6 - Hyperbolas PDF

HYPERBOLAS
Analytic Geometry
Oreste M. Ortega, Jr.
Leyte Normal University
Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Hyperbola
DEFINITION
Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

from two foci.

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

from two foci. For a hyperbola, instead of taking the sum,

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

from two foci. For a hyperbola, instead of taking the sum, we
take the difference.

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

take the difference. It will be seen that the equations of
hyperbolas are, in some sense, similar to those of ellipses;

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

hyperbolas are, in some sense, similar to those of ellipses; the
plus being replace by minus.

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

Despite the similarities, the ellipses and hyperbolas have
completely different shapes.

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

Definition
An hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

Definition
An hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane the absolute
value of the differences of whose distances from two fixed
points F1 and F2 is a constant.

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

Definition
An hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane the absolute
value of the differences of whose distances from two fixed
points F1 and F2 is a constant. These two fixed points F1 and F2
are the foci of the hyperbola.

Hyperbola
DEFINITION
According to the definition, if P1 and P2 are any two points of

a hyperbola with foci F1 and F2 ,

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

a hyperbola with foci F1 and F2 , then
|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 |

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.
the line through the foci is called the principal axis

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.

the two points of the parabola that lie on the principal axis
are called vertices

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.

are called vertices
the line segment joining the vertices is the transverse axis

Hyperbola
DEFINITION

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.

are called vertices
the line segment joining the vertices is the transverse axis
the midpoint of the transverse axis is the center of the
hyperbola

Hyperbola
LEMMA
We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex.

Hyperbola
LEMMA
We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

also half of the length of the transverse axis.

Hyperbola
LEMMA

also half of the length of the transverse axis. The distance from the
center to a focus will be denoted by c.

Hyperbola
LEMMA

For the hyperbola, the vertices are closer to the center than the foci.

Hyperbola
LEMMA

That is, c > a.

Hyperbola
LEMMA

That is, c > a.
Lemma
If P is any point of a hyperbola with foci F1 and F2 , then
|PF1 − PF2 | = 2a.

Hyperbola
LEMMA

That is, c > a.
Lemma
|PF1 − PF2 | = 2a.
√
Let b be the positive number such that b = c2 − a2 .

Hyperbola
LEMMA

That is, c > a.
Lemma
|PF1 − PF2 | = 2a.
√
Let b be the positive number such that b = c2 − a2 . We define the
conjugate axis as the line segment whose length is 2b,

Hyperbola
LEMMA

That is, c > a.
Lemma
|PF1 − PF2 | = 2a.
√
conjugate axis as the line segment whose length is 2b, perpendicular
to the transverse axis and whose midpoint is the center of the
hyperbola.

Hyperbola
LEMMA

That is, c > a.
Lemma
|PF1 − PF2 | = 2a.
√
hyperbola.
Take note that it is possible that a > b or a < b,

Hyperbola
LEMMA

That is, c > a.
Lemma
|PF1 − PF2 | = 2a.
√
hyperbola.
Take note that it is possible that a > b or a < b, that is, the conjugate
axis may be shorter or longer than the transverse axis.
Equations of Hyperbola
Standard Form
Suppose the center of the hyperbola is the origin and the transverse
axis is on the x−axis.

Standard Form
axis is on the x−axis. Then the foci are F1 (−c, 0)

Standard Form
axis is on the x−axis. Then the foci are F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0).

Standard Form
axis is on the x−axis. Then the foci are F1 (−c, 0) and F2 (c, 0). If P(x, y)
is any point of the hyperbola,

Standard Form
is any point of the hyperbola, then |PF1 − PF2 | = 2a.

Standard Form
p
Using the distance formula, |PF1 | = (x + c)2 + y2

Standard Form
p
Usingp the distance formula, |PF1 | = (x + c)2 + y2 and
|PF2 | = (x − c)2 + y2 .

Standard Form
p
|PF2 | = (x − c)2 + y2 . Substituting in the previous equation,

Standard Form
p
|PF2 | = (x − c)2 + y2 . Substituting in the previous equation, we
have q q

(x + c)2 + y2 − (x − c)2 + y2 = 2a.


Standard Form
p
have q q

(x + c)2 + y2 − (x − c)2 + y2 = 2a.

Removing the absolute value sign and isolating one radical,

Standard Form
p
have q q

(x + c)2 + y2 − (x − c)2 + y2 = 2a.

Removing the absolute value sign and isolating one radical, we

have q q
(x + c)2 + y2 = ±2a + (x − c)2 + y2 .

Standard Form
p
have q q

(x + c)2 + y2 − (x − c)2 + y2 = 2a.


have q q
(x + c)2 + y2 = ±2a + (x − c)2 + y2 .
We want to obtain an equivalent equation free of radicals.

Standard Form
p
have q q

(x + c)2 + y2 − (x − c)2 + y2 = 2a.


have q q
(x + c)2 + y2 = ±2a + (x − c)2 + y2 .
We want to obtain an equivalent equation free of radicals. Thus,

squaring both sides and simplifying,

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2
q
cx − a2 = ±a (x − c)2 + y2

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2
q
cx − a2 = ±a (x − c)2 + y2
Squaring both sides,

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2
q
cx − a2 = ±a (x − c)2 + y2
Squaring both sides, we have
q 2
2 2 2 2
(cx − a ) = ±a (x − c) + y

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2
q
cx − a2 = ±a (x − c)2 + y2
q 2
2 2 2 2
(cx − a ) = ±a (x − c) + y
c2 x2 − 2cxa2 + a4 = a2 [(x − c)2 + y2 ]2

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2
q
cx − a2 = ±a (x − c)2 + y2
q 2
2 2 2 2
(cx − a ) = ±a (x − c) + y
c2 x2 − 2cxa2 + a4 = a2 [(x − c)2 + y2 ]2

c2 x2 + a4 = a2 x2 + a2 c2 + a2 y2

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2
q
cx − a2 = ±a (x − c)2 + y2
q 2
2 2 2 2
(cx − a ) = ±a (x − c) + y
c2 x2 − 2cxa2 + a4 = a2 [(x − c)2 + y2 ]2

c2 x2 + a4 = a2 x2 + a2 c2 + a2 y2
c2 x2 − a2 x2 − a2 y2 = a2 c2 − a4

Standard Form
q
(x + c)2 + y2 = 4a2 ± 4a (x − c)2 + y2 + (x − c)2 + y2
q
2cx = 4a2 ± (x − c)2 + y2
q
cx − a2 = ±a (x − c)2 + y2
q 2
2 2 2 2
(cx − a ) = ±a (x − c) + y
c2 x2 − 2cxa2 + a4 = a2 [(x − c)2 + y2 ]2

c2 x2 + a4 = a2 x2 + a2 c2 + a2 y2
c2 x2 − a2 x2 − a2 y2 = a2 c2 − a4
(c2 − a2 )x2 − a2 y2 = a2 (c2 − a2 )

Standard Form
Recall that c2 − a2 = b2 .

Standard Form
Recall that c2 − a2 = b2 . Thus, b2 x2 − a2 y2 = a2 b2 .

Standard Form
Recall that c2 − a2 = b2 . Thus, b2 x2 − a2 y2 = a2 b2 . Dividing both

sides by a2 b2 ,

Standard Form

sides by a2 b2 , we obtain
x2 y2
2
− 2 =1
a b

Standard Form

x2 y2
2
− 2 =1
a b
This is the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with
center at (0, 0) and transverse axis on the x−axis.

Standard Form

x2 y2
2
− 2 =1
a b
By translation of axes, then we obtain the following equations
when the center is at the point (h, k).

Standard Form

x2 y2
2
− 2 =1
a b
when the center is at the point (h, k). When the transverse axis is
horizontal,

Standard Form

x2 y2
2
− 2 =1
a b
horizontal, the equation is
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
− =1
a2 b2

Standard Form

x2 y2
2
− 2 =1
a b
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
− =1
a2 b2
and when the transverse axis is vertical,

Standard Form

x2 y2
2
− 2 =1
a b
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
− =1
a2 b2
and when the transverse axis is vertical, we have
(y − k)2 (x − h)2
2
− = 1.
a b2

Equation of a Hyperbola
Standard Form
A. Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola
Center Transverse Axis Equation
x2 y2
(0, 0) horizontal 2
− 2 =1
a b
y2 x2
(0, 0) vertical − =1
a2 b2
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
(h, k) horizontal 2
− =1
a b2
(y − k)2 (x − h)2
(h, k) vertical − =1
a2 b2

General Form
B. General Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola

Notice that the coefficients of the terms x2 and y2 in any of
the above equations have different signs, one is positive and
the other is negative.

General Form
B. General Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola

Notice that the coefficients of the terms x2 and y2 in any of
the above equations have different signs, one is positive and
the other is negative. Thus, expanding the squares above and
combining similar terms, we obtain the following general form
of the equation of a hyperbola
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
where AC < 0.

Hyperbola
ASYMPTOTES OF A HYPERBOLA
Asymptotes of a Hyperbola
A hyperbola is compsed of two non-intersecting curves

called its branches,

Hyperbola

called its branches, each one containing a vertex and extending
indefinitely to one side of the vertex it contains.

Hyperbola

indefinitely to one side of the vertex it contains. These two
curves approach two diagonal lines called asymptotes.

Hyperbola

If the hyperbola has center (h, k), then the equations of the
asymptotes are as follows:

Hyperbola

1 when the tranverse axis is horizontal

Hyperbola

b
y − k = ± (x − h)
a
2 when the tranverse axis is vertical

Hyperbola

b
y − k = ± (x − h)
a
2 when the tranverse axis is vertical
a
y − k = ± (x − h)
b
Hyperbola
The asymptotes serve as a guide when sketching the hyperbola.

Hyperbola

Actually, these lines can be drawn even without getting their
equations.

Hyperbola

equations.
Given the equation of the hyperbola,

Hyperbola

equations.
Given the equation of the hyperbola, we start by locating its center.

Hyperbola

equations.
The direction of the tranverse axis can be obtain from the given
equation.

Hyperbola

equations.
equation. Thus, along this direction,

Hyperbola

equations.
equation. Thus, along this direction, we count a units from the center
to both sides of the center.

Hyperbola

equations.
to both sides of the center. Then in the direction perpendicular to the
transverse axis,

Hyperbola

equations.
transverse axis, we count b units from the center to both sides of the
center.

Hyperbola

equations.
center.
Next, draw a rectangle whose sides have these four points obtained
as their midpoints.

Hyperbola

equations.
center.
as their midpoints. This rectangle is called the auxillary rectangle.

Hyperbola

equations.
center.
as their midpoints. This rectangle is called the auxillary rectangle.
Connect each pair of opposite vertices of the auxillary rectangle by

a line.

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HYPERBOLAS

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

Recall that, to define an ellipse, we take the sum of distances

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

According to the definition, if P1 and P2 are any two points of

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

According to the definition, if P1 and P2 are any two points of

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

According to the definition, if P1 and P2 are any two points of

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.

the line through the foci is called the principal axis

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

According to the definition, if P1 and P2 are any two points of

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.

the line through the foci is called the principal axis

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

According to the definition, if P1 and P2 are any two points of

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.

the line through the foci is called the principal axis

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

According to the definition, if P1 and P2 are any two points of

|P1 F1 | − |P1 F2 | = |P2 F1 | − |P2 F2 |.

the line through the foci is called the principal axis

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex.

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Take note that it is possible that a > b or a < b,

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S

We shall denote by a the distance from the center to a vertex. It is

Analytic Geometry Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal UniversityH Y P E R B O L A S