University of Mosul

College of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
3rd class
Sub: Electrical Machines

Synchronous Machine
Lecture: 1
Basics of Synchronous
Generator
Dr. Yasir M.Y. Ameen

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Synchronous Machine
Synchronous machines are ac machine that have a field circuit
supplied by an external dc source.
DC field winding on the rotor,
AC armature winding on the stator

Origin of name: syn = equal, chronos = time

Synchronous machines are called ‘synchronous’ because their
mechanical shaft speed is directly related to the power system’s
line frequency.

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 Various Types

❑ Salient-pole synchronous machine

❑ Cylindrical or round-rotor synchronous machine

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 Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
1. Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds
(between 50 and 300 r/min)
2. A large number of poles are required on the rotor
d-axis

N Non-uniform
air-gap
D  10 m

q-axis S S

Turbine
N
Hydro (water)

Hydrogenerator
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Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator

Stator

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 Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator

Turbine D1m

L  10 m
Steam d-axis
Stator winding

 High speed N
Uniform air-gap
 3600 r/min 2-pole
Stato
 1800 r/min 4-pole r
q-axis Rotor winding
 Direct-conductor cooling (using
hydrogen or water as coolant) Rotor

 Rating up to 2000 MVA

S

Turbogenerator
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Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator

Stator

Cylindrical rotor 16
LECTURE #2
THE TOPICS

• THE SPEED OF ROTATION OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

• THE INTERNAL GENERATED VOLTAGE OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
• THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

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 Operation Principle

The rotor of the generator is driven by a prime-mover

A dc current is flowing in the rotor winding which produces a rotating

magnetic field within the machine

The rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase voltage in the stator

winding of the generator

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 Electrical Frequency

Electrical frequency produced is locked or synchronized to

the mechanical speed of rotation of a synchronous
generator:

P nm
fe =
120

where fe = electrical frequency in Hz

P = number of poles
nm= mechanical speed of the rotor, in r/min

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LECTURE #3

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∞

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PARALLEL OPERATION OF AC GENERATORS
∞

Why are synchronous generators operated in parallel? There are several major
advantages to such operation:

1. Several generators can supply a bigger load than one machine by itself.

2. Having many generators increases the reliability of the power system, since
the failure of anyone of them does not cause a total power loss to the load.

3. Having many generators operating in parallel allows one or more of them to

be removed for shutdown and preventive maintenance.

4. If only one generator is used and it is not operating at near fun load, then it (
will be relatively inefficient. With several smaller machines in parallel, it is
possible to operate only a fraction of them. The ones that do operate are
operating near full load and thus more efficiently. 46
The Conditions Required for Paralleling
1. The rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal.

2. The two generators must have the same phase sequence.

3, The phase angles of the two a phases must be equal.

4. The frequency of the new generator, called the oncoming generator,

must be slightly higher than the frequency of the running system

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Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator

Regardless of the original power source, all prime movers tend to behave in a similar fashion-as the
power drawn from them increases, the speed at which they turn decreases. The decrease in speed is in
general nonlinear, but some form of governor mechanism is usually included to make the decrease in
speed linear with an increase in power demand.
Whatever governor mechanism is present on a prime mover, it will always be adjusted to provide a
slight drooping characteristic with increasing load. The speed droop (SD) of a prime mover is defined
by the equation

where nnl s the no-load prime-mover speed and nfl is the full -load prime-move speed. Most generator
prime movers have a speed droop of 2 to 4 percent

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Since the shaft speed is related to the resulting electrical frequency

The relationship between frequency and power can be described quantitatively by the equation

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 A similar relationship can be derived for the reactive power Q and terminal
voltage VT. As previously seen, when a lagging load is added to a synchronous

It is important to realize that when a single generator is operating alone , the real power P and reactive power
Q supplied by the generator will be the amount demanded by the load attached to the generator- the P and Q
supplied cannot be controlled by the generator's controls. Therefore, for any given real power, the
governor set points control the generator's operating frequency fe and for any given reactive power, the field
current controls the generator's terminal voltage VT.
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An infinite bus is a power system so large that its voltage and trequency do
not vary regardless of how 'much real and reactive power is drawn from or
supplied to it. The power frequency characteristic of such a system is shown
in Figure

Curves for an infinite bus: (a) frequency versus power and (b) terminal voltage versus reactive power.

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Operation of Generators in Parallel with Large Power Systems
To understand the behavior of a generator connected to such a large system, examine a system consisting
of a generator and an infinite bus in parallel supplying a load.
Assume that:
* the generator's prime mover has a governor mechanism,
* but that the field is controlled manually by a resistor. It is easier to explain generator operation without
considering an automatic field current regulator,
so this discussion will ignore the slight differences caused by the field regulator when one
is present. Such a system is shown
When a generator is connected in parallel with another generator or a large
system, the j frequency and terminal voltage of all the machines must be the same,

since their output conductors are tied together. Therefore, their real powerfrequency
and reactive power- voltage characteristics can be plotted back to back,
with a common vertical axis. Such a sketch, sometimes informally
called a house diagram, is shown

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(a) A synchronous generator operating in
parallel with an infinite bus.
(b) The frequency versus power diagram
(or house diagram) for a synchronous
general or in parallel with an infinite bus.

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