properties Areas of use
pine) Scots pine (Pinus Soft, elastic, strong, durable, easy to Structures, floors, cladding, windows,
sylvestris) cleave and work, denser and more doors, roofing, foundations below
• Deciduous
D id ttrees wide
id rings:
i b tt quality
better lit titimber
b resin than in spruce, difficult to glue ground level, plugs
and paint,
Norway spruce Soft, elastic and medium hard Structures, roofing, cladding,
(Picea wearing, sensitive to moisture, easy laminated timber, fibreboard
abies) to glue and paint, difficult to pressure
impregnate
European larch Tough, strong and durable, good Structures, floor plate, doors,
(Larix decidua) moisture resistance, easy to work, windows, roofing
cannot be painted
Aspen (Populus Moisture resistant but strongest Floors, plywood, suspended ceiling,
tremula) when dry, does not twist smaller structures, cladding, piping for
water and gutters, piles
Common ash Hard, dense, tough, elastic, low Floors, veneer, internal panelling,
Assist. Prof. Dr. Sokol Dervishi | Building Materials | Faculty of Architecture and Enginerering | Epoka University 7 (Fraxinus excelsior)
Assist. Prof. resistance
Dr. Sokol Dervishi to moisture,
| Building Materials | Faculty ofeasy to bend
Architecture stairs,| Epoka
and Enginerering internal structural details8
University
under steam

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 Structural elements in timber Timber joints for increasing the length

• Materials in solid timber: different sizes (round logs or

rectangular sections)
• The smaller the size of the element,
element the more effective the use
of the timber available
• Use of small timber sections from certain deciduous
– -not particularly large trees (timber jointing)
– the length (timber plugs, bolts, nails or glue)
– or cross-section (solid connections or I-beams)

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Timber Structures Timber Structures

Toothed beam joint put together in three pieces

A roof joint bolted together, not glued

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 Timber Structures Timber Structures

A lattice I-beam, all joints fixed by bolting; no glue Production of timber lattice beam on site
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The use of timber in building The use of timber in building

Modern demountable timber

joints with metal components and
plugs
Structural possibilities for laminated timber

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 Foundations Foundations
Foundations

• raft and pile foundations

• bases for foundation walls and weaker ground stabilization
• Timbers
Ti b varying i properties
ti iin relation
l ti tto ddamp llow-oxygen
environments
• Oak: 15 and 20 years

Raft foundation

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Foundations Structural walls

• Timber buildings-associated with load-bearing timber walls

• light and heavy structures
• lightweight
li ht i ht bbuilding
ildi iis th
the fframeworkk
– economic in the use of materials
– advantage of the tensile and compressive strengths of timber

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 Log construction Vertical load-bearing panelling
• A solid timber wall: good acoustic properties and fire resistance • Timber buildings-associated with load-bearing timber walls
• The thermal insulation (for 700 to 800 years considered the • light and heavy structures
warmest alternative))
• lightweight
li ht i ht bbuilding
ildi iis th
the fframeworkk
• Pine: the timber most used in log construction
– economic in the use of materials
– advantage of the tensile and compressive strengths of timber

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Vertical load-bearing panelling Timber framework

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 Timber materials Timber connectors
Material Composition Areas of use
Timber panelling Untreated timber Balancing of relative humidity

Woodchip Woodchip, possibly with lime,

Woodchip lime sand
sand, Thermal insulation
insulation, balancing of relative
magnesium chloride, waterglass, borax, humidity
ammonia polyphosphate

Cork Cork oak which can also be mixed with Thermal insulation, balancing of relative
bitumen or gelatine humidity
Woodwool slabs Wood strands bound with cement or Thermal insulation, thermal storage,
magnesite balancing of relative humidity, sound
absorption, sound insulation
Porous fibreboard Mass of wood fibres with paper with or Thermal insulation
insulation, wind
wind-proofing,
proofing
without bitumen balancing of relative humidity, sound
absorption
Hard fibreboard Mass of wood fibres, can have Vapour barrier
bitumen coating
Cellulose fibre loose Cellulose with borax or boric acid, and/or Thermal insulation, balancing of
or matting aluminium hydroxide relative humidity, wind-proofing
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Timber products Glued laminated-timber beams

• laminated timber
• structural insulated panels
• l i t d veneer llumber
laminated b
• Plywood
• blockboard and laminboard
• Particleboard
• Fibreboard
• wood wool slabs
• compressed straw slabs
• Thatch
• shingles;
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