Conservation of Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy (P)

The gravitational potential energy of a body is its energy due to its position or elevation.

Kinetic Energy (K)

The energy or stored capacity for performing work possessed by a moving body, by
virtue of its momentum is called kinetic energy.

Internal Energy (U,u)

Internal energy is energy stored within a body or substance by virtue of the activity and
configuration of its molecules and of the vibration of the atoms within the molecules.
u = specific internal energy (unit mass) Δu = u2 – u1
U = mu = total internal energy ( m mass) ΔU = U2-U1

Work (W)
Work is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of the force in
the direction of the displacement. Work is energy in transition; that is is exists only when a force
is “moving through a distance”.
Work of a nonflow System

The area under the curve of the process on the pV plane represents the work done during
a nonflow reversible process.
Work done by the system is positive (outflow of energy)
Work done on the system is negative (inflow of energy)

Flow Work (Wf)

Flow work or flow energy is work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary, usually into
or out of a system.

Heat (Q)
Heat is energy in transit (on the move) from one body or system to another solely because
of a temperature difference between the bodies or systems.
Q is positive when heat is added to the body or system.
Q is negative when heat is rejected by the body of system.
Classifications of Systems
(1) A closed system is one in which mass does not cross its boundaries.
(2) An open system is one on which mass crosses its boundaries.

Conservation of Energy
The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.
The first law of thermodynamics states that one form of energy may be converted into
another.

Steady Flow Energy Equation

Characteristics of steady flow systems
1. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass within the system.
2. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of energy within the system.
3. The state of the working substance at any point in the system remains constant.

Enthalpy (H, h)
Enthalpy is a composite property applicable to all fluids and is defined by
h = u + pv and H = mh = U + pV
The steady flow energy equation becomes
Problems
1. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 200 to 20
psia, the speed increases from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy of the open system
decreases 25 Btu/lb, and the specific volume increases from 1 to 8 ft3/lb. No heat is
transferred. Sketch an energy diagram. Determine the work per lb. Is it done on or by the
substance? Determine the work in hp for 10 lb per min. ( 1hp = 42.4 btu/min)
Solution
2. Steam is supplied to a fully loaded 100-hp turbine at 200 psia with u1 = 1163.3 Btu/lb,
v1= 2.65 ft3/lb and v1= 400 fps. Exhaust is at 1 psia with u2= 925 Btu/lb, v2= 294ft3/lb and
v2= 1100 fps. The heat loss from the steam in the turbine is 10 Btu/lb. Neglect potential
energy change and determine a) the work per lb steam and b) the steam flow rate on lb/h.
Solution
3. An air compressor (an open system) receives 272 kg per min of air at 99.29 kPa and a
specific volume of 0.026 m3/kg. The air flows steady through the compressor and is
discharged at 689.5 kPa and 0.0051 m3/kg. The initial internal energy of the iar is 1594
J/kg; at discharge, the internal energy is 6241 K/kg. The cooling water circulated around
the cylinder carries away 4383 J/kg of air. The change in kinetic energy is 896 J/g
increase. Sketch an energy diagram. Compute the work.